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National hearing The article relates to the implementation of fisheries policy in France. If the market for small-scale fishing is able to reconcile supply and demand on mixed records and timeframes, it can simultaneously outsource the costs of its operation to the fisherman and ultimately to the fishery resource. This leads the author to rediscuss the implementation of the fisheries policy, which is almost exclusively directed at a producer who is too often considered to be the only one responsible for the reduction in resources. With this in mind, the article seeks to show how the regulation of fisheries is evolving in the form of an increasing stalemate between the administration and the people administered. ; The article relates to the implementation of the fisheries policy to France. If the market of artisanal fishing manages to reconcile supply and demand which evolve on registers and temporalities contrasted, it is that it arrives simultaneously to outsource on the fishing sailor, and finally on the halieutic resource, costs of this operation. This article leads the author to discuss again the implementation of the fisheries policy quasi exclusively turned towards a producer too frequently judged as the single person in charge for the fall of the resource. From this point of view, the article intends to show the evolution of the regulation of the fisheries taking the form of a more and more important gap between the administration and managed. ; National hearing The article relates to the implementation of fisheries policy in France. If the market for small-scale fishing is able to reconcile supply and demand on mixed records and timeframes, it can simultaneously outsource the costs of its operation to the fisherman and ultimately to the fishery resource. This leads the author to rediscuss the implementation of the fisheries policy, which is almost exclusively directed at a producer who is too often considered to be the only one responsible for the reduction in resources. With this in mind, the article ...

International audience Saudi Arabia relies heavily on oil-based generation to meet its power needs within a geographically unbalanced pattern of natural demand and supply. Many initiatives are currently being assessed to reduce the high opportunity cost of burning oil for the country. This paper examines the cost and implication of a disruptive policy where Saudi Arabia imports liquefied natural gas (LNG). To determine the possible and optimal sources to procure LNG into Saudi Arabia we use and configure a partial equilibrium model, specified as a linear programming problem. Two import scenarios were tested: the first assumes an import terminal with a capacity of 5 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) and the other scenario assumes 22 MTPA. Results show that Saudi Arabia can import LNG for power generation at a discount to the opportunity cost of oil. Especially during the summer months, as Saudi Arabia's gas demand is counter-seasonal to major importing regions it leads to even more interesting market pricing conditions. It also shows a small difference in landed cost of LNG between the two scenarios which implies the global LNG market can accommodate relatively large demand from Saudi Arabia without distorting significantly the global market pricing mechanism.

promoting a balance between supply and demand throughout the real estate market is a major challenge for any local and regional authority. In that regard, if the residential vacancy appears to be a 'natural' component of that dynamic, in particular when it forms part of an objective of maintenance or renovation of the existing building (known as a frictional vacancy), an excessive percentage of long-term unoccupied dwellings may prove harmful in many respects. On the one hand, it can play an important role in the current difficulties in ensuring the real effectiveness of Article 23 of our Constitution, guaranteeing access to decent housing for all. Although all citizens are concerned by this issue, access to affordable quality housing appears to be a central issue for vulnerable households. On the other hand, this vacancy may lead to the emergence of urban songs and thus jeopardise the attractiveness, particularly economic, of a city or region. The fight against vacant buildings is therefore in addition to the fundamental issues dealt with by the public authorities. The identification and estimation of residential property vacancy are central steps in monitoring public policies aimed at bringing vacant housing back to the market. A methodology should be put in place that is easily applicable by public actors and allows for monitoring in time and space. It is in this context that a pilot research carried out in collaboration with the Centre d'Etudes en Habitat durable (CEHD) and the Charleroi Social Relais (RSC) through its Observatory on Great Poverty and Exclusion from Housing has been set up on the territory of the City of Charleroi in the private housing stock. This pilot research was built around two distinct and complementary objectives. In this article, we focus on the first part of this pilot research, identifying existing methodologies for identifying and estimating the property vacancy (section 1) and then detailing the implementation of a specific methodology based on water and electricity consumption, ...

We introduce the concept of carbon footprint into an aggregate demand and supply model with imperfectly competitive price and wage formation. We analyse the properties of the short-term macroeconomic equilibrium in the presence of a climate policy, which may take the form either of a carbon tax or of quotas of pollution permits. We show that in the short run climate policy (or its strengthening) is simultaneously a negative aggregate supply shock and a positive aggregate demand shock. It is thus inflationary but it has an ambiguous impact on aggregate economic activity and employment: it will only stimulate output in an economy where nominal wages are rigid enough. In all cases, climate policy will depress real wages. We also analyse the interactions between climate policy and the usual macroeconomic policies of demand (fiscal and monetary stimuli) and supply (labour tax cut). The multiplier effects of these demand and supply policies depend on the instrument chosen for implementing the climate policy (carbon tax or pollution permits). We finally establish the conditions under which a reform combining a climate policy strengthening and a labour tax cut can reach the double objective of a lower carbon footprint and a lower unemployment rate, without reducing workers' real wages. Such a policy reform has however an ambiguous impact on the government surplus (or deficit).

[ES] The increasing globalisation of wine markets, with the emergence of new players in supply and demand and increased competition, has increased interest in analysing their international trade, seeking new tools to better understand the behaviour of wine trade flows. This article examines the possibilities of shift-share analysis, a classical technique that has evolved to overcome the constraints of the traditional model without losing the attributes that have made it popular among researchers in many fields of the economy to explain the evolution of world wine exports. To this end, does the traditional model and two models derived from it apply the Constant Market and Shift-share econometric model to wine exports from the eleven major exporting countries in the world to the major import markets between 2000 and 2015. The aim is, firstly, to check the consistency of the results between the three models and, secondly, if possible, to determine the sources of variation in exports in each of the cases analysed. The analysis shows that, in general, the three models give rise to mixed and even contradictory results, which limits their application indiscriminately. That said, it is worth noting the exception of results in the case of New Zealand, which, in addition to being the best, are the only consistent ones. The results for Spain are overall positive, but the competitiveness factor gives different results according to the Compes López, R. model; Cervera, F. (2020). The shift-share analysis technique and the international wine markets. ITEA-información Tecnica Economica Agraria. 116 (1): 71-87. https://doi.org/10.12706/itea.2019.019 ; 71 87 116 1 ; [ES] The increasing globalisation of wine markets, with the emergence of new players in supply and demand and increased competition, has increased interest in analysing their international trade, seeking new tools to better understand the behaviour of wine trade flows. This article examines the possibilities of shift-share analysis, a classical technique that has ...

International audience This paper examines political elites and citizens use of the web during the 2007 and 2012 French presidential campaign particularly with the aim of testing the normalization hypothesis at two levels of analysis – supply and demand. It is based on a quantitative content analysis of the candidates' websites and two surveys of French Internet users. The results present a challenge to the normalization thesis at the elite level in that despite a strong division in online performance between the major and other candidates in 2007, by 2012 the minor candidates outperformed their major counterparts Among voters the results also run somewhat contrary to normalization with a weakening in the significance of socio-demographic factors in determining traditional types of online engagement. In addition, the new social media sphere appears to encourage younger and less politicized citizens to participate. The importance of prior political attitudes such as interest and trust, however, remain strong.

National audience The Convention on Biological Diversity endorsed the idea that the enhancement of biodiversity can be at the heart of a strategy combining nature protection and sustainable development. This article deals with the way in which a natural substance marketing sector is organised, as part of a project in Bolivia. The Biodesa-FFEF programme aims to conserve biodiversity through the promotion of aromatic and medicinal plants. Biodesa is an example of the implementation of CBD principles in a country with advanced legislation on access to gene resources. The pursuit of activities as diverse as exploration of new plant potential, legal access to resources, production of scientific knowledge and valorisation of ethnobotanical knowledge leads to the creation of new partnerships around a university centre in Cochabamba. We are studying the construction of such partnerships between public and private, between market and conservation, between supply and demand of plant resources, between scientists and local knowledge holders. The question is whether these partnerships are likely to lead to the emergence of a market for natural products. ; National audience La Convention sur la diversité biologique a entériné l'idée que la valorisation de la biodiversité peut être au cœur d'une stratégie alliant protection de la nature et développement durable. Cet article s'intéresse au mode d'organisation d'une filière de commercialisation de substances naturelles, dans le cadre d'un projet en Bolivie. Le programme Biodesa-FFEM a pour objectif la conservation de la biodiversité à travers la valorisation de plantes aromatiques et médicinales. Biodesa constitue un exemple de la mise en œuvre des principes de la CDB, dans un pays ayant une législation avancée quant à l'accès aux ressources génétiques.La réalisation d'activités aussi diversifiées que l'exploration de nouvelles potentialités végétales, l'accès légal aux ressources, la production de connaissances scientifiques et la valorisation de savoirs ethnobotaniques, ...

the article shows that the leaders of SMEs and PMI represent themselves in the context of continuing training in a context strongly characterised by the classic neo economic theory of supply and demand. The innovation made possible by NICTs in lifelong learning must take greater account of both individual and collective potential. ; L'article montre que les dirigeants de PME-PMI se représentent les actions de formation continue dans un cadre fortement marqué par la théorie économique néo classique de l'offre et de la demande. L'innovation rendue possible par les NTIC en matière de formation continue doit davantage prendre en compte les potentiels individuels, mais aussi collectifs.

Housing is an economic good in its own right. It is subject to transactionswhere supply and demand have a major impact and determine to a large extent the level of prices. This is one of the most regulated markets. The law, particularly in France, is complex. Its enforcement, which is strongly framed by the Code of Civil Procedure, is even more complex. In this text, we will analyse the rental market exclusively and try to rationalise the existence of deregulation by various market imperfections. In the first part, let us document the length of the tenancy proceedings. In an assistant, we assess the consequences of these deadlines in a context of selection: landlords try to select tenants in function of their (exogenous) propensity to pay rent. In a third part, we consider moral hazard issues, which lead tenants to undertake acts affecting the likelihood of unpaid payments. We conclude on the tool for economists to introduce asymmetrical information questions into urban models, and for lawyers wishing to defend the construction of civil law of French origin to seek economic inefficiencies in order to keep their original mind. ; http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=RECO&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RECO_586&ID_ARTICLE=RECO_586_1247 Housing is fully an economic good. Demand and supply factors play first order roles on prices and quantity exchanged. It is also a heavily regulated market. The law, in particular in France, is complex, its execution described by the « Code de procédure civile » is even more complex. In this text, we focus on the rental housing market and attempt to rationalize the existence of such regulations by various market imperfections. In a first part, we describe the lenght of litigation procedures between landlords and tenants. In a second part, we study the consequences of such delays under adverse selection: landlords attempt to screen tenants according to their (exogenous) propensity to sustain the rent. In a third part, we consider moral hazard issues, whereby tenants undertake actions ...

The article presents an analysis of the regulation of educational supply and demand in French secondary education. It looks at the influence of political choices and the institutional and social logic they bring about in a deliberate or unintended manner, on institutions' competitive strategies and family choice strategies. Focusing on the processes used by institutional and social actors to safeguard their interests, in particular as regards maintaining or improving their position, the analysis of their interaction focuses on the role of statutory mechanisms in matching and power relations. ; This paper analyses the regulation of educational supply and demand in French secondary schools. It looks at the influence of policy choices – and the institutional and social logic they involve, whether intentionally or not – on establishments' strategies of competition and families' strategies of choice. Focusing on the processes that institutional and social players use to defend their interests, especially with regard to maintaining or enhancing their positions, the analysis of their interaction emphasizes the role that statutory mechanisms play in matching families and schools and in power relationships. ; The article presents an analysis of the regulation of educational supply and demand in French secondary education. It looks at the influence of political choices and the institutional and social logic they bring about in a deliberate or unintended manner, on institutions' competitive strategies and family choice strategies. Focusing on the processes used by institutional and social actors to safeguard their interests, in particular as regards maintaining or improving their position, the analysis of their interaction focuses on the role of statutory mechanisms in matching and power relations. ; L'article présente une analyse de la régulation de l'offre et de la demande éducative dans l'enseignement secondaire français. Il s'intéresse à l'influence des choix politiques et des logiques institutionnelles et sociales ...

Reduction in energy dependancy and emissions of CO2 via renewables targeted in the European Union energy mix and taxation system, might trigger the production of bioenergy production and competition for biomass utilization. Torreed biomass could be used to produce second generation biofuels to replace some of the fuels used in transportation and is also suitable as feedstock to produce electricity in large quantities. This paper examines how the CO2 price aects demand of torreed biomass in the power sector and its consequences on the protability of second generation biofuel units (Biomass to Liquid units). Indeed, the protability of the BtL units which are supplied only by torreed biomass is related to the competitive demand of the power sector driven by the CO2 price and feed-in taris. We propose a linear dynamic model of supply and demand. On the supply side, a prot-maximizing torreed biomass sector is modelized. The model aims to represent the transformation of biomass into torreed biomass which could be sold to the renery sector and the power sector. A two-sided (demanders and supplier) bidding process led us to arrive at the equilibrium price for torreed biomass. The French case is used as an example. Our results suggest that the higher the CO2 price, the more stable and important the power sector demand. It also makes the torreed biomass production less vulnerable to uncertainty on demand coming from the rening sector. The torreed biomass co-ring with coal can oer a near-term market for the torreed biomass for a CO2 emission price lower than 20 euros/tCO2, which can stimulate development of biomass supply systems. Beyond 2020, the demand for torreed biomass from the power sector could be substituted by the rening sector if the oil price goes up whatever the CO2 price.