International audience •In 25 years, open access, i.e. free and unrestricted access to scientific information, has become a significant part of scientific communication. However, its success story should not conceal a fundamental change of its nature.•Open access started, together with the Web, at the grassroots, as a bottom-up, community-driven model of open journals and repositories. Today the key driving forces are no longer community-driven needs and objectives but commercial, institutional and political interests.•This development serves the needs of the scientific community insofar as more and more content becomes available through open journals and repositories. Yet, the fall of open access as a community-driven model is running the risk of becoming dysfunctional for the scientists and may create new barriers and digital divides.
International audience We investigate the impact of changes in capital of European banks on their risk- taking behavior from 1992 to 2006, a time period covering the Basel I capital requirements. We specifically focus on the initial level and type of regulatory capital banks hold. First, we assume that risk changes depend on banks' ex ante regulatory capital position. Second, we consider the impact of an increase in each component of regulatory capital on banks' risk changes. We find that, for highly capitalized and strongly undercapitalized banks, an increase in equity positively affects risk; but an increase in subordinated debt has the opposite effect namely for undercapitalized banks. Moderately undercapitalized banks tend to invest in less risky assets when their equity ratio increases but not when they improve their capital position by extending hybrid capital. Hybrid capital and equity have the same impact for banks with low capital buffers. On the whole, our conclusions support the need to implement more explicit thresholds to classify European banks according to their capital ratios but also to clearly distinguish pure equity from hybrid and subordinated instruments.
Le ralentissement de l'activité s'est poursuivi dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale au second semestre 2012, à la fois du fait de l'intégration commerciale et financière avec la zone euro et des politiques de restriction budgétaire. À la fin de l'année 2012, aucun pays de la zone, à l'exception de la Pologne, n'avait retrouvé son niveau d'activité d'avant-crise. La persistance d'indicateurs conjoncturels au plus bas et de perspectives moroses pour la zone euro annoncent une année 2013 à l'image de 2012 (+0,7 % en 2012 sur l'ensemble de la zone), avant un léger mieux en 2014. Toujours tirée par le haut niveau du prix des matières premières, la Russie devra quant à elle faire face à un risque de surchauffe en limitant l'accès au crédit, ralentissant ainsi la croissance en dessous de 4 % à l'horizon de la prévision.
national audience Urban renewal has tended to freeze the characteristics of segregation. The strategy understated the obstacles to attracting external households and its corollary, the dispersion of some of the original inhabitants. In both cases, gender diversity was conceived as an exogenous process of introducing one group into the residential space where another group dominates. While urban renewal has helped to maintain a degree of endogenous diversity by favouring residential pathways within neighbourhoods, the territorial anchoring of the original inhabitants is akin to a default solution for the promoters of this policy, as the diversity sought is less of a social than ethnic nature. Urban renewal takes precedence over an assimilationist approach to urban integration, with the risk of ignoring the complexity of the processes for the production of social diversity in the city. ; National audience La rénovation urbaine a eu tendance à figer les caractéristiques de la ségrégation. La stratégie suivie a sous-estimé les obstacles à l'attraction de ménages extérieurs et son corollaire, la dispersion d'une partie des habitants originels. Dans les deux cas, la mixité a été conçue comme un processus exogène, consistant à introduire un groupe dans l'espace résidentiel où domine un autre groupe. Si la rénovation urbaine a pu contribuer à maintenir une certaine mixité endogène en favorisant des parcours résidentiels internes aux quartiers, l'ancrage territorial des habitants originels s'apparente à une solution par défaut, pour les promoteurs de cette politique, car la mixité recherchée a moins une nature sociale qu'ethnique. La rénovation urbaine fait prévaloir une conception assimilationniste de l'intégration urbaine, au risque de méconnaître la complexité des processus de fabrication de la diversité sociale dans la ville.
The i'i de Saint-Martin is a special area in which the natural risk system and the conditions of territorial/disaster change are studied. The policies observed in the programme are reinforcing its vulnerability and the effectiveness of returning to a country is weakened by political and legal blockages. ; International audience The island of Saint-Martin is an interesting case study for a systemic approach applied to cyclone hazards and the co-evolution of territory and disaster management. The mecanisms which can be observed increase its vulnerability and the progress of hazard management policies is weakened by political and juridical bottlenecks. ; The i'i de Saint-Martin is a special area in which the natural risk system and the conditions of territorial/disaster change are studied. The policies observed in the programme are reinforcing its vulnerability and the effectiveness of returning to a country is weakened by political and legal blockages. ; L'île de Saint-Martin constitue un terrain particulièrement intéressant pour étudier le système du risque naturel et les conditions de la co-évolution territoire/catastrophes. Les mécanismes qui s'y observent renforcent sa vulnérabilité et l'efficacité du retour d'expérience est affaiblie par des blocages d'ordre politique et juridique.
Historical words, the construction of meaning is a delicate thing for the historian of political discourse; with a major risk of anachronism. Dealing with the emergence and then expansion of the word 'fascism' in the political discourse of the interwar (Thorez, Blum, Flandin, Tardieu), this contribution illustrates the scientific input of a controlled reading method. ; International audience ; Historical words, the construction of meaning is a delicate thing for the historian of political discourse; with a major risk of anachronism. Dealing with the emergence and then expansion of the word 'fascism' in the political discourse of the interwar (Thorez, Blum, Flandin, Tardieu), this contribution illustrates the scientific input of a controlled reading method. ; Des mots aux choses historiques, la construction du sens est chose délicate pour l'historien du discours politique ; avec un risque majeur d'anachronisme. Traitant de l'apparition puis de l'expansion du mot " fascisme " dans le discours politique de l'entre-deux-guerres (Thorez, Blum, Flandin, Tardieu), cette contribution illustre l'apport scientifique d'une méthode de lecture contrôlée.
since the second half of the 20th century, the eyes of single mothers have changed. With the generalisation of 'love marriage', the criteria for the legitimacy of unions and births are relaxing and divorces are growing, while public policies to support parenthood or even single parenthood are developing. The whole legal framework is gradually being renewed, taking into account the diversity of possibilities to make a family, with a progressive vision of the family in Belgium regularly given as an example. In fact, however, this recognition seems much less obvious: a non-exhaustive review of the norms governing divorces and separations and an analysis of the social policies pursued show that single-parent women suffer from inequalities which cause many women to face the risk of discrimination and insecurity. ; Depuis la deuxième moitié du xxe siècle, le regard porté sur les mères qui élèvent seules leur enfant évolue. Avec la généralisation du « mariage d'amour », les critères de légitimité des unions et des naissances s'assouplissent et les divorces se multiplient, tandis que des politiques publiques visant à soutenir la parentalité, voire la monoparentalité, se développent. Peu à peu, tout le cadre juridique se renouvelle, tenant compte de la diversité des possibilités de faire famille, avec en Belgique une vision progressiste de la famille régulièrement donnée en exemple. Dans les faits pourtant, cette reconnaissance paraît bien moins évidente : un examen non exhaustif des normes qui gouvernent les divorces et séparations et une analyse des politiques sociales déployées montrent que les femmes monoparentales subissent des inégalités qui font courir à beaucoup d'entre elles le risque de discriminations et de précarisation.
Summary The rural population of coastal areas is highly vulnerable to the risk of disasters related to hydrometeorological threats, which are increasing as a result of climate change. In order to reduce vulnerabilities in a sustainable and equitable manner, it is essential to understand local perceptions and to make the gender differences that exist in the outreach to certain risks visible. The aim of this article is to analyse gender-differentiated perceptions of climate change, with emphasis on their local expression, represented by the increase in hurricanes, in two rural communities in the southern coastal region of Jalisco in Mexico. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women and men affected by hurricanes Jova and Patricia. The analysis shows gender-differentiated perceptions of the causes of hurricanes and future risks, which detract from the existence of differential vulnerabilities. Women are less aware of causality relationships in the formation of hurricanes and are more uncertain about future trends. However, both genders perceive climate change comprehensively as a break in physical, moral, social and political terms. Thus, the statement of risks in the research process in rural areas and the analysis of gender-sensitive perceptions create spaces for transdisciplinary dialogue, which make the links between climate and environmental issues, inequities and socio-political crises visible. ; Resumen La población rural de las zonas costeras es altamente vulnerable al riesgo de desastres relacionados con las amenazas hidrometeorológicas, las cuales están aumentando como efecto del cambio climático. Para reducir las vulnerabilidades de manera sostenible y equitativa es fundamental comprender las percepciones locales y visibilizar las diferencias de género que existen en el acercamiento a determinados riesgos. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las percepciones sobre cambio climático diferenciadas por género, con énfasis en su expresión local, representada por el aumento de los huracanes, en ...
Plastic waste is by far the most widespread waste in the marine environment and today represents an increasing environmental, health and socio-economic risk. In view of this, the government has set itself the objective of "zero plastic discarded at sea by 2025" and has adopted a roadmap to achieve this objective. This study is part of this process by taking stock of national and international legislation dealing with the issue of the quality of aquatic environments (fresh and marine waters) focusing on the waste aspects. It provides knowledge on environmental, social and economic challenges related to plastic pollution in the marine environment. It identifies and analyses initiatives and actors involved in combating plastic pollution in the marine environment in France. It provides knowledge to communities and public actors to feed their local plans to combat marine plastic pollution. ; Les déchets plastiques sont de loin les déchets les plus répandus dans l'environnement marin et représentent aujourd'hui un risque environnemental, sanitaire et socio-économique croissant. Face à ce constat, le gouvernement s'est fixé comme objectif « zéro plastique rejeté en mer d'ici 2025 » et a adopté une feuille de route pour y parvenir.Cette étude s'inscrit dans cette dynamique en dressant un état des lieux des textes règlementaires nationaux et internationaux traitant de la problématique de la qualité des milieux aquatiques (eaux douces et marines) centré sur les aspects déchets. Elle apporte des connaissances sur les enjeux environnementaux, sociaux et économiques liés à la pollution plastique en milieu marin. Elle recense et analyse, sur le territoire français, des initiatives et acteurs impliqués dans la lutte contre la pollution plastique en milieu marin. Elle fournit des éléments de connaissance aux collectivités et acteurs publics pour nourrir leurs plans de lutte locaux contre la pollution plastique marine.
57 69 ; SWORD ; [EN] Galicia is a region in NW Spain which is usually affected by a high number of forest fires, and it should meet the current regulations regarding the distance between forests and buildings. This paper aims to identify and characterize woodlands and classify buildings according to their fire risk, for a 36 km2 area in Forcarei (Pontevedra, Spain). We used LiDAR data to generate three spatial models (DTM: Digital Terrain Model, DSM: Digital Surface Model and nDSM: Normalized Digital Surface Model) and two statistics to characterize the forest stands (density of dominant trees per hectare and their average height). The identification of forested areas was performed using an object-based classification method using the intensity image, the height model and an orthophotograph of the area, and a kappa coefficient of 0.82 was obtained in the validation. The woodlands were reclassified according to the magnitude of a possible fire, based on the density and the average height of the woodlands. The forest stands were mapped according to the magnitude of a possible fire and it was found that 1.18 km2 would be susceptible to a low magnitude fire, 3.75 km2 to a medium magnitude fire and 2.25 km2 to a fire of a high magnitude. Afterwards, it was determined whether the buildings in the area complied with the legislation relating to minimum distance from the forested areas (30 meters). For those that did not meet this distance, the risk of damage in case of a wildfire was calculated. The result was that 43.01% of buildings in the area complied with the regulations, 9.95% were located in a very low risk area, 25.74% in a low risk location, 12.37% in a medium risk area and 8.93% were in a high or very high risk area. Robles, A.; Rodríguez-Garrido, MA.; Alvarez-Taboada, MF. (2016). Characterization of wildland-urban interfaces using LiDAR data to estimate the risk of wildfire damage. Revista de Teledetección. (Special Issue):57-69. doi:10.4995/raet.2016.3967. ; Revista oficial de la Asociación Española de ...
Fichier WP en ligne ; We propose a bootstrap-based test of the null hypothesis of equality of two firms' conditional Risk Measures (RMs) at a single point in time. The test can be applied to a wide class of conditional risk measures issued from parametric or semi-parametric models. Our iterative testing procedure produces a grouped ranking of the RMs which has direct application for systemic risk analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that our test has good size and power properties. We propose an application to a sample of U.S. financial institutions using CoVaR, MES, and SRISK, and conclude that only SRISK can be estimated with enough precision to allow for meaningful ranking.
Special issue Which Securities for Workers in Times of Crisis ? International audience This article concludes the special issue Which securities for workers in times of crisis? It focuses on three aspects. First, it stresses the need for a reappraisal of the conceptual apparatus of labour law. Second, it discusses some of the tensions in the relationship between labour law reform and economic crisis. It suggests that the notion of crisis is not helpful in understanding the current changes to labour law systems. Finally, the article highlights some perspectives offered by the special issue, with special attention to the notion of risk as an alternative paradigm.
Achieving universal health coverage (UHC)—defined as access to needed health services to all and protection against financial risks arising from paying for health services —is among the top priorities of reform agendas across many countries. Provision of health services should be determined by individuals' need rather than their ability to pay and, at the same time, utilization of services by those seeking health care should not impose the risk of financial catastrophe. In addition, paying for health care should be administered in an equitable manner whereby individuals with a higher ability to pay contribute a relatively higher share of their income to health financing compared to those individuals with a lower ability to pay. Tanzania has been making efforts towards UHC starting with the abolition of user fees soon after independence in 1967, before their reintroduction in the early 1990s, and the introduction of health insurance schemes in early 2000.
The aim of this paper is to show how the paradigm of disaster resilience may help reorienting urban planning policies in order to mitigate various types of risks, thanks to carefully thought action on heritage and conservation practices. In spite of preserved traces of catastrophes and various warnings and heritage policies, there are countless examples of risk mismanagement and urban tragedies. Using resilience as a guiding concept might change the results of these failed risk mitigation policies and irrelevant disaster memory processes. Indeed, the concept of resilience deals with the complexity of temporal and spatial scales, and with partly emotional and qualitative processes, so that this approach fits the issues of urban memory management. Resilience might help underlining the complexity and the subtlety of remembrance messages, and lead to alternative paths better adapted to the diversity of risks, places and actors. However, when it is given territorial materiality, memory is almost always symbolically and politically framed and interpreted; resilience and the territorialization of memory are not ideologically neutral, but urban risk mitigation may come at that price. ; 13 pages
The development of human forest fire risk models is addressed through the use of logistic regression techniques, estimating the likelihood of the phenomenon occurring from socio-economic variables related to the occurrence of forest fires in the Autonomous Communities of Madrid and Valencia. Independent risk variables are generated from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools at a resolution of 1 km². This work is part of the research carried out by the Geographic Information Technologies Group of the Institute of Economics and Geography (IEG) of the CSIC in the framework of the Firemap project, 'Integrated Forest Fire Analysis using Remote Detection and Geographic Information Systems' (CGL2004-06049-C04-02/CLI) and has been partly funded by the FPI Research Staff Training Programme BES-2005-7712 of the Ministry of Education and Science. ; Peer reviewed ; The development of human forest fire risk models is addressed through the use of logistic regression techniques, estimating the likelihood of the phenomenon occurring from socio-economic variables related to the occurrence of forest fires in the Autonomous Communities of Madrid and Valencia. Independent risk variables are generated from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools at a resolution of 1 km². This work is part of the research carried out by the Geographic Information Technologies Group of the Institute of Economics and Geography (IEG) of the CSIC in the framework of the Firemap project, 'Integrated Forest Fire Analysis using Remote Detection and Geographic Information Systems' (CGL2004-06049-C04-02/CLI) and has been partly funded by the FPI Research Staff Training Programme BES-2005-7712 of the Ministry of Education and Science. ; Se aborda la realización de modelos de riesgo humano de incendio forestal mediante el empleo de técnicas de regresión logística, estimando la probabilidad de ocurrencia del fenómeno a partir de variables de tipo socio-económico relacionadas con la ocurrencia de incendios forestales en las Comunidades Autónomas de Madrid ...
