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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundrigi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 411 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soils and 11 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 48 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 40 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 84 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under high (>57 kg/ha) in the available phosphorus content.  An area of about 12 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under low (4.5 ppm) and 23 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in the available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in the available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 172(42) 17(4) Sapota 98(24) 114(28) Maize <1(<1) 189(46) Pomegranate 98(24) 114(28) Bajra 175(42) 51(12) Guava 95(23) 117(28) Groundnut 95(23) 219(53) Jackfruit 98(24) 114(28) Sunflower 95(23) 80(19) Jamun 95(23) 116(28) Cotton 95(23) 93(23) Musambi 98(24) 114(28) Red gram 95(23) 79(19) Lime 98(24) 114(28) Bengalgram - 189(46) Cashew 95(23) 167(40) Chilli 172(42) 17(4) Custard apple 175(42) 189(46) Tomato 172(42) 17(4) Amla 175(42) 189(46) Brinjal 79(19) 234(57) Tamarind 95(23) 21(5) Onion <1(<1) 314(76) Marigold 95(23) 94(23) Bhendi <1(<1) 314(76) Chrysanthemum 95(23) 93(23) Drumstick 98(24) 166(40) Jasmine 95(23) 93(23) Mulberry 98(24) 252(61) Crossandra 95(23) 93(23) Mango 95(23) 3(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundrigi is located at North latitude 150 16' 58.624" and 150 14' 44.725'' and East longitude 760 12' 48.228'' and 750 11' 55.13" covering an area of about 411.61 ha coming under Mallikeri, Kunakeri and Lachananakeri Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundrigi micro watersheds of Karkihalli subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 16 were marginal, (47.06 %) were small 4 (11.76%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (58.19%) men and 74 (41.81 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.68%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.94 per cent illiterates, 32.20 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.86 per cent middle school education, and 9.60 per cent high school education, 5.65 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent of them had Diploma, 1.69 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.64 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 29.41 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.59 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.82 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.45 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.82.  Further, 67.65 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.77 per cent (35.53 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 45.23 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 20.00 live bore wells and 20.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 58.82 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Pearl millet and Redgram and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.29 per cent.  Out of the sample households 52.94 percent possessed bank account and 52.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 52.94 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton and Redgram was Rs.51685.51, 24587.06, 47833.51, 33857.89 and 12779.58 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.80 and 1:4.30 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 59020.59 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 40667.65 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 28 horticulture trees and 35 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 61.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 23.53 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (52.94%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 58.82 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 79.41 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (58.82%), pulses (55.88%) and oilseeds (20.59%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (52.94%) wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (26.47%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.29%), high rate of interest on credit (20.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.41%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%), Less rainfall (52.94%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (20.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sompalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 759 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 676 ha (89%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 53 ha (7%) by quarry and about 30 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 89 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent in the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 38 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 1 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 28 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 388(51) 179(24) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 388(51) Jamun - 388(51) Sunflower 388(51) - Musambi 353(47) 35(5) Cotton 388(51) - Lime 353(47) 35(5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 388(51) - Custard apple 388(51) - Bengal gram 388(51) 179(24) Amla 388(51) - Guava - - Tamarind - 388(51) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 1707' – 1709' North latitudes and 77020' – 77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 758.76 ha, bounded by Madhakal, Sedam, Kotanpalli villages and Telangana State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.9 to 31.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 60 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 11.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10185 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6686 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmer's weeder.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.8 grams (1558.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.27530 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1127 per households. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1496 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.1011332 per year for the total area of 758.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 21155/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.22481) and bengal gram (Rs.9938).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 62156) and bengal gram (Rs. 49395). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (82.4 %) and bengal gram (17.60 %).  In Sompalli micro-watershed, major soil series is soil of alluvial landscape of Gundagunthi (GGN) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 14.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (100 %). Adki (ADK) is also having shallow soil depth cover 23.6 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.1 %) and bengalgram (33.9 %). Mathimuda (MTM) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of areas, crops red gram are (100 %). Dhandothi (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.36971/ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs.20218/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.83).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in Rs.16250/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 2.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3.8 to 2.4 %) and bengal gram (2.46 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotagi Shahpur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 516 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 178 ha (35%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 328 ha (66%) by rock outcrops and about 10 ha (2%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 35 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 35 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 22 percent soils are loamy and 13 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 22 percent is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 13 per cent soils are nearly level (0-1% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 22 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 13 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 18 per cent is neutral (6.5-7.3) and 17 per cent is slightly moderately alkaline (7.3-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and about 20 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 15 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 19 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 34 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 19 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 65(13) Guava - - Maize - 65(13) Sapota - - Bajra - 65(13) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 65(13) Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kotagi Shahpur is located at North latitude 160 52' 21.765" and 160 51' 11.042" and East longitude 770 11' 54.044'' and 770 9' 26.878" covering an area of about 522.83 ha coming under Katagi shahapura and Hattikunni Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kotagi Shahpur micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 total respondents, 17 (45.95 %) were marginal, 13 (35.14%)were small, 1 (2.70 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.70 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 92 (54.12%) men and 78 (45.88 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.53%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 68.24 per cent illiterates, 1.18 percent were functional literates, 27.64 per cent pre university education and 1.18 per cent attained graduation.  About, 72.97 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.41 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.18 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.30 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.59 per cent possess TV, 27.03 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.11 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 21.62 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.70 per cent possess local cow and 2.70 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.21, women available in the micro watershed was 1.86, hired labour (men) available was 10.14 and hired labour (women) available was 7.61.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 76.78 per cent (31.82 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 10.25 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.41 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Horse gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Horse gram and Groundnut was Rs.26790.21, 34228.96, 67937.63, 35242.56 and 37520.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.10 and 1:1.20 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 74414.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 29766.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 37 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 648.65 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.11 per cent depends on own funds and 8.11 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 75.68 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 75.68 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.95%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 70.27 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.89 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.30 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 78.38 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.59 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.70 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.30%) and oilseeds (2.70%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (75.68%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.70%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.16%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.27%), high rate of interest on credit (13.51%), low price for the agricultural commodities (70.27%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (59.46%), inadequate extension services (5.41%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(59.46%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 802 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 16 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 84 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 58 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 32 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 5 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 61 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 31 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 2 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 15 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 84 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm)in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 35(4) 515(64) Sapota 35(4) 234(29) Maize 35(4) 514(64) Pomegranate 35(4) 225(28) Bajra 35(4) 560(70) Guava 35(4) 234(29) Redgram 35(4) 504(63) Jackfruit 35(4) 234(16) Bengal gram - 290(36) Jamun - 161(20) Groundnut - 293(37) Musambi 35(4) 524(65) Sunflower 35(4) 524(65) Lime 35(4) 524(65) Cotton - 549(69) Cashew 35(4) 234(29) Chilli 35(4) 515(64) Custard apple 35(4) 535(72) Tomato 35(4) 225(28) Amla 35(4) 290(36) Brinjal 35(4) 225(28) Tamarind - 161(20) Onion 35(4) 221(28) Marigold 35(4) 511(64) Bhendi 35(4) 225(28) Chrysanthemum 35(4) 511 (64) Drumstick 35(4) 238(30) Jasmine 35(4) 221(28) Mulberry 35(4) 235(29) Crossandra 35(4) 221(28) Mango - 161(20) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Haligeri-3 is located at North latitude 150 24' 35.308" and 150 22' 52.919" and East longitude 760 4' 6.789'' and 760 2' 12.128" covering an area of about 719.28 ha coming under Halageri, Bhanapur, Veerapura and Tadakal villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Haligeri-3 micro watersheds of Haligeri sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 7 (20.00 %) were Semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 66 (54.55%) men and 55 (45.45 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (36.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.36 per cent illiterates, 63.64 per cent pre university education and 6.61 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 24.79 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.85, women available in the micro watershed was 1.03, hired labour (men) available was 6.17 and hired labour (women) available was 6.37.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.10 per cent (57.23 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.76 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 80.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 68.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 37.93 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 27.59 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. 2  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 73.68 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram and Sunflower was Rs.26600.58, 32265.36, 29342.57 and 25256.57 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.20, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.63 and 1: 1.10 respectively.  Further, 60.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81454.37 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 74740.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 16 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 34.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 485.71 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 28.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 57.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.14 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (74.29%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (77.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (31.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ballary-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 570 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 41 per cent is covered by soils, 58 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 28 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 10 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 1 per cent area is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 0.75%) in 27 per cent area.  An area of about 28 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 12 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 15 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 40 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 4(1) 100(18) Sapota - 65(11) Maize - 104(18) Pomegranate - 71(12) Bajra 33(6) 103(18) Guava - 65(11) Groundnut 33(6) 97(17) Jackfruit - 65(11) Sunflower 4(1) 35(6) Jamun - 71(12) Cotton 4(1) 100(18) Musambi 4(1) 67(12) Red gram - 39(7) Lime 4(1) 67(12) Bengalgram 6(1) 87(15) Cashew - 116(20) Chilli - 98(17) Custard apple 37(6) 150(26) Tomato - 98(17) Amla 33(6) 153(27) Brinjal 33(6) 92(16) Tamarind - 6(1) Onion 33(6) 88(16) Marigold - 104(18) Bhendi 33(6) 92(16) Chrysanthemum - 104(18) Drumstick - 39(7) Jasmine - 98(17) Mulberry - 122(21) Crossandra 33(6) 65(11) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ballary-2 is located at 760 18'44.386'' to 76016'47.538'' East and North longitude 15029'46.415'' to 150 28'19.282'' and covering an area of about 553.19 ha coming under Vanaballary, Asishinakeri and Jinnapura Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ballary-2 micro watersheds of Indargi sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 total respondents, 1 (2.50 %) were marginal, 17 (42.50%) were small, 19 (47.50 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.00 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 104 (57.78%) men and 76 (42.22 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (45.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.22 per cent illiterates, 46.11 percent pre university education and 5.00 per cent attained graduation.  About, 95.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 70.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 40.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 97.50 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.50 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.50 per cent possess bullock cart and 7.50 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.50 per cent possess local cow and 2.50 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.03, women available in the micro watershed was 3.42, hired labour (men) available was 5.47 and hired labour (women) available was 7.95.  Further, 2.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 75.27 per cent (69.48 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.73 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 15.00 live bore wells and 14.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 37.50 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Chilly, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 96.99 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 7.50 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 77.50 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 27.27 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 36.36 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 45.45 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Chilly and Groundnut was Rs.18334.91 , 33748.35, 37527.77 and 45424.49 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 2.10, 1: 3.40 and 1: 0.80, respectively.  Further, 92.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.50 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 80425.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57100.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 42 horticulture trees and 211 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.50 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5750.03 for land development and Rs. 537.53 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.00 per cent depends on own funds and 77.50 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 102.50 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 7.50 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 95.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (7.50%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 87.50 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 5 per cent of farmers practicing Field Bunding as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 92.50 per cent of the households and 25.00 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 30.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 67.50 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (95.00%), pulses (87.50%) and oilseeds (57.50%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (92.50%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 77.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (92.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (75.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (90.00%), high rate of interest on credit (90.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (95.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (95.00%), inadequate extension services (70.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.00%), Less rainfall (7.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Language is one of the most important ways to identify one's gender, as gender is shown by the choice of linguistic constructions. Any change in the perception of gender reflects on the language. Therefore it is clear from here that feminism and the expansion of the perception of gender have led to specific changes in language and this gives the basis for linguistic research. As a cultural phenomenon gender evokes a huge interest among scientists. Nevertheless there is a scientific gap in studying the influence of gender on the English language. Therefore the relevance of this research is based on the necessity of analyzing the connection between language and gender, in particular the specificity of usage gender-neutral language units. The research reveals the peculiarities of formation and functioning of the gender neutral pronouns in the English language under the influence of social and historical factors. The gender neutral pronouns are characterized and analyzed according to the purposes and spheres of their application in American English. The specificity of using gender marked and gender neutral language units is clarified. The research is focused on the changes of functioning the traditional gender neutral pronouns with time, and principles of characterizing new non-traditional gender neutral pronouns according to their usage. The gender neutral pronouns are divided by the spheres of functioning into two groups:1) that are used when there is no information about the gender identity of the subject of the speech and 2) that are used to avoid discrimination. Gender neutral units of language are used to avoid gender asymmetry - not propotional presentation of both genders. The representatives from feministic or LGBTQ+ communities claim that the usage of gender marked words impose stereotypical perception of the world which is wrong. The study reveals that the first introduction of the gender neutral pronouns was made in the form of the third person pronoun they used in singularity in cases when the information about person's gender is not available or not to emphasize the state of being female and equalizing the social status of men and women. The traditional pronoun they in majority of cases is used to address to a person with unknown gender. New gender neutral pronouns like zie, en, his-her provide speakers with the possibility to avoid women discrimination, calling a member of LGBTQ+ community as an act of political correctness. References 1. Bessonova, Olga. 2001. "Ocenochnye stereotipy v kontekste gendernyh issledovaniy". Nova Philologia, 1(10): 41–57. 2. Goroshko, Elena. 2003. Yazykovoye soznaniye. Gendernaya paradigma. Kharkov: Izdatelskiy Dom. 3. Dudolayeva, Olga. 2003. "Dynamika yazykovoi reprezentatsii gendera v publitsisticheskom diskurse (vtoraia polovina XX – nachalo XXI veka)". Phd diss., Kharkov. 4. Emirsuinova, Gilzara. 2003. "Leksykon suchasnoho feminizmu (na materiali anhliyskoi movu)". Phd diss., Kyiv. 5. Zatsnyi, Yuriy. 2007. Suchasnyi anhlomovnyi svit i zbahachennia slovnukovogo skladu. Lviv: PAIS. 6. Martyniuk, Alla. 2004. Konstruiuvannia genderu v anhlomovnomu diskursi. Kharkiv: Konstanta. 7. A new pronoun suggested. 1886. Dec. 13. Baltimore Sun. http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/ essays/his_her_1886_Baltimore_Sun.pdf 8. Billions, season 2, series 9, 1:03 9. Britt Caputo B. 2005. Nov. 2. Gender Neutrality Hits Wesleyan. 10. Butler, J. 1990. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge. 11. Desprez-Bouanchaud A. 1999. Guidelines on Gender-Neutral Language. Unit for the Promotion of the Status of Women and Gender Equality. UNESCO. 12. Dozier J. W. 1884. Sept. 20. A New Pronoun. Atlanta Constitution. http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/ debaron/essays/dozier_ 1885_se.pdf 13. Ehrlich S. 2004. "Language and Gender". The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 14. Frank F., Anshen F. 1991. Language and the Sexes. State University of New York. 15. Gender Neutral Pronouns: They're Here, Get Used To Them : https://youtu.be/46ehrFk-gLk 2:43, 3:28 16. Leeds J. W. 1888. 30 Mar. "The unsupplied common gender pronoun". The Philadelphia Ledger Telegraph. 17. Maltz, D. & Borker, R. 1982. "A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication". Language and social identity, 196– 216. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18. Milne A. A. 1942. What's the Good Word? A New Way to Better English, 88 – 90. N.Y.: Simon and Schuster. 19. Safire W. 2003. June 29. "On Language". Houston Chronicle. 20. Shameless, 2011-2017 : https://youtu.be/ssTZtRQmhxY 21. Sherman C. P. 1884. Sept. 6. The Literary World. 22. Soloway J. 2014. October 30. "Funny, Dirty, Sad: The "Holy Trinity" For "Transparent". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php 23. Stoller R. J. 1968. Sex and gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity. New York: Science House 24. "The Bridge", Nov. 2015. series 3, episode 1. 28:17 25. "The Eagle". 1852. Jan. 1. Semi-Weekly. Brattleboro: VT. : http://www.english.illinois.edu/people/faculty/debaron/essays/1852_fish_us_up_one.pdf 26. "The Wesleyan Argus": http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/11/2/gender-neutrality-hits-wesleyan 27. West, C. Zimmerman, D. 1987. Doing gender. Gender and discourse. London: Sage : 1–20 28. White R. G. 1868. Aug. "The Galaxy". : http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pagevieweridx?c =gala;cc=gala;rgn=full%20text;idno=gala0006-2;didno=gala0006-2; view=image; seq=0247; node=gala 29. "Why Pronouns Matter For Trans People" : https://youtu.be/N_yBGQqg7kM 0:20; 1:00; 1:35; 1:43 30. "Why "They" Was Voted the Word of the Year ". Comma Queen : https://youtu.be/CJrIcrHrfM4 0:23 ; У статті зроблено спробу дослідити причини виникнення й особливості функціонування в мовленні певних верст населення англомовної спільноти США гeндерно нейтральних займенників, що не вказують на стать і є етично нейтральними, які мали за мету створення заміни гендерно-маркованим займенникам he та she. Встановлено, що з посиленням феміністичного руху та початком боротьби за права осіб, які належать до сексуальних меншин, з'являються нові гендерно-нейтральні займенники, котрі використовують не лише феміністи, а й представники ЛГБТ спільноти як звернення до людей нетрадиційної орієнтації для підкреслення гендерної варіативності або уникнення вказівки на гендер людини. Традиційний займенник they у значенні однини вживається переважно для того, щоб назвати особу, стать якої не є відомою мовцеві. Нові гендерно нейтральні займенники використовуються для уникнення дискримінації жінок, називання осіб, які мають невизначений гендер і є засобом дотримання політкоректності в сучасній англійській мові. Джерела та література 1. Бессонова О. Л. Оценочные стереотипы в контексте ґендерных исследований / О. Л. Бессонова // Нова філологія. – 2001. – № 1 (10). – С. 41–57 2. Горошко Е. И. Языковое сознание: гендерная парадигма / Е. И. Горошко. – Харьков : Издат. Дом «ИНЖЭК», 2003. – 245 с. 3. Дудоладова О. В. Динамика языковой репрезентации ґендера в английском публицистическом дискурсе (вторая половина XX–начало XXI века) : автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук : 10.02.04 / О. В. Дудоладова. – Харьков, 2003. – 20 с. 4. Емiрсуїнова Г. I. Лексикон сучасного фемiнiзму (на матеріалi англiйської мови) : автореф. дис. … канд. фiлол. наук : спец. 10.02.04 «Германські мови» / Г. І. Емірсуїнова. – К., 2003. – 19 с. 5. Зацний Ю. А. Сучасний англомовний світ і збагачення словникового складу / Ю. А. Зацний. – Львів : ПАІС, 2007. – 226 с. 6. Мартинюк А. П. Конструювання ґендеру в англомовному дискурсі / А. П. Мартинюк. – Харків : Константа, 2004. – 292 с. 7. A new pronoun suggested // Baltimore Sun. –Dec. 13, 1886. – P. 6 [Electronic resource] – Mode of access : http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/essays/his_her_1886_Baltimore_Sun.pdf 8. Billions, сезон 2, серія 9, 1:03 9. Britt Caputo B. Gender Neutrality Hits Wesleyan. – Nov. 2, 2005 10. Butler, J. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity / J. Butler. – New York : Routledge, 1990. 11. Desprez-Bouanchaud A. Guidelines on Gender-Neutral Language, Unit for the Promotion of the Status of Women and Gender Equality / A. Desprez-Bouanchaud // UNESCO, 1999. – P. 5. 12. Dozier J. W. A New Pronoun / J. W. Dozier. – Atlanta Constitution, Sept. 20,1884. – P. 7 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people-/faculty/debaron/essays/dozier_ 1885_se.pdf 13. Ehrlich S. Language and Gender / S. Ehrlich // The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. – Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. – P. 866. 14. Frank F. Language and the Sexes / F. Frank, F. Anshen. – State University of New York, 1991. – 217 p. 15. Gender Neutral Pronouns: They're Here, Get Used To Them [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : https://youtu.be/46ehrFk-gLk 2:43, 3:28. 16. Leeds J. W. The unsupplied common gender pronoun / J. W. Leeds // The Philadelphia Ledger. – Telegraph, 30 Mar., 1888. – P. 4. 17. Maltz, D. A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication / D. Maltz, R. Borker // Language and social identity. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1982. – P. 196–216. 18. Milne A. A. What's the Good Word? A New Way to Better English / A. A. Milne. – N. Y. : Simon and Schuster, 1942. – P. 88–90. 19. Safire W. On Language / W. Safire // Houston Chronicle. – 2003. – June 29. – P. 6. 20. Shameless, 2011–2017 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : https://youtu.be/ssTZtRQmhxY 21. Sherman C. P. The Literary World / C. P. Sherman. – Sept. 6, 1884. – P. 294. 22. Soloway J. Funny, Dirty, Sad: The "Holy Trinity" For "Transparent" / J. Soloway // National Public Radio. – October 30, 2014 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php 23. Stoller R. J. Sex and gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity / R. J. Stoller. – New York : Science House, 1968. – 426 p. 24. The Bridge, series 3, episode 1. – Nov. 2015 28:17 25. The Eagle // Semi-Weekly. – Brattleboro, VT. – Jan. 1, 1852. – P. 3 [Electronic resource]. –Mode of access : http://www.english.illinois.edu/-people/faculty/debaron/essays/1852_fish_us_up_one.pdf 26. The Wesleyan Argus [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/11/2/gender-neutrality-hits-wesleyan-with-the 27. West, C. Doing gender. Gender and discourse / C. West, D. Zimmerman. – London : Sage, 1987. – P. 1–20. 28. White R. G. The Galaxy / R. G. White. – Aug., 1868. – P. 241 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pagevieweridx?c=gala;cc=gala;rgn=full%20text;idno=gala0006-2; didno=gala0006-2;view=image;seq=0247;node=gala0006-2%3A11 29. Why Pronouns Matter For Trans People [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : https://youtu.be/N_yBGQqg7kM 0:20; 1:00; 1:35; 1:43 30. Why "They" Was Voted the Word of the Year // Comma Queen [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : https://youtu.be/CJrIcrHrfM4 0:23

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kunikeri-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 76 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by mining/industrial, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 47 per cent has loamy and 30 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 4 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 12 per cent are slightly acid (ph 6.0-6.5), 14 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 39 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in 59 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in area of about 13 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 64 per cent in the microwatershed.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 40 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144 (33) 45 (10) Sapota 144 (33) 29 (7) Maize 91 (21) 99 (22) Pomegranate 144 (33) 31 (7) Bajra 144 (33) 112 (25) Musambi 144 (33) 31 (7) Groundnut 53 (12) 237 (54) Lime 144 (33) 31 (7) Sunflower 144 (33) 2 (<1) Amla 144 (33) 186 (42) Red gram 144 (33) 2 (<1) Cashew 53 (12) 120 (27) Bengalgram 2 (<1) 225 (51) Jackfruit 144 (33) 29 (7) Cotton 144 (33) 45 (10) Jamun 144 (33) 31 (7) Chilli 144 (33) 43 (10) Custard apple 144 (33) 186 (42) Tomato 144 (33) 43 (10) Tamarind 144 (33) 28 (6) Brinjal <1 (<1) 221 (50) Mulberry 144 (33) 106 (24) Onion <1 (<1) 221 (50) Marigold 144 (33) 45 (10) Bhendi <1 (<1) 221 (50) Chrysanthemum 144 (33) 45 (10) Drumstick 144 (33) 77 (17) Jasmine 144 (33) 43 (10) Mango 144 (33) <1 (<1) Crossandra 144 (33) 43 (10) Guava 53 (12) 120 (27)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kunikeri-2 is located at North latitude 150 18' 9.483" and 150 16' 46.442" and East longitude 760 14' 59.98'' and 760 13' 26.382" covering an area of about 440.89 ha coming under Kunakeri and Hirebaganala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kunikeri-2 micro watersheds of Karkihalli subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 11 (32.35 %) were marginal, 10 (29.41%)were small, 6 (17.65 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 73 (56.15%) men and 57 (43.85 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.15 per cent illiterates, 52.31 per cent pre university education and 3.08 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 59.23 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 2.94 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 23.53 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.33, women available in the micro watershed was 2.90, hired labour (men) available was 11.37 and hired labour (women) available was 10.4.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.79 per cent (42.23 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 9.21 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Cowpea and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.02 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Cowpea, Sunflower and 0 was Rs.28244.35 , 30308.95, 8072.04 and 41631.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 4.20 and 1: 2.30 respectively.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57382.35 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44852.94 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 22 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (73.53%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 8.82 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (20.59%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (70.59%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (20.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52.94%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.41%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(23.53%) and Less rainfall (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ashanal-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 500 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 492 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 8 ha by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 34 per cent area is very shallow to moderately shallow (150 cm).  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 51 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent area is very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 307(61) 44(9) Guava - 19(4) Maize 18(4) 333(67) Sapota - 19(4) Bajra 18(4) 348(70) Pomegranate - 1(62) Groundnut - 34(7) Musambi 163(33) 144(29) Sunflower 217(43) 90(18) Lime 163(33) 144(29) Redgram - 307(62) Amla 18(4) 348(70) Bengal gram 288(58) 61(12) Cashew - 18(4) Cotton 217(43) 133(27) Jackfruit - 19(4) Chilli - 350(70) Jamun - 289(58) Tomato 18(4) 207(42) Custard apple 308(62) 58(12) Brinjal 143(29) 223(45) Tamarind - 289(58) Onion 126(25) 76(15) Mulberry - 34(7) Bhendi 290(58) 76(15) Marigold - 350(70) Drumstick - 322(65) Chrysanthemum - 350(70) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ashanal-2 is located at North latitude 160 48' 43.759" and 160 46' 53.865" and East longitude 770 13' 35.415'' and 770 11' 23.666" covering an area of about 500.27 ha coming unde Kurakumbala, Mundaragi and Ashinala Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ashanal-2 micro watersheds of Ramasamudram subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Ashanal-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 19 (54.29%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (57.39%) men and 75 (42.61 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.6, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 4.9 and semi medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (38.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 17.05 per cent illiterates, 80.11 per cent pre university education and 10.80 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 38.07 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 37.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.14 per cent possess sprayer.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 11.29, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 5.8 and hired labour (women) available was 10.49.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (37.95 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.29 percent possessed bank account and 62.86 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 114.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 8.70 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 86.96 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.30863.58, 31656.82, 27180.93, 32084.50 and 46929.63 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.70 and 1:0.82 respectively.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 119374.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 41860.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 32 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 71.43 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 314.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Majority of the farmers (40.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 51.43 per cent of the households and 48.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (80.00%), pulses (71.43%) and oilseeds (54.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (68.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (48.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (68.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14%), inadequate extension services (14.29%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundragi-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 598 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 453 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by mining/industrial area, 74 ha by rock outcrops and about 46 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 71 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (0-75 cm).  About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 24 per cent clayey soils.  About 53 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 69 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 26 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 23 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(<1) 40(7) Guava - 3(<1) Maize - 43(7) Sapota - 3(<1) Bajra - 43(7) Pomegranate - 28(5) Groundnut - 3 (<1) Musambi 22(4) 6(1) Sunflower - 28(5) Lime 22(4) 6(1) Redgram - 27(5) Amla 3 (<1) 40(7) Bengal gram 24(4) 15(3) Cashew - - Cotton 24(4) 15(3) Jackfruit - 3(<1) Chilli - 21(3) Jamun - 25(4) Tomato - 18(3) Custard apple 27(5) 15(3) Brinjal 3(<1) 40(7) Tamarind - 25(4) Onion 3(<1) 18(3) Mulberry - 3(<1) Bhendi 5(<1) 37(7) Marigold - 42(7) Drumstick - 27(5) Chrysanthemum - 42(7) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundragi-3 is located at North latitude 160 46' 39.624" and 160 45' 25.814" and East longitude 770 12' 9.516'' and 770 9' 33.277" covering an area of about 598.12 ha coming unde Mundaragi and Yadhagiri B villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundragi-3 micro watersheds of Belagiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 18 (50.00 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 2 (5.56 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.56 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 78 (57.35%) men and 58 (42.65 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (47.06%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 66.91 per cent illiterates, 29.41 per cent pre university education and 3.68 per cent attained graduation.  About, 61.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 36.11 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 37.50 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 91.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.78 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.89 per cent possess TV, 8.33 per cent possess mixer grinder, 86.11 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.78 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess plough and 5.56 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.67 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, women available in the micro watershed was 1.41, hired labour (men) available was 7.62 and hired labour (women) available was 6.79.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 56.78 per cent (26.96 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 43.22 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Green gram was Rs.37056.78, 53774.67, 76635.07, 39040.33 and 108930.93 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.90, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.10, 1: 2.10 and 1:1.02 respectively.  Further, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 114444.44 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57250.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 78 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2555.56 for land development and Rs. 833.33 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.33 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 83.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.78 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 86.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (86.11%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 77.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (83.33%) and oilseeds (2.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (8.33%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.33%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.78%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75.00%), inadequate extension services (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Katarki West-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 473 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 1 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area of about 95 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 95 per cent of the soils has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 56 per cent is nearly sloping (0-1%) and 39 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 63 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 56 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in 37 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area and 13 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 33 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in about 95 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 429 (91) 21(5) Sapota - - Maize - 450 (95) Pomegranate - 450 (95) Bajra - 327 (69) Musambi 429 (91) 21 (5) Groundnut - - Lime 429 (91) 21 (5) Sunflower 429 (91) 21 (5) Amla - 450 (95) Red gram - 450 (95) Cashew - - Bengalgram 429 (91) 21 (5) Jackfruit - - Cotton 429 (91) 21 (5) Jamun - 450 (95) Chilli - - Custard apple 429 (91) 21 (5) Tomato - - Tamarind - 450 (95) Brinjal - 450 (95) Mulberry - 28 (6) Onion - - Marigold - 450 (95) Bhendi - 450 (95) Chrysanthemum - 450 (95) Drumstick - 450 (95) Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - 424 (90) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 1identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Katarki West-6 is located at North latitude 150 16' 25.782" and 150 18' 28.116" and East longitude 750 59' 48.936" and 760 1' 42.863" covering an area of about 421.25 ha coming under Alawandi, Mynahalli and Kavalura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Katarki West-6 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Katarki West-6 micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (42.86%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 4 (11.43 %) were semi medium, 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 78 (54.93%) men and 64 (45.07 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.4, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4, medium farmers were 5 and large farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (41.55%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 38.73 per cent illiterates, 58.45 per cent pre university education and 2.82 per cent attained graduation.  About, 45.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 51.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 74.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.4, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 10.3 and hired labour (women) available was 10.57.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.98 per cent (56.42 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.02 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram, Cotton and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 79.76 per cent.  Out of the sample households 37.14 percent possessed bank account and 37.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 37.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 15.38 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram, Cotton and Sunflower was Rs.22224.16, 23560.78, 28196.92, 35252.92 and 37589.57 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.70 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 64828.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 54057.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 7 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5114.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 68.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 94.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (100.00%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (8.57%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Laksmanpura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 561 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 38 per cent of the soils are loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 50 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 35 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 17 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 3 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 14 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 33 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 -7.3), 37 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 28 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 99(18) 350(62) Sapota 128(23) 233(42) Maize 84(15) 364(65) Pomegranate 128(23) 327(58) Bajra 146(26) 347(62) Guava 128(23) 233(42) Redgram 99(18) 331(59) Jackfruit 128(23) 233(42) Bengal gram - 94(17) Jamun 42(8) 157(28) Groundnut 14(2) 343(61) Musambi 128(23) 327(58) Sunflower 99(18) 331(59) Lime 128(23) 327(58) Cotton - 418(75) Cashew 115(20) 233(42) Chilli 113(20) 336(60) Custard apple 146(26) 347(62) Tomato 113(20) 242(43) Amla 146(26) 253(45) Brinjal 113(20) 242(43) Tamarind 42(8) 157(28) Onion 84(15) 270(48) Marigold 113(20) 336(60) Bhendi 113(20) 336(60) Chrysanthemum 113(20) 336 (60) Drumstick 128(23) 272(48) Jasmine 113(20) 242(43) Mulberry 100 (18) 261(47) Crossandra 113(20) 242(43) Mango 42(8) 157(28) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lakshmapura-1 is located at North latitude 150 23' 58.806" and 150 21' 48.269" and East longitude 760 2' 59.1'' and 760 1' 14.906" covering an area of about 547.08 ha coming under Lakmapura, Bhanapur and Tadakal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lakshmapura-1 micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 15 (42.86 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%)were small, 5 (14.29 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 64 (55.65%) men and 51 (44.35 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (24.35%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.39 per cent illiterates, 53.92 per cent pre university education and 7.83 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.83 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.37, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 6.53 and hired labour (women) available was 6.58.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 93.97 per cent (38.25 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 6.03 per cent area is irrigated land.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.28 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 6.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram, Sorghum and 0 was Rs.37903.31, 50648.32, 27556.91 and 17388.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 2.70, 1: 3.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 71825.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58968.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 34 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 228.57 for land development.  Source of funds raised from asset selling for land development was 2.86 per cent and soft loan for land development was and improved crop production was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (48.57%), Less rainfall (42.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honnahunasi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 271 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 63 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 35 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 46 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 7 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 91 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 16 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0), 25 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 50 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) and 8 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is medium (57 kg/ha) in 93 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 97 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 45 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 42(16) 212(78) Sapota 56(21) 186(69) Maize - 254 (94) Pomegranate 56(21) 205(75) Bajra 51(19) 210(77) Guava 56(21) 186(69) Redgram 36(13) 220(81) Jackfruit 56(21) 186(69) Bengal gram 7(2) 12(4) Jamun 36(13) 175(64) Groundnut - 207(76) Musambi 63(23) 198(73) Sunflower 42 (16) 213(78) Lime 63(23) 198(73) Cotton 7(2) 249(91) Cashew 56(21) 186(69) Chilli 36(13) 219(81) Custard apple 63(23) 198(73) Tomato 36(13) 200(74) Amla 56(21) 193(71) Brinjal 36(13) 200(74) Tamarind 36(13) 175(64) Onion - 236(87) Marigold 36(13) 219(81) Bhendi 36(13) 219(81) Chrysanthemum 36(13) 219 (81) Drumstick 56(21) 193(71) Jasmine 36(13) 200(74) Mulberry 56(21) 186(69) Crossandra 36(13) 200(74) Mango 36(13) 168(62) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Honnahunasi is located at North latitude 150 29' 58.129" and 150 28' 8.028" and East longitude 760 10' 37.08'' and 760 9' 40.547" covering an area of about 321.78 ha coming under Honnahunasi and Kudrimutti villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Honnahunasi micro watersheds of Kalakeri subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 11 (31.43 %) were marginal, 13 (37.14%)were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (50.00%) men and 71 (50.00 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (35.92%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.48 per cent illiterates, 51.41 per cent pre university education and 4.23 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.54 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 11.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.65, women available in the micro watershed was 5.53, hired labour (men) available was 12.5 and hired labour (women) available was 12.74.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 87.42 per cent (36.02 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.58 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.68 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.31727.41 , 23110.78, 42640.09 and 70265.31 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 0.60, 1: 1.80 and 1: 1.80 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 50685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 33114.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 horticulture trees and 53 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 142.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 8.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 80.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (68.57%) and oilseeds (20.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (54.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (22.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (28.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.86%), Less rainfall (54.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bukanhatti-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 669 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil, 1per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 87 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 8 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 20 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 76 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 30 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 66 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 20 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 72 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 40 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 40 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 504(76) Sapota 237(35) 266(41) Maize - 504(76) Pomegranate 237(35) 318(49) Bajra 196(29) 369(55) Musambi 237(35) 318(49) Groundnut 146(22) 359(54) Lime 237(35) 318(49) Sunflower - 504(75) Amla 297(44) 261(39) Redgram - 504(75) Cashew 237(35) 266(41) Bengal gram 33(5) 19(3) Jackfruit 237(35) 266(41) Cotton 33(5) 325(49) Jamun 102(15) 245(37) Chilli - 504(76) Custard apple 297(44) 280(42) Tomato - 452(68) Tamarind 102(15) 212(32) Brinjal - 485(73) Mulberry 237(35) 266(40) Onion - 452(68) Marigold - 504(76) Bhendi - 504(76) Chrysanthemum - 504(76) Drumstick 237(35) 299(45) Jasmine - 452(68) Mango 102(15) 212(32) Crossandra - 452(68) Guava 237(35) 266(41)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bukanhatti-2 is located at North latitude 150 38' 4.537" and 150 36' 25.184" and East longitude 760 16' 25.39'' and 760 14' 27.176" covering an area of about 630.66 ha coming under Bukanhatti, Uchalkunti and Hire Bamanhal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bukanhatti-2 micro watersheds of Chik Bamanhal sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bukanhatti-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small and 13 (37.14 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (62.72%) men and 63 (37.28 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 4.5 and semi medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (42.60%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 42.60 per cent illiterates, 52.66 per cent pre university education and 5.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 47.93 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 48.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 28.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 3.03, women available in the micro watershed was 2.23, hired labour (men) available was 19.5 and hired labour (women) available was 19.50. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.68 per cent (43.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.32 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 84.66 per cent.  Out of the sample households 37.14 percent possessed bank account.  About 37.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut and Bajra was Rs.25342.58 , 40011.46 and 23825.22 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.10 and1: 0.92 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 31.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 36657.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 27800.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 23 horticulture trees and 40 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 25.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (37.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field 3 (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 687 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 471 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 181 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 35 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 471 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 18 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 30 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 25 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 54 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 1 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 64 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 55 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 14 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 41per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 13 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 26 (4) Guava - - Maize - 26 (4) Sapota - - Bajra - 26 (4) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 26 (4) Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yallgir Rf-2 is located at North latitude 160 53' 31.23" and 160 51' 39.15" and East longitude 770 5' 12.429'' and 770 2' 55.295" covering an area of about 687.07 ha coming under Vaddanahalli, Yaragola and Venkateshwaranagara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 14 (41.18%) were marginal, 7(20.59%) were small and 6 (17.65%) were semi medium and 2 (5.88%) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 98 (58.33%) men and 70 (41.67%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (55.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 50.60 per cent illiterates, 1.79 per cent attained graduation.  About, 79.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.94 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 47.02 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 23.53 per cent possess pucker house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.06 per cent possess TV, 41.18 per cent possess mixer grinder and 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess plough and only 8.82 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households and 8.82 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.74, women available in the micro watershed was 1.44, hired labour (men) available was 1.74 and hired labour (women) available was 11.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (34.21 ha), 66.79 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 28.83 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 8 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 26.47 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.24 per cent bank account and 67.65 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 55.88 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 46.67 per cent from Cooperative bank. 2  Majority of the respondents (92.86 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.61705.62, 74440.39, 129425.18, 44892.44 and 211214.41 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.50, 1: 2.10, 1: 1, 1: 5.30 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and dry fodder was inadequate.  With respect to green fodder availability, 8.82 percent of them opined it was sufficient.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 175132.35 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 93808.82 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture trees were coconut (21) and clustered apple (3) trees in the fields and forest species were 56 neem, 5 tamarind, 2 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs 44.12 and for land development. Rs 2941.18 for irrigation facility creation.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, land development was 44.12 and for irrigation facility was 2.94 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 47.06 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 26.47 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 58.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (26.47 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 76.47 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.24 per cent of the households and 38.24 per cent households has LPG. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 52.94 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (82.35%), pulses (79.41%), oilseeds (61.76%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.41%) wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (79.41%), inadequacy of irrigation water (73.53%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.47%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), inadequate extension services (32.35%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tinnapur Tanda microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, 7 per cent by rock outcrops and 150 cm) soils.  About 23 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 58 per cent loamy soils and 12 per cent has sandy soils at the surface.  About 13 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 13 per cent is nearly sloping (0-1%), 71 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 9 per cent area has gently sloping (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 15 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 7 per cent has moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 22 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 33 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 11 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 6 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in entire microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 55 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in about 37 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 27 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 86 per cent area and 6 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in available boron.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 90 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 64 (13) 134 (26) Sapota 9 (2) 83 (16) Maize 8 (2) 190 (37) Pomegranate 9 (2) 129 (25) Bajra 17 (3) 268 (52) Musambi 56 (11) 64 (13) Groundnut - 217 (42) Lime 56 (11) 76 (15) Sunflower 56 (11) 38 (7) Amla 56 (11) 267 (52) Red gram 9 (2) 55 (11) Cashew - 123 (24) Bengalgram 55 (11) 155 (30) Jackfruit 9 (2) 96 (18) Cotton 56 (11) 124 (24) Jamun 9 (2) 115 (22) Chilli - 198 (39) Custard apple 56 (11) 267 (52) Tomato 8 (2) 190 (37) Tamarind 9 (2) 47 (9) Brinjal 18 (4) 156 (31) Mulberry - 131 (25) Onion 18 (4) 111 (21) Marigold - 198 (39) Bhendi 18 (4) 158 (31) Chrysanthemum - 198 (39) Drumstick 9 (2) 74 (14) Jasmine - 151 (29) Mango 9 (2) - Crossandra 9 (2) 124 (24) Guava 9 (2) 95 (18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan and has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Tinnapur Tanda is located at North latitude 150 27' 52.822" and 150 29' 53.052" and East longitude 760 14' 50.215'' and 760 16' 52.649" covering an area of about 513.99 ha coming under Jinnapura, Hosahalli and MethagallaVillages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Tinnapur Tanda micro watersheds of Tavaregere subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 3 (8.82 %) were marginal, 12 (35.29%)were small, 8 (23.53 %) were Semi medium and 6 (17.65 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (55.14%) men and 83 (44.86 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (50.27%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 24.32 per cent of illiterates, 28.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.70 per cent middle school education, and 19.46 per cent high school education, 9.19 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.08 per cent of them had Diploma, 8.65 per cent attained graduation  About, 76.47 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 49.73 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 35.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 67.65 per cent possess TV, 41.18 per cent possess mixer grinder, 61.76 per cent possess mobile phones and 23.53 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.65 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.76 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 26.47 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 37.64 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 42.72.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 49.17 per cent (52.32 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 50.83 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells and 9.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 32.35 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Horse gram and Bengal gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 81.92 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Horse gram and Bengal gram was Rs.37400.62, 28361.12, 70593.15, 19189.79 and 23850.09 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.70, 1: 0.50, 1: 0.90 and 1:2.20 respectively.  Further, 41.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 41.18 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 67323.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 50411.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 114 horticulture trees and 121 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 117.65 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 76.47 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 105.88 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (20.59%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 20.59 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 35.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 41.18 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.18%), pulses (58.82%) and oilseeds (50.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (20.59%) wild animal menace on farm field (26.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (47.06%), high rate of interest on credit (32.35%), low price for the agricultural commodities (23.53%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (32.35%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (5.88%), Less rainfall (58.82%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.65%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project