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RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAU Večernjem listu početkom studenog čitali smo tekst Premjera iz njegovog izlaganja na sjednici Rektorskog zbora u sklopu Rasprave o odluci Vlade RH o programskom financiranju javnih Visokih učilišta u Ak. god. 2018-/2019. – 2021/2022. U jednom dijelu teksta on pita i procjenjuje da je akademska zajednica "vidljiva" za oko 0,3 % populacije, što je katastrofalno. Stoga poziva na veći društveni, javni angažman, koji može biti i sto posto kritičan prema Vladi – važno je biti vidljiviji i čuti se u društvu, ali i biti prezentiran od ljudi "s imenom", a ne onih "bezimenih", što je najčešći slučaj. Ako to usporedimo sa šumarskom strukom, nismo daleko od sličnoga postotka "vidljivosti" u društvu, pa bi ovo mogao biti i poziv šumarskoj struci. Ako je ta vidljivost veća, ona je ponajčešće negativnoga predznaka, a struka je zapostavljena. Počesto je struka prezentirana od šumarsko "bezimenih" ljudi ili pak od nedovoljno šumarski educiranih novinara koji teže ponajprije aferama. To se odnosi i na volontere raznih "zelenih udru­ga" koji nisu spremni slušati struku i promijeniti svoje zacementirano mišljenje o šumarskoj struci, unatoč pojašnjenju stručnih zahvata u šumi. Ne poštuje se činjenica da šumarska struka već preko dva i pol stoljeća gospodari šumom po načelima potrajnog gospodarenja, i da ona na velikoj površini zadovoljava sve kriterije posebne zaštite. Tko je onda, ako ne šumari, zaslužan za status i rang zaštitnih područja i od koga to treba čuvati šumu?Na državnoj razini nema argumentirane rasprave o šumarstvu i šumi, o njenoj važnosti, kako o klasično sirovinsko gospodarskoj grani gospodarstva, tako i o njenoj ulozi s ekološko zaštitnog i socijalno zdravstvenog stajališta. Uz već više puta spomenutu činjenicu kako je šumarstvo izbačeno iz naziva resornog ministarstva, unatoč podatku da je 47 % kopnene površine RH pokriveno šumom, što inducira važnost struke, u jednom od napisa u ovoj rubrici kritizirali smo činjenicu da je šumarstvo unutar resornog ministarstva svedeno na razinu primjerice mljekarstva, povrćarstva i sl. Nažalost, sada nije niti na toj razini. Pisali smo o netržišnom gospodarenju glede prodaje drvnih sortimenata, i tako već nažalost uvriježenom terminu o raspodjeli drvnih sortimenata. Raspodjela drvnih sortimenata i tržišno gospodarenje su dva suprotna pojma. No, pitanje je kako tržišno gospodariti kada su prethodna rukovodstva Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. potpisala višegodišnje ugovore po načelu raspodjele, koje je bez posljedica teško mijenjati. Kako pak pokriti troškove uzgojnih, uređivačkih i zaštitarskih radova iz tako smanjenih prihoda, a ne "preskakati" ih? Glede racionalne uporabe drvne sirovine i njene kvalitete koja u raznim fazama prerade osigurava dodanu vrijednost i zapošljavanje, posebice visoko stručnih kadrova, ne navode se podaci. Npr. u promidžbenom spotu "Ambijente" vidjeli smo uglavnom ojastučeni namještaj bez drvnih elemenata. Kada se drvni sektor hvali proizvodnjom namještaja i izvozom, nigdje ne vidimo podatke o proizvodnji primarne prerade (furnira, masivnog drva, panela i sl.) i njenoj uporabi u domaćoj proizvodnji, regala, ostalog sobnog i kuhinjskog namještaja te kojih i koliko je drvnih sortimenata završilo u domaćoj finalnoj preradi.Zašto smo i pod čijim pritiscima odustali od uspješnog integralnog gospodarenja šumama koje uključuje sporedne i prateće djelatnosti u šumarstvu, koje imaju značajan udio u prihodu primjerice austrijskih šuma, a osiguravaju i veću zaposlenost? Interesantno bi bilo raspraviti, kako su, zašto, kome, na koje vrijeme i po kojoj cijeni dani u koncesiju razni objekti, npr. odmarališta za radnike, koji su se odricali dijela svojih prihoda da bi sagradili i koristili te objekte. Koliko je to promijenilo njihov socijalni status, a skloni smo pričama o brizi za čovjeka i obitelj. O svemu tome i mnogo čemu još nema rasprave, a mi krajem svake godine zaželimo da se u idućoj godini značajnije promijeni status šumarstva. Kako nada umire posljednja, tako mi i na kraju ove godine priželjkujemo pozitivne promjene, čestitajući našim čitateljima Čestit Božić i uspješnu 2019. godinu.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALAt the beginning of November, the Evening Paper (Večernji list) published a speech by the Prime Minister given at a meeting of the Rector's Collegium held to discuss the Government decision related to funding higher education programmes in the academic year 2018/2019 - 2021/2022. In one part of the text the Prime Minister observes that the academic community is "visible" to about 0.3 % of the population, which is devastating. Therefore, he calls for a greater social and public involvement, which can be 100 % critical to the Government. What is important is to be seen and heard by the society, but also to be presented by people "with a name" instead of by "no-name" persons, which is a typical occurrence. If transposed to the forestry profession, we are not far from a similar "visibility" percentage; therefore, this could also be an appeal to the forestry profession. In cases in which visibility is higher, it usually carries a negative prefix, while the profession is in the background. The profession is often presented by "no-name" foresters, or by journalists who are insufficiently educated in forestry matters and who are mainly interested in scandals and affairs. The same goes for volunteers in various "green associations", who are not prepared to listen to the profession and to change their deeply rooted opinions about the forestry profession. In vain are all attempts to inform them about professionally and expertly executed forestry operations. No heed is paid to the fact that the forestry profession has managed forests according to the principle of sustainable management for over two and a half centuries and that it meets all the criteria of special protection over a large area. Who then, if not foresters, should be in charge of the status and rang of protected areas and who should a forest be protected from?There are no reasoned discussions about forestry and forests at the state level, nor is there any mention of its importance as the classical primary sector of economy and of its ecological-protective and social-health role. We have already mentioned several times that the word 'forestry' was omitted from the name of the sector ministry despite the fact that 47 % of the landed area of the Republic of Croatia is covered with forests, which should indicate the importance of the profession. In one of the articles in this column we criticized the fact that within the competent Ministry forestry has been reduced to the level of dairy production, fruit production and similar. Regrettably, it has lost even this status now. We have also written about non-market sale of wood assortments and the already established term "distribution of wood assortments". Distribution of wood assortments and market management are two completely opposite notions. However, how can market management be applied in view of the fact that the previous management boards of Croatian Forests Ltd signed long-term agreements on the principle of distribution, which are hard to change without heavy consequences? How can the cost of silvicultural, management and protective operations be covered from such small profits and not be "skipped over"? As for the rational use of raw material and its quality, which ensures additional value and employment to highly educated people in particular, there is no data. For example, the promotional spot of the "Ambijenta" furniture fair showed mainly upholstered furniture without any wooden elements. When the wood sector brags about the production and export of furniture, there is no data about primary processing production (veneer, massive wood, panelling OPLATA and others) and its use in the domestic production of massive cabinets and other room and kitchen furniture, nor is there any data about which and how many of wood assortments have ended up in the domestic final processing. Why have we and under whose coercion retracted from successful integral forest management which includes auxiliary and secondary activities in forestry and which contributes significantly to the profit of e.g. Austrian forests, as well as increases employment? It would be interesting to discuss how, why, to whom, for what period and at what price have concessions been granted on various facilities, such as, for example, workers' resorts, which workers themselves built from a part of their income so as to be able to use them? We like to talk about the care for workers and their families, but how much has this fact alone changed their social status? There are many more topics to discuss here. Our wish at the end of every year is for the status of forestry to change for the better in the year to come. As hope dies last, we again expect positive changes in the next year and wish our readers Merry Christmas and a Happy and Successful New Year 2019.Editorial Board

Le présent ouvrage fait suite à celui paru en 2002: «La politique agricole commune des origines au 3e millénaire», auquel il se réfère fréquemment (LEDENT, BURNY, 2002). Dans le temps, il couvre en partie les périodes de programmation et financières 2000-2006 et 2007-2013. Dès le 29 septembre 2003, la Communauté a adopté une réforme fondamentale de la PAC dite «révision de la PAC à mi-parcours». Cette révision instaure un paiement unique (ou direct) par exploitation de l'Union européenne, indépendant de la production et lié au respect de normes en matière d'environnement, de santé publique, de santé des animaux et des végétaux, de bien-être des animaux et de bonnes conditions agricoles et environnementales ("écoconditionnalité"). La révision renforce la politique de développement rural, qu'elle dote de moyens financiers accrus. En outre, elle opère une réduction des paiements directs ("modulation") attribuables aux exploitations et atteignant au moins 5.000 euros par année, afin d'être en mesure d'accroître le financement du développement rural. Un événement majeur enregistré au début du siècle réside en une vague d'adhésion de 12 pays à l'Union européenne: - au 1er mai 2004 : Chypre, Estonie, Hongrie, Lettonie, Lituanie, Malte, Pologne, République tchèque, Slovaquie, Slovénie; - au 1er janvier 2007: Bulgarie, Roumanie. En élargissant l'Union à tant d'États, on la fait évoluer vers une zone de libre- échange; on s'écarte indubitablement du fédéralisme, auquel aspiraient, rêvaient la plupart des pères fondateurs de l'Europe et bien d'autres citoyens. Cette évolution est appréciée des États-Unis d'Amérique et de certains États membres: Royaume-Uni, Suède, Malte, Danemark, Pays-Bas, République tchèque, . La réglementation régissant la PAC est particulièrement abondante et complexe bien que la Commission européenne et le Conseil de l'Union européenne (dénommé auparavant Conseil des ministres) s'attachent à sa simplification sur le plan législatif. Le règlement (CE) n°1234/2007 du 22 octobre 2007, dit règlement «OCM unique», portant organisation des marchés dans le secteur agricole et dispositions spécifiques en ce qui concerne certains produits de ce secteur (JO L 299 du 16.11.2007, 149 pages) est le fruit de longs efforts ; il était attendu. À mesure que la législation en matière d'organisation des marchés est modifiée ou complétée, le règlement OCM unique est mis à jour. Le règlement (CE) n° 1782/2003 (voir chapitre 1) prévoit le calcul du paiement unique (aides directes) aux agriculteurs en recourant à la méthode historique ou à la régionalisation du régime de paiement. En vue de l'application de ces méthodes, il est fixé un montant de référence qui est la moyenne sur trois ans (2000, 2001 et 2002) des montants totaux des paiements accordés à un agriculteur. Pour chaque État membre, le total des montants de référence ne peut être supérieur au plafond national. Dans l'application de la méthode historique proprement dite, le montant de référence est spécifique à chaque agriculteur. Au plus tard le 1er août 2004, un État membre pouvait décider de mettre en œuvre le régime du paiement unique prévu à l'échelle régionale. Il devait définir les régions selon des critères objectifs et en respectant le plafond national prévu. L'État membre subdivise celui-ci entre les régions. Chaque plafond régional ainsi obtenu est réparti entre les agriculteurs dont les exploitations sont situées dans la région concernée et en fonction du nombre des hectares admissibles au bénéfice de l'aide de montant uniforme. Les critères historiques prévalent essentiellement dans les anciens pays de l'Union européenne en vue du calcul des aides directes. Ils sont dépassés. En effet: -la période de référence retenue (2000-2002) est éloignée et la technique ainsi que l'économie évoluent rapidement ; - le régime de paiement unique intègre de plus en plus de secteurs productifs ; - la répartition de l'aide directe au revenu entre les agriculteurs se caractérise par l'octroi d'une part importante des paiements à un nombre relativement peu élevé de bénéficiaires (distorsions liées au système). Le bilan de santé de la PAC (voir chapitre 7) s'est efforcé d'atténuer (insuffisamment) cette grave inégalité. Le règlement (CE) n° 73/2009 coule en termes juridiques les propositions introduites à cette fin. Il devient possible de réviser le montant des droits au paiement fondés sur des critères historiques (article 45) ou sur un régime régionalisé (article 46 sq.). Il peut être procédé à un «lissage» des aides directes fondées sur des critères historiques. Le lissage consiste en un rapprochement, en 2010 ou ultérieurement, de la valeur des droits au paiement unique. À cette fin, on prélève sur les montants les plus élevés et relève les plus bas tout en ne permettant pas de créer de nouveaux droits et donc de couvrir des hectares qui n'avaient pas de soutien. Les États membres qui ont accordé le régime de paiement unique sur une base historique peuvent décider d'appliquer ce régime, en 2010 ou ultérieurement, sur une base régionale. Ils répartissent le plafond national entre les régions et peuvent décider que les plafonds régionaux font l'objet de modifications progressives annuelles qui s'opèrent au maximum en trois étapes et selon des critères objectifs et non discriminatoires tels que le potentiel agricole ou les critères environnementaux. Les États membres qui ont initialement préféré le modèle régional peuvent revoir la valeur des droits au paiement sur une période transitoire appropriée. L'octroi du paiement unique peut se faire sur une base exclusivement dérivée de données historiques ou sur une base totalement ou partiellement régionale. À noter que dans le cadre du bilan de santé, les États membres peuvent répartir jusqu'à 50 % des plafonds régionaux applicables entre tous les agriculteurs dont les exploitations sont situées dans les régions concernées, y compris ceux qui ne détiennent pas de droits au paiement. L'adaptation de la valeur des droits au paiement unique va dans le sens de l'équité, qu'elle n'atteint toujours pas. L'opération n'est pas simple ; elle est, cependant, moins délicate, surtout moins dangereuse pour les agriculteurs, que ce qui s'annonce pour l'après 2013 en vue de la fixation du budget pour la période de programmation et financière 2014-2020 et de la fixation du destin de la politique agricole commune, qu'il importe de sauvegarder pour l'Europe et le Monde, le Monde où survivent près d'un milliard de victimes de la sous-nutrition et qui serait peuplé de neuf milliards au moins d'habitants en 2050. Les négociations commerciales multilatérales d'Uruguay (1986-1993) ont conduit à la création de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) et révélé bien des conflits d'intérêt dans le secteur agricole, que l'on s'efforçait de libéraliser (LEDENT, BURNY, 2002, p. 169 à 216). L'accord sur l'agriculture également issu de ces négociations prévoit la poursuite du développement du processus de réforme devant aboutir à des réductions progressives et substantielles du soutien et de la protection de l'agriculture. À cette fin, est créé un Comité de l'agriculture, au sein duquel ont débuté, à partir du 27 mars 2000, des pourparlers, qui, le 14 novembre 2001, ont été intégrés dans le cycle global dit «Millenium Round», décidé à Doha (Qatar). Cette dernière date marque le début du cycle de négociations multilatérales de Doha, qui ont connu bien des épisodes et qui ne sont toujours pas terminées. La crise financière, dont le début se situe en août 2007 (Jacques ATTALl, novembre 2008), et qui sévit en Europe le 6 octobre 2008, est le déclencheur de la crise économique, qui contrarie les pourparlers. La hausse du chômage dans nombre de pays a remis en cause l'objectif de libéralisation des échanges. Au début de 2010, le volontaire et avisé directeur général de l'OMC, Pascal LAMY, s'attache à faire le bilan des négociations et propose de déterminer s'il est possible de les conclure cette année. Le Comité de l'agriculture poursuit, à Genève, ses travaux techniques. Le nouveau commissaire européen au commerce, Karel DE GUCHT déclare le 12 février, à Genève, que: «Un des meilleurs moyens de tenir le protectionnisme à l'écart est de conclure le cycle de Doha le plus tôt possible (Agra Europe n° 3.240 du 22.02.2010, p. 19). Et, il ajoute de sages propos : «Dans ce but, je ferai de mon mieux pour assurer qu'un accord satisfaisant soit trouvé pour toutes les parties» (ibidem), conformément à ses fortes convictions. MM. LAMY et DE GUCHT, dont le rôle est considérable, ne peuvent perdre de vue la position de Olivier DE SCHUTTER, expert de l'ONU pour le droit à l'alimentation, qui a mis en garde les membres de l'OMC contre un accord sur l'agriculture aggravant la faim dans le monde. L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (OMA, FAO) estime, quant à elle, que la production alimentaire devra augmenter d'au moins 70 % afin de pouvoir nourrir la population de neuf milliards de personnes en 2050. Dès lors, la mission de l'agriculture européenne consiste à produire plus, tout en étant le plus économe possible des ressources naturelles.

Background: Trans issues have received increased attention over the last couple of years and important changes have been made in the legislation relating to gender reassignment and in trans-specific healthcare practices. At the same time, many people with trans experiences report poor mental health, bad experiences when encountering the healthcare and a tendency to postpone seeking care due to being badly treated. Previous research has also shown that gender norms guide the evaluation that precedes access to gender-confirming medical procedures. Critical studies examining practices within trans-specific healthcare in the Swedish context and health among people with trans experiences are limited, especially qualitative interview studies involving people with trans experiences. Aim: To analyse how constructions of trans experiences and gender can affect trans-specific healthcare practices, experiences of navigating access to gender- confirming medical procedures, inhabitancy of different spaces and, ultimately, health. Conceptual framework: Three areas of theory are used for the conceptual framework: trans studies, queer phenomenology and Foucauldian theories of power and governmentality. Methods: The thesis includes three sub-studies (generating four articles): two interview studies that build on interviews with 18 people with trans experiences, and a policy analysis of the guidelines for trans-specific healthcare published by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. For the interview studies, grounded theory and thematic analysis were used as the analytical method. The guidelines were analysed using Bacchi's method: "What's the problem represented to be?". Results: The participants experienced trans-specific healthcare as difficult to navigate due to waiting times, lack of knowledge and/or support and relationships of dependency between healthcare users and providers. In the evaluation, gender is reconstructed as linear – stereotypical, binary and stable – and the space for action available to care-seekers is affected by discourses existing both inside and outside trans-specific healthcare. The difficulties in navigating access to care were experienced as creating ill-health. In order to negotiate access to gender-confirming medical procedures, the participants took responsibility for the care process by, for example, ordering hormones from abroad, acquiring medical knowledge and finding alternative support. The linear gendered positioning was variously resisted, negotiated and embraced by the participants. The analysis of the guidelines showed that gender identity is constructed as a fixed linear essence but that the guidelines also open up space for a non-linear embodiment. Gender dysphoria is closely constructed in relation to psychiatric knowledge and mental health and the gate-keeping function among mental healthcare professionals is reconstituted in the guidelines. Hence, care-seekers are constructed as not competent enough to make decisions concerning access to gender-confirming medical procedures. The participants experienced several different spaces, such as bars, public toilets and changing rooms, gyms and cafés, as unsafe and as contributing to ill-health. In order to overcome the barriers to comfortably inhabiting spaces, the participants performed a kind of labour; for example, preparing in order to visit public baths and to answer transphobic comments and questions. Some spaces, such as trans-separatist, feminist and queer spaces, were experienced as safer and contributed to improved health through experiences of belonging, being able to share bad experiences and being able to relax. Conclusions: Trans-specific healthcare practices need to become more affirming and change so that care-seekers have more space for self- determination. Trans-specific healthcare needs more resources in order to decrease waiting times, improve knowledge and support, and hence to improve access to gender-confirming medical procedures. Actions need to be initiated to make spaces safer in order to improve the health of people with trans experiences. ; Bakgrund: De senaste åren har transfrågor uppmärksammats allt mer. Viktiga juridiska förändringar har skett, såsom borttagande av krav för sterilisering vid juridisk könsbekräftelse, och transvården har fått sina första officiella riktlinjer för vård vid könsdysfori. Samtidigt visar flera rapporter att många personer med transerfarenheter rapporterar ett dåligt allmänt hälsotillstånd, psykisk ohälsa och brister i mötet med vården. Tidigare forskning visar också att normer kring kön påverkar utredningen som personer med transerfarenheter måste gå igenom för att få tillgång till könsbekräftande vård. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att analysera hur konstruktioner av transerfarenheter och kön kan påverka praktiker inom den trans-specifika vården, erfarenheter av att navigera tillgång till könsbekräftande vård samt upplevelsen av olika typer av rum och hälsa. Metod: Avhandlingen bygger på fyra artiklar som är uppdelade i tre delstudier. Två av delstudierna bygger på totalt 18 intervjuer med personer med transerfarenheter och en delstudie bygger på en policyanalys av Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer för transspecifik vård. Intervjustudierna har analyserats med grundad teori respektive tematisk analys och riktlinjerna har analyserats med Bacchis metod som undersöker hur problem framställs i en text. Delstudie 1 handlar om hur vårdsökande personer med transerfarenheter navigerar och förhandlar sig till att få könsbekräftande vård. I den andra delstudien undersöker jag hur utredning, diagnostisering och kriterier för tillgång till könsbekräftande vård är beskrivna i riktlinjerna från Socialstyrelsen för transspecifik vård. I den sista delstudien har jag undersökt hur trygghet och otrygghet i olika typer av rum kan påverka hälsan hos personer med transerfarenheter. Resultat: Analysen av intervjuerna visar att deltagarna upplevde det svårt att navigera sig fram till, och inom, transvården. Kunskapsbrist, brist på psykosocialt stöd, väntetider och en beroenderelation till utredarna är hinder som deltagarna berättar om i sina möten med transvården. Kön rekonstrueras som binärt, stabilt och stereotypt inom transvården och handlingsutrymmet i relation till kön påverkades av normer både inom och utanför transvården. Flera av dessa hinder skapar upplevelser av ohälsa. För att överkomma hindren i transvården så tog flera deltagare kommando över vårdprocessen genom att ta reda på information, beställa hormoner via nätet och hitta psykosocialt stöd utanför transvården. Deltagarna omfamnade, förhandlade och gjorde motstånd mot den binära, stabila och stereotypiska konstruktionen av kön, exempelvis genom att använda strategiska berättelser och göra kön på andra sätt utanför transvården. Analysen av riktlinjerna för transvården visade att kön konstrueras som en fixerad linjär essens, dvs. att könsidentiteten bör vara stabil över tid och matcha den sociala könsrollen för att personer ska få tillgång till könsbekräftande vård. Samtidigt säger riktlinjerna att alla vårdsökande inte behöver ha alla medicinska insatser, vilket öppnar upp möjligheter för en kropp som inte följer normen. Riktlinjerna pekar på hur psykisk ohälsa hos personer med könsdysfori kan bero på cisnormativitet. Likväl så knyter riktlinjerna könsdysfori tätt till lidande, psykiatrisk kunskap och mental ohälsa och rekonstruerar därmed könsdysfori som en psykisk sjukdom. Riktlinjerna slår även på så sätt fast den grindvaktande position som psykiatriker har inom transvården och de vårdsökande får därmed inte möjlighet att själva bestämma över tillgången till könsbekräftande vård. Deltagarna upplevde en rad olika rum och platser som otrygga eller obekväma vilket påverkade deras hälsa. Till exempel berättade många deltagare om barer och pubar som otrygga platser där de hade erfarenheter av att bli utsatta för fysiskt våld, verbala trakasserier och ifrågasättande. Könsuppdelade offentliga toaletter och omklädningsrum var andra viktiga plaster i berättelserna om otrygga rum. Deltagarna upplevde att det var svårt att välja vilken toalett eller vilket omklädningsrum dom skulle besöka och att det kunde vara svårt att passa in i något av dom. Transseparatistiska, feministiska och HBTQ-rum upplevdes av många som tryggare och var viktiga för att kunna dela med sig av erfarenheter, känna gemenskap och återhämta sig från erfarenheter av otrygghet. Dock fanns det erfarenheter av att dessa rum också kunde vara exkluderande. Slutsatser och implikationer: Sammanfattningsvis har transvården har genomgått flera förbättringar, men den upplevs fortfarande som problematisk av vissa vårdsökande och även i riktlinjerna konstrueras kön och könsdysfori på problematiska sätt. Att få tillgång till könsbekräftande vård är viktigt för många personer med transerfarenheter, men vägen till vård kan i sig själv ha negativa hälsokonsekvenser för de vårdsökande. Transvården återskapar kön som binärt, stabilt och stereotypt vilket inte stämmer överens med vissa av de vårdsökandes förståelse av sig själva. Vårdgivare inom psykiatrin har fortsatt makt att bestämma vilka som ska få tillgång till vård vilket kan bidra till att transpersoner har svårare att få tillgång till adekvat vård för psykisk ohälsa. Flera olika vardagliga platser upplevs som otrygga och skapar ohälsa. För att överkomma hindren, både inom transvården och i andra rum, utför deltagarna ett affektivt arbete som också kan innebära negativa hälsokonsekvenser. Utifrån studien resultat behövs flera förändringar för att skapa utrymme för mer självbestämmande hos de vårdsökande och för att förbättra tillgången till könsbekräftande vård. Det behövs även mer resurser till transvården för att minska väntetiderna, öka tillgången till stöd för de vårdsökande och kunskap hos vårdgivarna. För att förbättra hälsan hos personer med transerfarenheter är det nödvändigt att skapa fler trygga rum.

From the very young to the very old, disease defines our roles in society and affects everyone. But medical care saves or extends lives. Because it (seems) to have some power over disease and retards or slows the rate of depreciation of an individual´s initial endowment of health, it is perceived very positively. Thus, as of 2015, individuals and populations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) area-countries spent approximately 9.0 percent of their incomes (as measured by GDP per capita) on health care—up from 8.3 percent in 2008. With national governments assuming an increasing share of these costs and pressures to spend more likely to continue, controlling this type of spending is a problem that all modern societies face and one which every country must grapple with. Therefore, this thesis begins with the questions: what factors are behind this push for more spending? And does government involvement in health care affect health care costs and spending? If so, how? Thus, to inform on what is ultimately a political decision, we looked at the determinants of health care expenditure growth in Portugal and a set of countries in the OECD area, taking into account the role of income, the share of publicly funded health care, ageing population, as well as technological progress. Although governments seem unable to control health care costs and spending, the results from Part One of our research (Chapters 2 and 3) suggest that the current trend of increasing health care expenditure is rooted in a set of differentiated factors. In Chapter 2, higher Portuguese income levels lead to higher health care expenditure, and the magnitude of the estimated elasticity poses some concern about long-term sustainability of current trends of spending. However, the income elasticity of health care expenditure not only depends on the level of analysis but also the range of income and economic development. For example, characteristics of a non-luxury good for health care have been found in Chapter 3, in the study examining the determinants of expenditure growth in a sample of OECD countries. This indicates that the delivery of health is determined according to needs, rather than responsiveness to income changes, and thus warrants greater public involvement in the provision and financing of health care. In addition, our main results confirm that the growth in numbers of the elderly and the development of new medical technologies are determining factors of current health expenditure growth, and these may not be easily compressed if not through rationing. Besides informing on the factors that are behind the push for health care expenditure growth, this thesis also looks at the socio-economic determinants of health, particularly how government involvement in health care and social protection programs may lead to better health care outcomes. Although publicly funded health care spending seems to have very little impact on all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates, the results of our investigation indicate that other factors (such as, for example, higher levels of income and publicly funded welfare spending, as well as advances in new medical technologies, do significantly influence the overall health status and well-being of a country´s population. Thus, while using data from the European Union for a period that leads up to, and coincided with the ongoing recession (2008-2013), the evidence emerging from Part Two (Chapters 4, 5 and 6) of our research suggests that when it comes to protecting population health, the results are that social welfare spending is as relevant, if not more so, than public health spending in moderating increased vulnerabilities to adverse economic shocks, especially among younger males and females, the poor and their children, and should be accounted for in future inquiry into the determinants of aggregate population health. ; A doença afecta todos os indivíduos, independentemente da faixa etária, e é definidora do nosso papel na sociedade. Contudo, os cuidados de saúde salvam e/ou prolongam vidas. Assim, porque parecem ter algum poder para inverter (ou retardar) o ritmo de envelhecimento (i.e., ritmo de desgaste individual da dotação inicial de saúde e bem-estar), estes são sobejamente valorizada. Neste sentido, em 2015, os países membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Economico (OCDE) despenderam aproximadamente 9.0 por cento do seu rendimento (medido em PIB per capita) em cuidados de saúde—um valor substancialmente acima dos 8.3 por cento gastos em 2008. Sendo que os governos nacionais têm vindo a assumir uma parte cada vez maior destes custos, o controle deste tipo de despesa é um problema que todas as sociedades modernas enfrentam e com o qual todos os países vão forçosamente ter de lidar. Visto estas considerações, esta tese começa por centra-se nas respostas ás perguntas seguintes: quais os factores capazes de fazer aumentar os gastos em saúde? Para além disso, em que sentido os gastos públicos na área da saúde afectam os custos e gastos nestes cuidados? Em caso afirmativo, como? Assim, para informar sobre um assunto que, em ultima analise, consta da esfera política, neste trabalho procura-se identificar as determinantes das despesas de cuidados de saúde em Portugal e num conjunto de países-membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Economico (OCDE), tendo em conta o rendimento (PIB) per capita, a quota-parte do financiamento publico de cuidados de saúde, o envelhecimento da população, bem como os custos associados ao recurso a mais (e melhor) tecnologia. Para além de sugerir a irrelevância da variável publica na determinação da despesa e custos de cuidados de saúde, os resultados que se depreendem da primeira parte deste trabalho (Capítulos 2 e 3) sugerem que a actual tendência de aumento destes tem como raiz um conjunto de factores diferenciados. Para Portugal (Capitulo 2), valores mais elevados de rendimento levam a um aumento de despesas e custos de saúde. Mais ainda, a magnitude estimada da elasticidade-rendimento em relação a estas despesas e custos força alguma preocupação sobre a sustentabilidade a longo prazo das tendências actuais destes gastos. No entanto, a elasticidade-rendimento em relação a estas despesas e custos não só depende do pormenor de analise sobre o qual olhamos cada país, mas também o respectivo nível de rendimento e grau de desenvolvimento económico.Por exemplo, no Capitulo 3, que analisa as determinantes do crescimento dos custos e despesas de saúde para um grupo de países membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Economico (OCDE), determina-se uma elasticidade-rendimento em relação a estes cuidados inferior a um, sugerido assim uma certa insensibilidade da procura de bens e serviços de saúde face a aumentos de rendimento. Este resultado não só indica que a procura de cuidados de saúde é determinada de acordo com as necessidades—em vez das capacidades de resposta a alterações de rendimento—mas também apela a um maior envolvimento público na prestação e financiamento destes cuidados de saúde. Além disso, os resultados são também indicativos de que o crescimento do número de idosos e o recurso a mais (e melhor) tecnologia são factores determinantes do actual crescimento das despesas de saúde e estas dificilmente poderão ser comprimidas, a não ser através do seu racionamento. Para além de informar sobre os factores capazes de influenciar o aumento de crescimento dos custos e despesas de saúde, esta tese também analisa os factores capazes de influenciar a saúde e bem-estar, particularmente como e em que sentido o investimento publico em programas de protecção social e cuidados de saúde afecta indivíduos e populações. Embora estes últimos pareçam ter pouco impacto sobre as mortes por "todas-as-causas" e as mortes por "causas-especificas" (tal como, por exemplo, suicídios), os resultados desta investigação indicam que outros factores (tais como, por exemplo, aumentos de rendimento e gastos públicos com medidas de protecção social, bem como o recurso a técnicas médicas mais avançadas) são factores potenciadores de saúde e bem-estar. Assim, a evidência que emerge dos Capitulos 4, 5 e 6, nos quais se analisa o efeito da actual crise económica (2008-2012) sobre a saúde das populações da União Europeia, indica que o investimento publico em programas de protecção social é tão relevante, se não mais, que os gastos públicos com a saúde, como forma de moderar os efeitos da crise económica sobre indivíduos e populações, especialmente entre os mais jovens, e os pobres e seus filhos, e devem ser assim incluídos em trabalhos futuros de investigação sobre os factores determinantes da saúde e bem-estar social.

La teóloga Mary Daly es conocida en España como feminista radical postcristiana. Se la califica de esta manera aunque prácticamente no se hayan estudiado ni traducido sus obras al castellano ni siquiera en los ámbitos de la filosofía de género (al abandonar la perspectiva del feminismo radical) o desde la teología (al ser categorizada la autora como postcristiana). Su propuesta de filosofía como cuerpo epistemológico propio (no como la filosofía del genitivo) permite el asentamiento de una ética que no depende directamente de Aristóteles o Kant (padres de la filosofía y moral clásica y moderna), aunque articule sus mejores intuiciones y métodos. Destacamos sobre todo la aportación de Daly al debate sobre la justicia clásica y moderna desde el nexo entre la ontología, la lingüística y la ética, donde muestra la imbricación de la teoría y praxis a través de la imagen de Némesis: una figura y un concepto prestado de la mitología griega. Némesis será clave para ofrecer una propuesta inclusiva de la visión feminista de la justicia de la representación y de la justicia del cuidado. Lo que se pretende conseguir en este trabajo es mostrar como la ética de Némesis sería el modelo de justicia en clave feminista, a partir de la narrativa de esta autora. Además, se muestra la visión del feminismo de la autora siguiendo un criterio filosofía y ética transversal propia, no fragmentada y común de las feministas. Se pretende resaltar la aportación innovadora de la autora al tratado ético feminista investigando de qué manera la estética irrumpe en la ética y por qué es tan importante para la reflexión feminista y para una recepción de la narrativa de Daly. Se muestra de qué forma Daly articula la ética y la estética en torno a la virtud de la justicia y como logra presentar la imagen de la diosa Némesis y su pertinencia para la renovación de la comprensión feminista de la justicia revisando las corrientes de esta categoría desde la ética tradicional. Se revisa también las corrientes de la ética feminista actual, en concreto la justicia de representación de Nancy Fraser, la justicia del cuidado de Carol Gilligan y el ecofeminismo, para mostrar sus afinidades y diferencias con respecto a la propuesta de Daly, situando a la autora en el contexto de la problemática y debate moderno y actual de la ética feminista valorando su aportación a la misma.Con la metodología bibliográfica se presenta con más detenimiento el aspecto ético que la autora estudia en profundidad dentro de su propio método interdisciplinar. Consideramos también que el método narrativo permite conectar la ética feminista con las éticas narrativas, es decir, mostrar cómo se plasman las historias orales y escritas o cómo se expresan por los individuos y grupos para definir su universo moral. La forma de contar historia muestra la forma de ser del que trasmite en cuanto agente moral y persona. Confiriendo a los autores y a los relatores la credibilidad epistemológica se moldean y mantienen las identidades. Entre las conclusiones más importantes, se han mostrado: o Las condiciones de posibilidad de estructurar una ética de la justicia feminista, a partir de la narrativa de Daly, en comparación con los fundamentos de la ética moderna: conectar la reflexión teológica clásica sobre la virtud de la justicia con la preocupación feminista por los nuevos lenguajes que representen las praxis liberadoras; utilizar un método ético que se basa en la ontología y semántica críticas de la justicia tradicional y con los marcos modernos de la misma. o La pertinencia del símbolo/figura y concepto Némesis para designar la orientación trasversal de la ética feminista como el cuerpo epistemológico propio, no fragmentado y común de las feministas. o El estado de cuestión con respecto a las corrientes de la ética feminista actual con atención también a los enfoques ecofeministas, para clarificar las categorías de comparación con las demás autoras, subrayar los aspectos novedosos del concepto de la justicia de Daly como Némesis con respecto, tanto a la visión clásica de la justicia, como desde el debate ético feminista actual entorno a la justicia de representación y del cuidado en el contexto de la igualdad y diferencia. o La aportación de la propuesta de Daly a las perspectivas feministas de la justicia que hacen de la ética de Daly una alternativa feminista al concepto tradicional de la justicia y proporcionan un marco global para fundamentar distintas corrientes de la ética feminista.Mary Daly presents the feminist ethics of justice based on the image of Nemesis. This paper makes an analysis of her books outlining a great progress that it implies for feminism and shows its contrasts and similarities with traditional and feminist´s ethics. Her innovation in ethics field bases on Nemesis as a model of justice that connects metaphysics and linguistics and concerns its Aristotelian roots on the contrary as the ethics of care and ethics of representation which base of modern ethics. Her philosophy presents its own epistemological body (unlike the philosophy of the genitive) and it allows the establishment of an ethics that does not depend directly on Aristotle or Kant (parents of classical and modern philosophy and morals), although it articulates their best intuitions and methods. The work aims to recover the memory of this thinker and her writings discovering her as the first woman doctor in theology in Europe and the United States, a pioneer and a writer who carries out a fruitful dialogue between philosophy and classical and feminist theology, with an innovative contribution to the ethical theory represented by Nemesis as an alternative image to the traditional virtue of justice. The aim is to highlight the author's innovative contribution to the feminist ethical treatise by investigating how aesthetics break into ethics and why it is so important for the feminist reflection and for a reception of Daly´s narrative. The objective achieved is also to show how Daly articulates ethics and aesthetics around the virtue of justice and how he manages to present the image of the goddess Nemesis and its relevance for the renewal of the feminist understanding of justice by reviewing the currents of this category from traditional ethics. Finally, we intend to review the currents of actual feminist ethics, specifically Nancy Fraser´s representation justice, Carol Gilligan´s justice of care and ecofeminism, to show their affinities and differences with respect to Daly´s proposal, situating the author in the context of the modern and current problematic and debate of feminist ethics, valuing her contribution to it. The bibliographical and interdisciplinary methodology is applied. Showing the sources of Daly`s thought and her influences and the narrative contexts, the ethical consequences of the use of the Nemesis metaphor, we will see how Daly´s ethical model is able to transform both a distorted tradition (history) and a moral content that allows liberating moral praxis.Our approach to Daly´s justice of the Nemesis is interdisciplinary and narrative. These methodology has been chosen to facilitate the understanding of the ethical principles of her work and to link the concept of Nemesis with different theoretical and practical areas: theology, ontology, semantics, politics and history, the existential, humanistic and experiential field of women, the ecological concern and utopia. Throughout the investigation we have shown: o The conditions of possibility of structuring an ethics of feminist justice, based on Daly´s narrative, in comparison with the foundations of modern ethics: connection of the classical theological reflection on the virtue of justice with a feminist concern for new languages that represent liberating praxis; use of an ethical method based on the critical ontology and semantics of traditional justice and its modern frameworks. o The relevance of the symbol/figure of Nemesis to designate the transversal orientation of feminist ethics as non-fragmented and common epistemological body of science. o The state of the question of the current feminist ethics with attention to the ecofeminist approaches, in odder to clarify the categories of comparison with the other authors, highlight the new aspects of Daly´s concept of justice as Nemesis with respect, both to the classic vision of justice, and from the current feminist ethical debate around the justice of representation and care in the context of equality and difference. o The contribution of Daly´s proposal to the feminist perspectives of justice that make Daly´s ethics a feminist alternative to the traditional concept of justice and provide a global framework to ground different currents of feminist ethics

The justice system of the Cisplatine Province was marked by the complexities of an administration to have had its very organization (especially in the higher reaches) modified under Portuguese rule. Such shifts also affected trials regulated by specific provisions and ordinances particularly targeting the responsibilities of members of the army. Such an advantageous condition for Lusitanic soldiers was also enhanced by the enforcement of certain jurisdictions, particularly that of military jurisdiction. Such jurisdiction traditionally served to restrict the civil courts' powers over soldiers, even in cases of 'common" crimes. The present article seeks to analyze the tensions between the military and criminal justice systems in the Cisplatine Province, occupied first by the Portuguese army and later by the Brazilian army. It also analyzes how military jurisdiction was often harnessed to limit civil jurisdiction, ensuring a more benign treatment that could even culminate in the impunity of the soldiers involved. A study of the criminal justice system's records reveals the complexities of a process that very often affected those under investigation by means of delayed trials, incurring significant infringements on personal liberty and economic hardship for their families. The period under study has been extended to 1830, thus moving beyond that of the Luso-Brazilian administration. This allows us not only to analyze more prolonged causes, but also to deepen our knowledge on the ruptures and continuities in the administration of justice. ; La justicia de la Provincia Oriental estuvo marcada por las complejidades de una administración que vio modificada su organización (especialmente en las instancias superiores) a partir del dominio portugués. Los cambios también incluyeron aspectos procesales regulados por disposiciones y ordenanzas específicas que apuntaron especialmente a las responsabilidades de los integrantes de su ejército. A esta suerte de 'salvaguarda" para los soldados lusitanos se sumó la vigencia de fueros específicos. En el caso particular del fuero militar, como ocurrió tradicionalmente limitó el accionar de la justicia civil sobre los soldados aún en casos de delitos 'comunes". El presente artículo aspira a analizar las tensiones existentes entre la justicia militar y la criminal en la Provincia Oriental ocupada por el ejército portugués y luego el brasileño. Analizar como el uso del fuero muchas veces fue empleado para restringir la competencia civil asegurando un trato más benigno que podría incluso culminar con la impunidad de los soldados imputados. El estudio de los expedientes de la justicia criminal revela las complejidades de un proceso, que frecuentemente también afectó a los indagados con una dilación de los juicios que conllevaba la extensa privación de libertad y las penurias económicas de sus familias. Se ha optado por extender el período estudiado más allá de la administración luso-brasileña llevándola hasta 1830. Esto no solo permitió el seguimiento de causas que se prolongaron en el tiempo sino avanzar también en el conocimiento de las rupturas y las continuidades de la administración de justicia. ; La justice de la Province orientale a été marquée par la complexité d'une administration qui a vu se modifier son organisation (principalement dans les instances supérieures) à partir de la domination portugaise. Les changements ont également inclus des aspects procéduraux régulés par des dispositions et ordonnances spécifiques visant principalement les responsabilités des membres de leur armée. À cette sorte de « sauvegarde » en faveur des soldats lusitains s'est ajoutée la mise en Å"uvre de juridictions spécifiques. Dans le cas particulier de la juridiction militaire, il s'est agi, comme cela était traditionnellement le cas, de limiter les prérogatives de la justice civile, même dans les cas de délits « communs » commis par des soldats. Le présent article analyse les tensions existantes entre la justice militaire et la justice criminelle dans la Province orientale occupée par l'armée portugaise puis brésilienne. On s'intéressera à la manière dont les juridictions spécifiques ont été employées pour restreindre la compétence civile et garantir un traitement beaucoup plus clément des soldats culminant parfois en une impunité pure et simple. L'étude des archives de la justice criminelle révèle la complexité d'un processus qui a également fréquemment affecté les accusés en raison d'un allongement des jugements menant à de longues privations de liberté et à l'appauvrissement de leur famille. On a choisi d'étendre la période étudiée jusqu'en 1830, soit au-delà de la seule administration luso-brésilienne. Cela a non seulement permis de suivre des causes qui se sont prolongées dans le temps, mais également d'avancer dans la connaissance des ruptures et des continuités de l'administration de la justice. ; A Justiça da Província Oriental foi marcada pelas complexidades de uma administração que viu a respectiva organização modificada (especialmente nas instâncias superiores), posteriormente ao domínio português. As mudanças igualmente incluíram aspectos processuais regulamentados por disposições e decisões específicas, as quais remetiam particularmente às responsabilidades dos membros do respectivo exército. A essa sorte de 'salvaguarda" para os soldados lusitanos agregou-se a validação de fóruns específicos. No caso particular do fórum militar, tal como tradicionalmente ocorrido, limitou-se o acionamento da Justiça Civil para os soldados, ainda que se tratasse de delitos 'comuns". O presente artigo analisa as tensões entre as justiças militar e criminal na Província Oriental primeiramente ocupada pelo exército português e depois pelo exército brasileiro. Ele analisa como a determinação do fórum foi frequentemente empregada para restringir a competência civil, assegurando assim um tratamento mais condescendente e até passível de culminar com a impunidade dos soldados acusados. O estudo dos casos da Justiça Criminal revela as complexidades de um processo que, de modo recorrente, igualmente afetou os investigados com uma dilação nos julgamentos, acarretando extensa privação de liberdade e dificuldades econômicas para as respectivas famílias. Optamos por estender o período estudado para além da administração luso-brasileira, levando-o até 1830. 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У статті досліджено функціонування у системі вищої освіти Одеси кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. форми самостійної роботи студентів, що полягала у написанні студентами наукових досліджень на історичну тематику, за найкращі з яких вони отримували винагороди у вигляді золотих і срібних медалей та почесних відгуків. ; Цель этой статьи – исследование функционирования в системе высшего образования Одессы конца XIX – начала ХХ вв. формы самостоятельной работы студентов, которая заключалась в написании студентами научных исследований на историческую тематику, за лучшие из которых они получали медали и почетные отзывы. Исследована история Новороссийского университета – единственного классического университета в указанное время не только на территории Южной Украины, но и на огромных просторах южных губерний Российской империи. Нами выявлено 125 тем, которые преподаватели предложили студентам в качестве медальных с 1870-х по 1919 г. Из них 87 тем нашли своих авторов. 38 тем так и не были проработаны, несмотря на то, что ряд из них предлагались преподавателями несколько лет подряд. На протяжении всей истории НУ было зафиксировано 123 случая награждения 118 студентов: 57 – золотыми медалями, 44 – серебряными, 21 – почетными отзывами. Только 5 студентов получали награды дважды за разные работы. М. Попруженко дважды получил золотые медали. М. Г. Попруженко и В. М. Мочульский были как авторами студенческих работ, так и авторами отзывов на студенческие работы, уже в качестве профессоров. М. Е. Слабченко был номинантом золотой и серебряной медалей, Б. В. Вахевич и К. Б. Бархин получили по две серебряные каждый. С. Вилинский получил одну золотую медаль и почетный отзыв. Работы на историческую тематику подготовили 23 студента юрфака. 9 из этих студентов написали 10 работ на темы, предложенные преподавателями историко-филологического факультета. 41 тема была посвящена истории Западной Европы, 34 – истории России. Только труд Д. Блюменфельда о первом этапе развития Ришельевского лицея посвящен краеведению. 7 тем можно трактовать как украиноведческие, т. к. они посвящены событиям, явлениям, учреждениям, которые происходили и находились на территории Украины, или украинским деятелям. Особенно выразительна украиноведческая составляющая в работах деятелей украинского национального движения вОдессе М. Слабченко и П. Клепацкого. Рукописи 15 работ были изданы. Таким образом, в Одесском университете существовала стабильная система вовлечения студентов в научную деятельность, которая никоим образом не уступала аналогичным системам в других университетах. ; The history of higher education is one of the traditional directions of historical research in Ukraine. Each of the educational institutions has an incentive to learn their own history in the form of a pragmatic reason – in the mass consciousness the longevity of the institution is a kind of high quality certification. The tradition of studying the history of University education started in the days of the existence of classical higher educational institutions on occasion of their anniversaries. A promising task of historiographical researches is the study of the history of historical education, because it was a significant part of the historiographical process and an integral part of historical science. Knowledge of previous pedagogical experience can help to eliminate outdated shortcomings and to improve the modern education system.The purpose of this article is to study the functioning of independent work form of students in the system of higher education in Odesa in the end of 19th – beginning of 20th century, which was writing of scientific researches on historical subjects by students, for the best of which they received medals and honorary testimonials. The history of Novorossiya University, the only classical university in the specified time, both in the territory of southern Ukraine and in the vast expanses of the southern provinces of the Russian Empire, is investigated.We have identified 125 topics that teachers offered to students as medal topics in the period from the 1870s to 1919. 87 of them found their authors. 38 topics have not been worked out, despite the fact that a number of them were offered by teachers for several years in a row.45 teachers, mainly professors: 35 from historical-philological and 10 from law faculties took part as authors of reviews in the process of formulating topics and nominating students. The greatest activity in attracting students to work independently had I. A. Lynnychenko (proposed 6 topics, 8 students have produced works, for which he received various degrees of difference), V. M. Mochulsky (6 topics, 7 students), F. I. Leontovych (5 topics, 8 students), F. I. Uspensky (4 topics, 7 students), O. O. Kotsubinsky and G. I. Peretyatkovich (4 topics, 5 students everyone), R. Y. Vipper (3 topics, 7 students). A kind of record was set by Professor of law V. V. Sokolsky. He offered a topic only once, but 5 students responded and received different degrees of difference for their 5 works, while the greatest success of other teachers was 3 works from 3 students on the same topic. In general, 25 topics were developed by two or more authors. Basically, teachers did not repeat any previously proposed topics or topics of other teachers, for which students received medals. Only once the same theme was offered two years in a row and twice had success. This is the the topic of I. A. Lynnychenko «the Peasant question in the Legislative Commission of Catherine II», for which M. E. Slabchenko, and A. V. Florovsky received silver and gold medals in 1906–1907.According to the updated and significantly supplemented data, summarized in the Appendix at the end of the article, throughout the history of the NU 123 cases of awarded 118 students were recorded: 57 of them received gold medals, 44 – silver, 21 – honorary reviews. Only 5 students received awards twice for different works. While M. Popruzhenko holds a unique record – he received twice the gold medals. In addition, only M. Popruzhenko and V. Mochulsky were both authors of student works and the authors of reviews on student works when they became professors. M. Slabchenko, was nominated for the golden and silver medals, B. V. Vakhevych and K. B. Barkhin received two silver medals each. S. Vilinsky received one gold medal and an honorary review.Works on historical subjects were prepared by the students of two (historical-philological and law) faculties of Novorossiya University. In general, the work on historical subjects has prepared 23 students of the faculty of law, for which they received medals and honorary reviews. 9 of these students wrote 10 works on the topics proposed by the teachers of the faculty of history and philology. Works about the historical drama in Ancient Rome, Herzen, Richelieu lyceum and Chekhov were obviously not connected with the legal issues and reflected the broad interests of the students. M. E. Slabchenko became the main star-historian of law school, he received two medals in the status of a student of law school for the work on the topics proposed by the Professor of the Department of Russian history I. Lynnychenko.About 90% of the nominees for medals and honorary reviews were at that time senior, 3rd and 4th year students. To the graduate-medalist his work was counted as the candidate's dissertation. Against this background, expressive achievements of 4 freshmen that have been awarded to: law student M. Slabchenko and historian student M. Golub – silver medals; the student-historian V. Gorodetsky and law student L. Butkis – honorary reviews. They are all wrote their works on the topic given by the Professor of history and philology.According to geographical criteria, 41 topics are devoted to the history of Western Europe, 34 – to the history of Russia. At the same time, the D. Blumenfeld's works on the first stage of development of the Richelieu Lyceum were an exception. None of the works presented for the medal were devoted to local history, which is perhaps the biggest difference from the modern historiographical and pedagogical situation. Seven topics can be interpreted as Ukrainian studies, because they are dedicated to the events, phenomena and institutions in the territory of Ukraine. The Ukrainian component in the works of figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Odesa M. Slabchenko and P. Klepatsky is the most expressive. These 7 topics include two other works «The Russian historical ornament» and «Azov seat», in which a lot of attention was paid to the Ukrainian theme. 4 were extraterritorial, claiming broad generalizations. Manuscripts of 15 works were published.Thus, there was a stable system of involvement of students in scientific activities in Odesa University, which in no way inferior to similar systems in other universities.

The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161

Responsible behaviours are increasingly being embedded into new business models and strategies that are designed to meet environmental, societal and governance deficits. Therefore, the notions of Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and Environmental Management have become very popular among academia as corporations are moving beyond transparency, business ethics and stakeholder engagement. This book provides business students and scholars with a broad analysis on the subject of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It builds on the previous theoretical underpinnings of the CSR agenda, including Corporate Citizenship (Carroll, 1998; Waddock, 2004; Matten and Crane, 2004), Creating Shared Value (Porter and Kramer, 2011; 2006), Stakeholder Engagement (Freeman, 1984) and Business Ethics (Crane and Matten, 2004) as it features the latest Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (CSR2.0) perspective (Visser, 2010). These recent developments imply that the organisations' commitment to responsible behaviours may represent a transformation of the corporation into a truly sustainable business that is adding value to the business itself, whilst also adding value to society and the environment. This 'new' proposition is an easy term that may appeal to business practitioners. CSR2.0 is linked to improvements in economic performance, operational efficiency, higher quality, innovation and competitiveness. At the same time, it raises awareness on responsible behaviours. Therefore, this promising concept can be considered as strategic in its intent and purposes, as businesses are capable of being socially and environmentally responsible 'citizens' whilst pursuing their profit-making activities. Carroll (1979) affirmed that the businesses have economic responsibilities as providing a decent return on investment to owners and shareholders; creating jobs and fair pay for workers; discovering new resources; promoting technological advancement, innovation, and the creation of new products and services along with other objectives. Lately, there is similar discourse in many international fora, conferences, seminars and colloquia about corporate sustainability and responsible behaviours. However, the discussions are usually characterised by the presentation of theories that define the concepts, rather than being practical workshops (which involve the businesses themselves). In this light, this book clearly identifies the business case for CSR. It attempts to trigger active participation in corporate suites. Inevitably, it contends that there are still some challenging opportunities facing businesses, which will have to be addressed in the foreseeable future; including Stakeholder Relations and Collaborations, Government Regulation for CSR Compliance and the role of Strategic CSR in Education and Training. This publication combines theory and practice with case studies. Part I introduces the readers to the CSR Agenda. Chapter 1 provides a broad overview of the CSR terminology and its emerging constructs. It presents the business case for CSR. Chapter 2 reports on several international policies and regulatory instruments on the subject of environmental, social and governance disclosures of large organisations. Chapter 3 suggests that there is a rationale to maintain ongoing communications with stakeholders through integrated marketing communications including digital media and traditional channels. Chapter 4 sheds light on socially reponsible and sustainable investments that are being offered in the financial services market. Chapter 5 discusses about the importance of stakeholder engagement with responsible suppliers in the value chain. In Part II; this book contains five detailed case studies on a wide array of corporate sustainable and responsible initiatives that have been taken on board by global corporations in different contexts. ; This book provides a concise and authoritative guide to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and related paradigms, including environmental responsibility, corporate sustainability and responsibility, creating shared value, strategic CSR, stakeholder engagement, corporate citizenship, business ethics and corporate governance, among others. It is primarily intended for advanced undergraduate and / or graduate students. Moreover, it is highly relevant for future entrepreneurs, small business owners, non-profit organisations and charitable foundations, as it addresses the core aspects of contemporary strategies, public policies and practices. It also features case studies on international policies and principles, exploring corporate businesses' environmental, social and governance reporting. The book includes a foreword by Professor Emeritus Archie B. Carroll, who is one of the pioneers of the CSR paradigm. It also features numerous endorsements from accomplished academic researchers: "There's a revolution taking place, one that's percolating from the uncoordinated efforts of activist consumers/NGOs, regulators/moralists, and corporate/institutional investors. Mark Camilleri's new book provides an excellent overview of the eclectic academic literature in this area, and presents a lucid description of how savvy companies can embed themselves in circular systems that reduce system-wide externalities, increase economic value, and build reputation. A valuable contribution." Charles J. Fombrun, Founder of Reputation Institute and a former Professor of Management at New York University and The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA. "I am pleased to recommend Dr. Camilleri's latest book, Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Management. The book is a rich source of thought for everyone who wants to get deeper insights into this important topic. The accompanying five detailed case studies on a wide array of corporate sustainable and responsible initiatives are helpful in demonstrating how theoretical frameworks have been implemented into practical initiatives. This book is a critical companion for academics, students, and practitioners." Adam Lindgreen, Professor and Head of Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. "This book is an essential resource for students, practitioners, and scholars. Dr. Mark Camilleri skillfully delivers a robust summary of research on the business and society relationship and insightfully points to new understandings of and opportunities for responsible business conduct. I highly recommend Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Management: An Introduction to Theory and Practice with Case Studies." Diane L. Swanson, Professor and Chair of Distinction in Business Administration and Ethics Education at Kansas State University, KS, USA. "Mark's latest book is lucid, insightful, and highly useful in the classroom. I strongly recommend it." Donald Siegel, Dean of the School of Business and Professor of Management at the University at Albany, State University of New York, NY, USA. "The theory and practice of corporate sustainability, social responsibility and environmental management is complex and dynamic. This book will help scholars to navigate through the maze. Dr Camilleri builds on the foundations of leading academics, and shows how the subject continues to evolve. The book also acknowledges the importance of CSR 2.0 - or transformative corporate sustainability and responsibility - as a necessary vision of the future." Wayne Visser, Senior Associate at Cambridge University, UK. He is the author of CSR 2.0: Transforming Corporate Sustainability & Responsibility and Sustainable Frontiers: Unlocking Change Through Business, Leadership and Innovation. "Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and Environmental Management: An Introduction to Theory and Practice with Case Studies" provides a useful theoretical and practical overview of CSR and the importance of practicing corporate sustainability." Geoffrey P. Lantos, Professor of Business Administration, Stonehill College. Easton, Massachusetts, USA. "This book offers a truly comprehensive guide to current concepts and debates in the area of corporate responsibility and sustainability. It gives helpful guidance to all those committed to mainstreaming responsible business practices in an academically reflected, yet practically relevant, way." Andreas Rasche, Professor of Business in Society, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. "A very useful resource with helpful insights and supported by an enriching set of case studies" Albert Caruana, Professor of Marketing at the University of Malta, Malta and at the University of Bologna, Italy. "A good overview of the latest thinking about Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Management based on a sound literature review as well as useful case studies. Another step forward in establishing a new business paradigm." René Schmidpeter, Professor of International Business Ethics and CSR at Cologne Business School (CBS), Germany. "Dr. Camilleri's book is a testimony to the continuous need around the inquiry and advocacy of the kind of responsibility that firms have towards societal tenets. Understanding how CSR can become a modern manifestation of deep engagement into socio-economic undercurrents of our firms, is the book's leading contribution to an important debate, that is more relevant today than ever before" Mark Esposito, Professor of Business and Economics at Harvard University, MA, USA. "Mark's book is a great addition to the literature on CSR and EM; it will fill one of the gaps that have continued to exist in business and management schools, since there are insufficient cases for teaching and learning in CSR and Environmental Management in Business Schools around the globe." Samuel O. Idowu, Senior Lecturer in Accounting at London Metropolitan University, UK; a Professor of CSR at Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, China and a Deputy CEO, Global Corporate Governance Institute, US "Corporate Social Responsibility has grown from 'nice to have' for big companies to a necessity for all companies. Dr Mark Camilleri sketches with this excellent book the current debate in CSR and CSR communication and with his cases adds valuable insights in the ongoing development and institutionalization of CSR in nowadays business". Wim J.L. Elving, A/Professor at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; peer-reviewed

Ultrasound diagnosis of the knee is widely implemented in the practice of both domestic and foreign medicine. In 1972, D.G. McDonald, G.R. Leopold, using the method of ultrasound in arthrology, reported the possibility of sonography application for the diagnosis of cysts. I.M. Danilova described three periods of sonographic organization of popliteal cysts: I — early structural changes, II — progressing structural changes and III — the ultimate structural organization. In the area of the knee joint, the following cystic formations (CF) are observed: prepatellar bursitis, infrapatellar deep and superficial bursitis, pes anserine bursitis, meniscal cysts, intra-articular CF, for the diagnosis of which anterior and lateral approaches of examination are used. The aim of the study was to determine, based on analysis of ultrasound examination, at which stages of the disease course the CF are most common and to determine the degree of diagnostic value of ultrasonography in patients with CF of the knee associated with intra-articular pathology by comparing ultrasound examination of the knee lesions with arthroscopy. During the period of 2014–2015, in the trauma unit of the Military Medical Center of Northern region, the sonography of the knee joint was performed in 46 patients with knee pathology, including cystic formations. The average age of patients was 36.8 ± 8.3 years (from 18 to 76 years). Ultrasound was performed on the ultrasound devices ULTIMAPA L5-10/40E and VOLUSON with the frequency of linear transducer of 5.5–7.5 MHz/40 mm/128 el.) manufactured by Radmir, with Doppler scanning. After sonography, 38 patients underwent diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy of the knee joint, making it possible to compare the results of sonography and arthroscopy. To assess the effectiveness of diagnostic tests, the following parameters were calculated: sensitivity, specificity, overall value of the method (accuracy), predictability of positive and negative results. After the study, it was found that Baker's cyst were detected in 31 patients, pes anserine bursitis — in 4, meniscal cyst — in 2, prepatellar bursitis — in 4, infrapatellar bursitis — in 3, intraarticular ganglial СF — in 2 cases. During the examination of patients with CF of the knee joint, it became known that the majority of examinees had the second and third stages of the disease, which suggests the conservative treatment is ineffective given the structural changes that have taken place in the CF. Summarizing the results of sonography, it should de noted the high sensitivity and accuracy with the predictability of outcomes in relation to cystic formations and extra-articular ligaments. Also, this method of survey shows a very low sensitivity and specificity in terms of the cartilage damage and is not very informative in cruciate ligament injuries, for which the method of choice is magnetic resonance imaging and spiral computed arthrography. Thanks to the new highly informative ultrasound devices with broadband, high-frequency ultrasonic sensors and considering non-invasiveness, absence of radiation exposure, cost effectiveness, availability and no contraindications to sonography, we can recommend this method as obligatory in patients with suspected injuries and diseases of the knee joint, especially in the presence of cystic formations. ; Ультразвуковая диагностика коленных суставов широко внедрена в практику как отечественной, так и зарубежной медицины. В 1972 году D.G. McDonald и G.R. Leopold, используя метод ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ) в артрологии, сообщили о возможности применения сонографии для диагностики кист. И.М. Данилова выделила три периода сонографической организации подколенных кист: I — ранних структурных изменений, II — прогрессирования структурных изменений и III — конечной структурной организации. Кроме подколенных кист, выделяют следующие кистовидные образования (КО): препателлярный бурсит, инфрапателлярный глубокий и поверхностный бурсит, бурсит «гусиной лапки», кисты менисков, внутрисуставные КО, для диагностики которых используют передние и боковые доступы обследования. Цель исследования: на основе анализа данных УЗИ определить, при каких стадиях течения заболевания наиболее часто наблюдаются КО, и выявить степень диагностической ценности УЗИ у больных с КО области коленного сустава в ассоциации с внутрисуставной патологией путем сравнения данных УЗИ патологических изменений коленного сустава с данными артроскопии. За период 2014–2015 годов в травматологическом отделении клиники повреждений Военно-медицинского клинического центра Северного региона выполнена сонография коленного сустава 46 больным с патологией коленного сустава, включая КО. Средний возраст больных составил 36,8 ± 8,3 года (от 18 до 76 лет). УЗИ проводили на ультразвуковом аппарате ULTIMAPA L5-10/40E и VOLUSON с частотой линейного датчика 5,5–7,5 МГц/40 мм/128 эл. фирмы Radmir с допплеровским сканированием. После проведения сонографии 38 пациентам была выполнена диагностико-лечебная артроскопия коленного сустава, что позволило сравнить результаты сонографии и артроскопии. Для оценки эффективности диагностических исследований вычисляли такие параметры, как чувствительность, специфичность, общая ценность метода (точность), прогнозируемость положительного и отрицательного результатов. После проведенного исследования было установлено, что икроножно-полуперепончатый бурсит (киста Бейкера) наблюдался у 31 больного, гигрома (бурсит) медиального отдела — у 4, киста внешнего мениска — у 2, препателлярный бурсит — у 4, инфрапателлярный бурсит — у 3, внутрисуставные ганглионарные КО — в 2 случаях. При обследовании пациентов с КО области коленного сустава стало известно, что у подавляющего большинства больных наблюдались вторая и третья стадии течения заболевания, что наводит на мысль о малоэффективности консервативного лечения с учетом структурных изменений, которые произошли в кисте. Обобщая результаты сонографии, следует отметить высокую чувствительность и точность наряду с прогнозируемостью результатов по отношению к КО и внесуставных связок. Следует отметить, что данный метод обследования демонстрирует очень низкую чувствительность и специфичность в отношении повреждений хряща и недостаточно информативен при повреждениях крестообразных связок и менисков, методом выбора для которых является магнитно-резонансная томография и спиральная компьютерная артрография коленного сустава. Благодаря новым высокоинформативным ультразвуковым приборам с широкополосными высокочастотными датчиками УЗИ и с учетом неинвазивности, отсутствия лучевой нагрузки, экономичности, доступности и отсутствия противопоказаний к сонографии можно рекомендовать этот метод как обязательный у больных с подозрением на повреждение и заболевание коленного сустава и особенно при наличии у них КО. ; Ультразвукову діагностику колінних суглобів широко впроваджено в практику як вітчизняної, так і зарубіжної медицини. У 1972 році D.G. McDonald та G.R. Leopold, використовуючи метод ультразвукового дослідження (УЗД) в артрології, повідомили про можливість використання сонографії для діагностики кіст. І.М. Данилова виділила три періоди сонографічної організації підколінних кіст: I — ранніх структурних змін, II — прогресування структурних змін та III — кінцевої структурної організації. Крім підколінних кіст, виділяють такі кістоподібні утворення (КПУ): препателярний бурсит, інфрапателярний глибокий та поверхневий бурсит, бурсит «гусячої лапки», кісти менісків, внутрішньосуглобові КПУ, для діагностики яких використовують передні та бокові доступи обстеження. Мета дослідження: на основі аналізу даних УЗД визначити, при яких стадіях перебігу захворювання найбільш часто спостерігаються КПУ, та виявити ступінь діагностичної цінності УЗД у хворих із КПУ ділянки колінного суглоба в асоціації з внутрішньосуглобовою патологією шляхом порівняння даних УЗД патологічних змін колінного суглоба із даними артроскопії. За період 2014–2015 років у травматологічному відділенні клініки ушкоджень Військово-медичного клінічного центру Північного регіону було виконано сонографію колінного суглоба 46 хворим із патологією колінного суглоба, включаючи КПУ. Середній вік хворих становив 36,8 ± 8,3 року (від 18 до 76 років). УЗД проводили на ультразвуковому апараті ULTIMAPA L5-10/40E та VOLUSON із частотою лінійного датчика 5,5–7,5 MГц/40 мм/128 eл. фірми Radmir із допплерівським скануванням. Після проведення сонографії 38 пацієнтам було виконано діагностично-лікувальну артроскопію колінного суглоба, що дало можливість порівняти результати сонографії та артроскопії. Для оцінки ефективності діагностичних досліджень обчислювали такі параметри, як чутливість, специфічність, загальна цінність методу (точність), прогностичність позитивного та негативного результатів. Після проведеного дослідження було встановлено, що литково-напівперетинчастий бурсит (кіста Бейкера) спостерігався в 31 хворого, гігрома (бурсит) медіального відділу — у 4, кіста зовнішнього меніска — у 2, препателярний бурсит — у 4, інфрапателярні бурсити — у 3, внутрішньосуглобові гангліонарні КПУ — у 2 випадках. Під час обстеження пацієнтів із КПУ ділянки колінного суглоба стало відомо, що в переважній більшості хворих спостерігаються друга та третя стадії перебігу захворювання, що наводить на думку про малоефективність консервативного лікування з урахуванням структурних змін, які сталися в кісті. Узагальнюючи результати сонографії, слід зазначити високу чутливість та точність разом із прогностичністю результатів щодо КПУ та позасуглобових зв'язок. Також слід відмітити, що даний метод обстеження демонструє дуже низьку чутливість та специфічність щодо ушкоджень хряща та не є досить інформативним при пошкодженні хрестоподібних зв'язок та менісків, для яких методами вибору в діагностиці є магнітно-резонансна томографія та спіральна комп'ютерна артрографія колінного суглоба. Завдяки новим високоінформативним ультразвуковим приборам із широкосмуговими високочастотними датчиками УЗД та з урахуванням неінвазивності, відсутності променевого навантаження, економічності, доступності та відсутності протипоказань до сонографії можна рекомендувати цей метод як обов'язковий у хворих із підозрою на ушкодження та захворювання колінного суглоба та особливо за наявності у них КПУ.

Recent years have witnessed an explosion in the science of networks. Much of this research has been stimulated by advances in statistical physics and the study of complex systems – that is, systems that comprise many interrelated components whose interactions produce unpredictable large-scale emergent behavior. Cities are complex systems formed both through decentralized, bottom-up, self-organizing processes as well as through top-down planning interventions. Humans shape their urban ecosystems (the built environment, institutions, cultures, etc.) and are in turn shaped by them. Cities comprise numerous interdependent components that interact through networks – social, virtual, and physical – such as street networks.This dissertation examines urban street networks, their structural complexity (emphasizing density, connectedness, and resilience), and how planning eras and design paradigms shape them. Interventions into a complex system often have unpredictable outcomes, even if the intervention is minor, as effects compound or dampen nonlinearly over time. Such systems' capacity for novelty, through emergent features that arise from their components' interactions, also makes them unpredictable. These interactions and the structure of connections within a system are the subject of network science. In cities, the structural characteristics of circulation networks influence how a city's physical links organize its human dynamics. Urban morphologists have long studied the built form's complexity and, following from scholars such as Jane Jacobs and Christopher Alexander, various urban design paradigms today speak both directly and indirectly to the value of complexity in the built environment. However, these claims are often made loosely, without formally connecting with theory, implications, or evaluation frameworks.This dissertation develops an interdisciplinary typology of measures for assessing the complexity of urban form and design, particularly emphasizing street network analytic measures. Street network analysis has held a prominent place in network science ever since Leonhard Euler presented his famous Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem in 1736. The past 15 years have been no exception as the growth of interdisciplinary network science has included numerous applications to cities and their street networks. These studies have yielded new understandings of urban form and design, transportation flows and access, and the topology and resilience of urban street networks. However, current limitations of data availability, consistency, and technology have resulted in four substantial shortcomings: small sample sizes, excessive network simplification, difficult reproducibility, and the lack of consistent, easy-to-use research tools. While these shortcomings are by no means fatal, their presence can limit the scalability, generalizability, and interpretability of empirical street network research.To address these challenges, this dissertation presents OSMnx, a new tool to download and analyze street networks and other geospatial data from OpenStreetMap for any study site in the world. OSMnx contributes five capabilities for researchers and practitioners: first, the downloading of political boundaries, building footprints, and elevation data; second, the scalable retrieval and construction of street networks from OpenStreetMap; third, the algorithmic correction of network topology; fourth, the ability to save street networks as shapefiles, GraphML, or SVG files; and fifth, the ability to analyze street networks, including projecting and visualizing networks, routing, and calculating metric and topological measures. These measures include those common in urban design and transportation studies, as well as measures of the structure and topology of the network. This study illustrates the use of OSMnx and OpenStreetMap to consistently conduct street network analysis with extremely large sample sizes, with clearly defined network definitions and extents for reproducibility, and using non-planar, directed graphs.This study collects and analyzes 27,000 U.S. street networks from OpenStreetMap at metropolitan, municipal, and neighborhood scales – namely, every U.S. city and town, census urbanized area, and Zillow-defined neighborhood. It presents wide-ranging empirical findings on U.S. urban form and street network characteristics, emphasizing measures relevant to graph theory, urban design, and morphology such as structural complexity, connectedness, density, centrality, and resilience. We find that the typical American urban area has approximately 26 intersections/km2, 2.8 streets connected to the average node, 160m average street segment lengths, and a network that is 7.4% more circuitous than straight-line streets would be. The typical city has approximately 25 intersections/km2, 2.9 streets connected to the average node, 145m average street segment lengths, and a network that is 5.5% more circuitous than straight-line streets would be. The typical Zillow neighborhood has approximately 46 intersections/km2, 2.9 streets connected to the average node, 135m average street segment lengths, and a network that is 4.4% more circuitous than straight-line streets would be. At all three scales, 3-way intersections are by far the most prevalent intersection type across the U.S.We find a strong linear relationship, invariant across scales, between total street length and the number of nodes in a network. This contradicts some previous findings in the literature that relied on smaller sample sizes and different geographic contexts. We also find that most networks demonstrate a lognormal distribution of street segment lengths. However, an obvious exception to lognormal distribution lies in those networks that exhibit substantial uniformity network-wide. At the neighborhood scale, examples include downtown neighborhoods with consistent orthogonal grids, such as that of Portland, Oregon. At the municipal scale, examples include towns in the Great Plains that have orthogonal grids with consistent block sizes, platted at one time, and never subjected to sprawl. These spatial signatures of the Homestead Act, successive land use regulations, urban design paradigms, and planning instruments remain etched into these cities' urban forms and street networks today. Nebraska's cities have the lowest circuity, the highest average number of streets per node, the second shortest average street segment length, and the second highest intersection density. These findings illustrate how street networks across the Great Plains developed all at once and grew little afterwards – unlike, for instance, cities in California that were settled in the same era but were later subjected to substantial sprawl.The characteristics of a city street network fundamentally depend on what "city" means: municipal boundaries, urbanized areas, or certain core neighborhoods? The first is a political/legal definition, but it captures the scope of city planning jurisdiction and decision-making for top-down interventions into a street network. The second captures the wider self-organized human system and its emergent built form, but tends to aggregate multiple heterogeneous built forms together into a single unit of analysis. The third captures the nature of the local built environment and lived experience, but at the expense of a broader view of the urban system and metropolitan-scale trip-taking. In short, multiple scales in concert provide planners a clearer view of the urban form and the topological and metric complexity of the street network than any single scale can.The emerging methods of computational data science, visualization, network science, and big data analysis have broadened the scope of urban design's traditional toolbox. Such methods may yield new insights and rigor in urban form/design research, but they may also promulgate the weaknesses of reductionism and scientism by ignoring the theory, complexity, and qualitative nuance of human experience crucial to urbanism. The tools we use shape the kinds of questions we can even ask about cities. Today, the dissemination of quantitative network science into the social sciences offers an exciting opportunity to study the dynamics and structure of cities and urban form, but paths forward must consider cities as uniquely human complex systems, inextricably bound up with politics, privilege, power relations, and planning decisions.This dissertation comprises six substantive chapters bookended by introductory and concluding chapters. As a whole, the dissertation is divided into two primary parts. The first comprises chapters 2 and 3 and develops the theoretical framework. Chapter 2 introduces the background of the nonlinear paradigm by discussing systems, dynamics, self-similarity, and the nature of prediction in the presence of nonlinearity. These foundations set up the complexity theories of cities and the study of networks presented in chapter 3. This first part of the dissertation emphasizes the dynamics of complex urban systems before we turn our attention to their structure in the second part. Urban circulation networks serve as a physical substrate that underlies and organizes the city's complex human interactions. Chapter 4 collates various indicators of complexity from multiple research literatures into a typology of measures of the complexity of urban form, emphasizing the scale of urban design practice. In particular, it presents several measures of network complexity and structure that we then operationalize in chapters 5, 6, and 7. Methodologically, chapter 5 introduces OSMnx, a new tool to acquire, construct, correct, visualize, and analyze complex urban street networks. Chapter 6 applies OSMnx empirically in a small case study of street networks in Portland, Oregon. Chapter 7 then expands the empirical application of OSMnx to a large study of 27,000 urban street networks at various scales across the U.S. These street networks and measures data sets have been shared in a public repository for other researchers to re-purpose.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Number of sources in the bibliography: 80 ; Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Accounting and Finance, 2016. ; The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. ; Η παρούσα διατριβή αποτελείται από τρία κεφάλαια. Τα πρώτα δύο κεφάλαια είναι συνεχόμενα, στην Εμπειρική Εταιρική Χρηματοοικονομική, και συγκεκριμένα στα ταμεία προνοίας Καθορισμένων Παροχών (ΚΠ) από δημόσιες εταιρίες των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών της Αμερικής. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο είναι στην Εμπειρική Αποτίμηση Κεφαλαίων και εξετάζει την αντίδραση των χρηματαγορών διαφόρων χωρών του κόσμου όταν η πιστοληπτική ικανότητα αυτών των χωρών αλλάζει από τους τρεις μεγάλους οίκους αξιολόγησης, την Fitch, την Moody's και την Standard and Poor's. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο ορίζω μια καινούργια μονάδα μέτρησης του αναλογιστικού σφάλματος στις υποθέσεις χρηματοδότησης των ταμείων προνοίας ΚΠ και συγκρίνω τα συμπεράσματα μου με αυτά από προηγούμενες μελέτες που δεν χρησιμοποιούν την νέα μονάδα μέτρησης. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο χρησιμοποιώ την μέθοδο διαφορά των διαφορών (difference-in-differences) ως τη κύρια μέθοδο ανάλυσης αποτελεσμάτων και εξετάζω κατά πόσο μεγάλες πτώσεις στο επίπεδο χρηματοδότησης των ταμείων προνοίας ΚΠ είναι συνυφασμένες με μεγαλύτερα αναλογιστικά σφάλματα την επόμενη χρονιά. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζω αν η αλλαγή του κανονισμού (EU, 2013) για τους Διεθνείς Οίκους Αξιολόγησης (ΔΟΑ), που αλλάζει την απροσδιόριστη φύση των αλλαγών στην πιστοληπτική ικανότητα των χωρών σε προσδιορισμένη, επηρέασε την επίδραση στις χρηματαγορές που βρήκαν οι Μιχαηλίδης και άλλοι (2015) πριν από αλλαγές στην πιστοληπτική ικανότητα χωρών απο τους 3 μεγάλους ΔΟΑ. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο ορίζω και χρησιμοποιώ μια καινούργια μονάδα μέτρησης για τα σφάλματα των αναλογιστών στις υποθέσεις χρηματοδότησης ταμείων προνοίας καθορισμένων παροχών, το Αναλογιστικό Σφάλμα (ΑΣ). Το αναλογιστικό σφάλμα ορίζεται ως η διαφορά μεταξί των Αναμενόμενων Αποδόσεων (ΑΑ) των συνταξιοδοτικών στοιχείων του ενεργητικού για δύο συνεχείς χρονιές (π.χ. ΑΣt+1 = ΑΑt+1 – AAt). Χρησιμοποιώντας δεδομένα, από το 2000 μέχρι το 2011, απο το Αμερικάνικο Τμήμα Εργασίας (US Department of Labour), από την Compustat και την Datastream βρίσκω ότι τα πιο ασθενή οικονομικά ταμεία προνοίας ΚΠ είναι συνυφασμένα με μεγαλύτερα ΑΣ την επόμενη χρονιά, κάτι που κάνει τις υποχρεώσεις που έχει το ταμείο να φαίνονται μικρότερες. Αυτό το αποτέλεσμα είναι παρόμοιο με αυτά άλλων μελετών, π.χ. Kisser, Kiff & Soto (2016), που βρίσκουν πως οι αναλογιστές κάνουν υποθέσεις μείωσης υποχρεώσεων όταν τα ταμεία προνοίας είναι ασθενέστερα οικονομικά. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο, χρησιμοποιώ το Αναλογιστικό Σφάλμα και την διεθνή οικονομική κρίση του 2008 ως εξωγενή παράγοντα αλλαγής της χρηματοοικονομικής κατάστασης των ταμείων προνοίας ΚΠ και βρίσκω ότι τα ασθενέστερα ταμεία προνοίας ΚΠ είναι συνυφασμένα με μεγαλύτερα ΑΣ την επόμενη χρονιά. Συγκεκριμένα, βρίσκω ότι ταμεία των οποίων η οικονομική κατάσταση επιδεινώνεται σημαντικά από την προηγούμενη χρονιά (t-1) στην φετινή χρονιά (t) είναι συνυφασμένα με μεγαλύτερα ΑΣ την επόμενη χρονία (t+1). Τα αποτελέσματα είναι στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο μετά το έτος 2008. Για επαλήθευση των αποτελεσμάτων επαναλαμβάνω την ανάλυση, χωρίζοντας το δείγμα στον χρόνο 2006, αντί στον χρόνο 2008, για τον λόγο ότι το 2006 ψηφίστηκε ο νόμος προστασίας των ταμείων προνοίας στην Αμερική εισάγοντας πρόσθετους περιορισμούς και κανονισμούς για τα ταμεία προνοίας ΚΠ και μη, και βρίσκω παρόμοια αποτελέσματα. Τελειώνοντας τα αποτελέσματα δεν αλλάζουν αν λάβουμε υπόψη παραμέτρους όπως οι αμοιβές των αναλογιστών και η γενική χρηματοοικονομική κατάσταση των ταμείων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, εξετάζω κατα πόσο ο Ευρωπαικός Κανονισμός 462/2013 του Ευρωπαικού Κοινοβουλίου και Συμβουλίου που άλλαξε την φύση των ανακοινώσεων της πιστοληπτικής ικανότητας χωρών από απροσδιόριστη σε προσδιορισμένη, επηρέασε τα ευρήματα από τον Μιχαηλίδη και άλλους (2015) που βρίσκουν πρόωρη επίδραση τέτοιων ανακοινώσεων στις χρηματαγορές. Συγκεκριμένα οι Μιχαηλίδης και άλλοι (2015) βρίσκουν αποτελέσματα που δυνητικά εξηγούνται από διαρροή πληροφοριών στις χρηματαγορές χωρών χαμηλής θεσμικής ποιότητας που υποβαθμίζεται η οικονομία τους. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, εξετάζω κατά πόσο η αλλαγή στον Ευρωπαικό κανονισμό επηρέασε την διαρροή πληροφοριών μετά τον Ιούνιο του 2013. Χρησιμοποιώ μια βάση δεδομένων ανάλυσης ειδήσεων για να δημιουργήσω μια μεταβλητή που μετρά τον αιφνιδιασμό των χρηματαγορών σε ανακοινώσεις σχετικά με την πιστοληπτική ικανότητα χωρών, μετρώντας την βαρύτητα ειδήσεων, και εξετάζω τις αντιδράσεις των χρηματαγορών όταν αιφνιδιάζονται θετικά ή αρνητικά. Αρχικά βρίσκω ότι οι αγορές αντιδρούν θετικά σε απρόβλεπτες αναβαθμίσεις της πιστοληπτικής ικανότητας των χωρών τους. Ακολούθως, όταν οι αγορές αιφνιδιάζονται θετικά, οι χρηματαγορές αντιδρούν θετικά την ημέρα της ανακοίνωσης αλλά και μετά. Εν τέλει, όταν οι αγορές αιφνιδιάζονται αρνητικά, δεν παρατηρείται στατιστικά σημαντική αντίδραση στις αγορές γύρω ή κατά την ημέρα της ανακοίνωσης κάτι που υποδηλέι πως οι χρηματαγορές δεν αντιλαμβάνονται τις ανακοινώσεις αρνητικού αιφνιδιασμού σαν συμβάντα γεγονότα. ; This dissertation consists of three Chapters. The first two chapters are sequential, on empirical corporate finance, and specifically on Defined Benefit (DB) pension plans from publicly traded firms in the US. The third chapter is on empirical asset pricing and examines the reaction of stock markets around the world to sovereign rating changes from the three big Credit Rating Agencies, namely Fitch, Moody's and Standard and Poor's. In the first Chapter I define a new measure for actuarial estimation errors in the funding assumptions of DB pension plans and compare findings to those from past literature when the new measure is put in use. In the second Chapter I employ a difference in differences research design as the main identification strategy to investigate whether big drops in the funding level of DB pension plans are associated to bigger actuarial estimation errors in the subsequent year. In the third Chapter I investigate whether a change of regulation (EU, 2013) for Credit Rating Agencies, henceforth CRAs, changing the unscheduled nature of sovereign debt rating announcements to scheduled, affected the pre-announcement effect that Michaelides et al. (2015) document prior to sovereign debt rating changes from the big 3 CRAs. In Chapter 1, I develop and use a new measure for actuarial estimation errors in pension funding assumptions of defined-benefit pension plans, the Actuarial Estimation Error (AEE). The AEE is defined as the difference between the Expected Return (ER) of pension plan assets for two consecutive years (e.g. AEEt = ERt – ERt-1). Using data, spanning 2000-2011, from the US Department of Labour, Compustat and DataStream I find that financially weaker DB pension plans are associated with bigger AEEs in the following year, an obligation reducing assumption. This result is consistent with findings from the literature, e.g. Kisser, Kiff, & Soto (2016), suggesting that actuaries make obligation reducing assumptions when DB pension plans are underfunded. In Chapter 2, I use the proposed Actuarial Estimation Error and the 2008 global financial crisis as an exogenous shock on the financial strength of pension plans and find that more distressed pension plans are associated to bigger AEEs in the next period. In particular, I find that plans which experience big drops in their financial strength from the previous (time t-1) to the current year (time t) are associated to bigger AEEs in the following year (time t+1). Results are only important after the 2008 landmark. As robustness I redo the same analysis, splitting the sample on year 2006, instead of 2008, as in 2006 the Pension Protection Act was voted into law introducing additional restrictions and regulations for DB pension plans and their sponsors, and find similar results. Last, results are robust to a number of controls like actuarial compensation incentives and the overall financial strength level of the pension plan. In Chapter 3, I investigate whether the EU regulation No 462/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council by which sovereign rating announcements became scheduled events has affected the pre-announcement effect that Michaelides et al. (2015) document before sovereign rating announcements. The authors find evidence consistent with information leakage in the stock markets of downgraded, low institutional quality countries. In particular, I examine the impact of this change in regulation on the potential leakage of information after June 2013. I use a news analytics database to build a surprise measure as captured by news articles to examine market reactions with respect to positive and negative surprises. First I find that markets respond positively to unscheduled upgrades, regardless of surprise. The positive reaction is documented on the announcement day and after. Second, when positive surprises are considered, stock markets react positively at the time of the announcement and after. Finally, when negative surprises are considered, I do not find significant market reaction around the announcement a result suggesting that the stock market perceives the negative surprise announcements as non-events.

Actualmente el sector agrario en México se caracteriza por una creciente polarización manifiesta en la existencia de un reducido grupo de productores comerciales altamente competitivos y un enorme grupo de campesinos inmersos en la subsistencia. Asimismo, la actividad agrícola, en particular la producción de los principales granos básicos de la dieta mexicana -maíz, trigo, frijol y arroz- ha visto limitado su crecimiento, impactando no solo a los productores agrarios, sino también a la disponibilidad de alimentos para el abasto nacional obtenidos de la producción doméstica. Si bien la situación actual del campo mexicano se gestó durante las primeras décadas del siglo pasado, se agudizó desde el momento en que el sector agrario dejó de ser prioritario en las políticas públicas estatales, y ha continuado agravándose a partir de que el Estado mexicano asumió el modelo neoliberal, siendo las acciones más relevantes en este contexto, la apertura comercial, las modificaciones en el marco normativo y la reorientación de la intervención estatal en el sector. En esta Tesis se definió como objetivo principal de la investigación la contrastación de la siguiente hipótesis: Las políticas públicas para el campo mexicano han generado la dependencia alimentaria y profundizado la pobreza dando lugar a diferentes estrategias campesinas de supervivencia, lo que señala la necesidad de formular una política agroalimentaria propia basada en los principios de la soberanía alimentaria. Con el fin de cumplir el objetivo señalado, se diseñó una metodología que permitió realizar un análisis a nivel nacional, que muestra la tendencia de las principales variables que reflejan la dinámica del sector agrario, así como el comportamiento de la pobreza rural, durante la fase neoliberal. De igual forma, fue posible efectuar un análisis a nivel familiar, que da evidencia de las condiciones en las que se encuentran los campesinos de las localidades rurales pobres muestreadas y la manera en que enfrentan la situación prevaleciente en el sector. De los resultados obtenidos se deriva que una de las principales consecuencias de las políticas públicas enmarcadas en el modelo neoliberal, es la desestructuración de la capacidad productiva de granos básicos, lo que ha conducido a que durante las tres últimas décadas el país ha registrado una alta dependencia alimentaria del exterior, en particular de los granos básicos mencionados, tornando vulnerable el sistema agroalimentario mexicano. Simultáneamente se observa una creciente y alarmante pobreza rural, lo que ha orillado a los campesinos a la implementación de diversas estrategias no agrícolas para la obtención de ingresos, aunque con resultados magros en su nivel de bienestar, logrando apenas su supervivencia. Igualmente han incidido negativamente en otros ámbitos de carácter nacional, como el económico, que se refleja en la balanza comercial agropecuaria, y en el social, al generar efectos como la emigración. Entre las principales conclusiones derivadas de los análisis realizados, destacan: i. México enfrenta una situación de vulnerabilidad alimentaria preocupante, al depender de la importación de alimentos estratégicos de la canasta básica para cubrir el consumo aparente. Por tanto, requiere replantear su sistema agroalimentario desde una perspectiva diferente al modelo neoliberal, siendo una alternativa factible retomar los principios básicos del concepto de soberanía alimentaria. ii. Precisa recuperar la productividad de los granos básicos analizados, lo que contribuiría significativamente a satisfacer la demanda interna, así como a abatir la pobreza rural. Esto exige, además de reactivar la producción, regular la apertura comercial al menos de los granos de la canasta básica alimentaria. iii. En el contexto actual, es indispensable la reincorporación de los campesinos y medianos productores agrarios como abastecedores de alimentos. iv. Actualmente, la agricultura destinada a la producción de granos básicos no es una actividad que permita cubrir las necesidades básicas, alimentarias y no alimentarias, de las familias entrevistadas, las que muestran vulnerabilidad alimentaria e inestabilidad en la obtención de ingresos. v. Las diversas estrategias que están implementando los campesinos entrevistados, no están ni siquiera permitiéndoles satisfacer la principal necesidad humana: la alimentación. Una política agroalimentaria específica para México, debe partir, entre otros aspectos, de reconocer el problema alimentario y la pobreza rural; proyectar una política agroalimentaria regionalizada, diferenciada e incluyente; priorizar el derecho a la alimentación; armonizar los instrumentos de política pública y las funciones institucionales; definir una política relativa al cambio climático; generar estrategias y acciones con distintos horizontes temporales; replantear la distribución de los recursos públicos; así como retomar y redireccionar las funciones del Estado hacia el sector agrario. Asimismo, resulta importante que incluya los ámbitos sociocultural, productivo, comercial e institucional. ; The modern agriculture sector in Mexico is characterised by increasing polarisation. This fact is evidenced by the existence of two distinct groups: a small group of highly competitive commercial producers and a large group of subsistence peasants. In addition, agriculture, and in particular grain production – Mexico's basic staple diet i.e. maize, wheat, beans and rice – has been subject to limited growth which not only has a direct impact on farmers but also on the availability of internally produced food allocated to domestic supply. Although the current plight of rural Mexico has its origins in the early decades of the twentieth century, the situation became more acute after the agriculture sector ceased to be a priority in state public policies. The situation continued to deteriorate after Mexico adopted neoliberal economic policies. The most significant ideas of this economic model being: free trade, changes to legislation, and the reorientation of state intervention in the sector. The main objective of this dissertation was to test the following hypothesis: The public policies developed for rural Mexico have led to food dependency and deepening poverty. This has giving rise to diverse peasant survival strategies, which indicate the need to formulate a domestic agri-food policy based on the principles of food sovereignty. In order to achieve the objective, a methodology was designed with the aim of performing a nationwide analysis to identify the main variables involved in the dynamics of the agriculture sector, as well as the pattern of rural poverty, during the neoliberal period. Furthermore, an analysis of rural families was also performed which provided evidence of peasant living conditions in poor rural areas and how the families deal with the prevalent situation within the sector. The results indicate that one of the main consequences of neoliberal public policies is the destructuring of basic grain production capacity, which over the past three decades has given rise to a high level of dependency on imported foodstuffs, the aforementioned basic grains in particular. As a result, the Mexican agri-food system has become increasingly vulnerable. Simultaneously, rural poverty is growing at an alarming rate, which has led to Mexican peasants implementing diverse nonagricultural strategies to obtain alternative income. These strategies often yield disappointing results, have no positive impact on well-being and barely provide enough for basic survival. Neoliberal public policies have also had a negative impact on other areas of the national psyche such as the economy, highlighted by the agricultural trade balance, and on society at large, leading to outcomes such as emigration. The most important conclusions obtained from the analysis are as follows: i. Mexico is facing a worrying food vulnerability problem owing to its dependency on strategic basic food basket imports to cover apparent consumption. As a result, it needs to look at the agri-food system from a different perspective to that of the neoliberal model. A feasible alternative would be the to reinstate the basic principles of the concept of food sovereignty. ii. Mexico needs to recover the basic grain production capacity analyzed in this study, which would contribute significantly to satisfying domestic demand, as well as reducing rural poverty. This would require, in addition to reactivating production, free trade regulation targeted at the basic food basket for grains, as a minimum. iii. In the current context, the reincorporation of peasants and medium-sized farmers as food suppliers is essential. iv. At present, agriculture targeted at the production of basic grains is not sufficient to cover the basic food and non-food needs of the families interviewed: families who suffer food vulnerability and income instability. v. The numerous strategies implemented by the peasants interviewed in this study do not allow them to satisfy the most basic human requirement: food. A specific agri-food policy for Mexico must, among other things, recognise both the food problem and rural poverty; project a regionalised, differentiated and inclusive agri-food policy; prioritise the right to food; standardise public policy tools and institutional functions; define a climate change policy; generate strategies and actions within different time scales; rethink the distribution of public resources, and reinstate and redirect state intervention in the agriculture sector. In addition, the policy must also cover socio-cultural, production, commercial, and institutional areas.

Глибинні трансформації сучасного українського суспільства торкаються всіх сфер людського життя, викликаючи різноманітні емоційно-оціночні реакції громадян на соціальні зміни та на власний статус у соціумі. Соціальне самопочуття населення є чинником, урахування якого має велике значення для розвитку всіх суспільних сфер, вибору векторів соціальних перетворень.У статті обґрунтована актуальність дослідження соціального самопочуття студентської молоді у зв'язку з її місцем у соціальній структурі суспільства, викладено методологічні засади дослідження соціального самопочуття студентства як соціальної верстви, висвітлено характеристики студентства у контексті сучасних суспільних трансформацій. Розкрита сутність основних теоретичних підходів до вивчення соціального самопочуття студентської молоді в умовах соціальних змін, висвітлені потреби студентства, які задовольняються у процесі навчання у вищому навчальному закладі, суспільній діяльності та особистісній взаємодії у студентському середовищі.Уточнено сутність понять «соціальне самопочуття», «студентська молодь», «освітні потреби». Охарактеризовано потреби студентства як специфічної верстви, приділено увагу комплексу соціальних потреб студентської молоді, які задовольняються за допомогою інституту освіти. ; Today, when the Ukrainian society is experiencing an extremely severe crisis, the problems that associated with the social well-being of people are very relevant. Social well-being of people is, on the one hand, an indicator of the attitude of people to the situation prevailing in a transformational society, and on the other hand, it is an indicator of the population's social adaptive resources, available under such conditions.The social processes that determine the social well-being of students are of particular importance as students represent the potential intellectual, political, economic, and cultural elite of society. Studying the essence and main features of the social well-being of modern student Youth helps to determine the main dominant processes of society's reforms, to create a theoretical basis for the effective prediction of various social transformations.Studying this issue requires the definition of the theoretical basis and the correct definition of concepts, related to the above-mentioned problem. This determines the choice of the topic of the article. The purpose of the research is to highlight the theoretical aspects of studying of social well-being of students as a specific social group. «Social well-being» consists of two categories («social» and «well-being»). «Social» is viewed as a kind of social life together with economic, political, ethical phenomena, and as something intermediate that exists on the verge of these forms of social life. Under the notion «social», the set of certain features and features of social relations is understood. It is integrated by individuals or communities into the process of joint activity in specific conditions, that shows itself in their relationship, attitude to their place in society, phenomena and processes of social life.The concept of «feeling» means the emotional state of a person, caused by the relation to the surrounding reality (people, their actions, certain phenomena, etc.), and also to the person itself. Social well-being is a concept that includes both physical and psychological well-being, as well as a feeling, how comfortable or uncomfortable each person feels in society. Social health, unlike physical or psychological, depends greatly on the environment in which a person lives, whom he constantly compares himself with and his own achievements. Social feelings, arising in the process of the social interaction, act as a regulator of human behavior and play a role of filter in the perception of new information.The social well-being reflects the generalized emotional and sensory reactions, assessments, thoughts and attitudes of the population of the country both as a whole and individual groups in their relation to various social phenomena, processes and institutions. This indicator makes it possible to identify the most painful and vulnerable points in the social sphere, points that bring a certain threat to the further development of society, act as barriers and brakes on the way of its further progress. Fixation and analysis of such «voltage points» is a prerequisite for timely measures taken by the authorities and non-governmental organizations, aimed at their overcoming.As a generalized productive characteristic of people's adaptation to the modern life conditions, social well-being consists of three components: the internal state of man (health, mood, sense of happiness, optimism); assessment of external conditions (perception of their own state); life in new conditions. Indicators of social well-being are: state of satisfaction by the level and quality of life, social status, the level of social adaptation to new conditions, health status and the nature of factors that caused concern to citizens. The social well-being of a person is determined by the ways of the satisfaction of social needs. These ones are derived from the system of social goods in the society, production and distribution of them. In our opinion, a significant factor that affects the social well-being is the internal reserves of a person (state of health, level of intellectual and cultural development, professional skills, communicative competence, etc.), which are a prerequisite for access to social benefits. The above-mentioned personality's characteristics are formed through the education and upbringing.The main approaches, within which the knowledge about such complex socio-psychological phenomenon as social well-being was originated, filled and improved, are: philosophical, biological, medical, economic, socio-political, socio-psychological and sociological approaches. Studying the social well-being of students requires identification of its features as a social stratum. By their characteristics, contemporary students are quite different from all other segments of the population. First of all, they differ by their ideological formation, mobility of influence and their kinds of needs, that determine their social well-being heavily.Students form the full-fledged and independent socio-cultural community, which, being active due their education and functioning in the system of higher education, acts as an object of such kind of production, the subject of which is not a thing, but a person. Therefore, the main function of this production is educational activity. Student Youth is a very intense projection, a focus group of the future society as a whole. An essential feature of the student, related to his social well-being, is the availability of educational needs.Educational need is such kind of need that arises from the contradiction between the available and the required (desired) level of education and induces the subject to eliminate this contradiction. Educational needs are the complex of social needs of the subject (person, group, society), which are satisfied through the system of education. Educational needs are not identical to needs for knowledge, although they are directly related to it. They relate to such social needs as the need for growth, self-expression, recognition, promotion, and other social needs that characterize the desirable social status.In our opinion, educational needs can be defined as the needs for the formation of those personal qualities that contribute to personal self-realization and the formation of such personal qualities in the field of education, which make it possible to obtain the desired social benefits and to improve the social well-being of the individual. These qualities can be formed by means of education and are as follows: high level of intellectual development; theoretical knowledge and practical skills, necessary for the professional activity; communicative skills and a high level of culture; personal qualities (integrity, work ability, creativity, etc.). Education is a factor which allows forming and accumulating such socially significant qualities in the personal arsenal of individuality that enable people to receive the benefits, satisfy the urgent needs and, thus, to improve their social well-being. ; Глубинные трансформации современного украинского общества касаются всех областей человеческой жизни, вызывая разнообразные эмоционально-оценочные реакции граждан на социальные изменения и на собственный статус в обществе. Социальное самочувствие населения является фактором, который играет большую роль в развитии всех сфер общества, в выборе векторов социальных преобразований. В статье обоснована актуальность исследования социального самочувствия студенческой молодежи в связи с ее местом в социальной структуре общества, изложены методологические основы исследования социального самочувствия студенчества как социальной группы, освещены характеристики студенчества в контексте современных общественных трансформаций. Раскрыта сущность основных теоретических подходов к изучению социального самочувствия студенческой молодежи в условиях социальных изменений, освещены потребности студенчества, которые удовлетворяются в процессе обучения в высшем учебном заведении, общественной деятельности и личностном взаимодействии в студенческой среде.Уточнена сущность понятий «молодежь», «студенческая молодежь», «образовательные потребности». Охарактеризованы потребности студенчества как специфического слоя, уделено внимание комплексу социальных потребностей студенческой молодежи, которые удовлетворяются при помощи института образования.

Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Modelado de Sistemas de Ingeniería ; Esta tesis evalúa el impacto de las políticas climáticas establecidas por la Unión Europea en la competitividad de la industria española, centrándose en el Sistema de Comercio de Emisiones de la Unión Europea (EU ETS). Un elemento clave de esta estimación es conocer el grado en que el coste de oportunidad de las emisiones de CO2 es recogido por las diferentes industrias. De hecho, si bien la hipótesis habitual es que las industrias valoran sus emisiones de CO2 a su coste de oportunidad, independientemente de cómo hayan adquirido los permisos de emisión, puede haber un "efecto dotación", es decir, que el coste de oportunidad puede depender de que las emisiones sean asignadas por el método de asignación. También los costes de transacción pueden causar desviaciones similares. El análisis examina el efecto de la asignación de emisiones en las decisiones empresariales. Para lograr estos objetivos, se construyó y verificó un modelo integrado de la industria española para estimar el comportamiento de la industria en la política climática europea. Esta herramienta es un modelo de optimización lineal bottom-up de equilibrio parcial que integra cinco de los sectores industriales más intensivos en emisiones en el ETS de la UE: acero, cemento, refinado de petróleo, baldosas y ladrillos y generación de electricidad. Para cada sector se definen los diferentes procesos y tecnologías de producción, así como las alternativas actualmente disponibles para mejorar los procesos que contribuyen a la reducción de las emisiones de GEI y a la promoción del ahorro energético. El modelo calcula la estrategia óptima para satisfacer la demanda al menor costo dado los diferentes escenarios de reducción de emisiones en comparación con la situación de referencia (Business As Usual, BAU). Determina la combinación óptima de las posibilidades internas de reducción de emisiones de cada sector, cubriendo, de esta manera, un mayor nivel de detalle. Esta integración se llevó a cabo en el lenguaje GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), un sistema de modelización de alto nivel para problemas de modelización matemática. Los resultados se presentan como curvas de costes de reducción marginales de gases de efecto invernadero (curvas MAC) para los principales sectores industriales emisores. Estas curvas permiten conocer el coste marginal para alcanzar un objetivo de reducción dado o la reducción esperada para un determinado precio de CO2. La tesis también evalua los comportamientos de los agentes analizando las transacciones reales entre las instalaciones que participan en el ETS de la UE. Si los agentes se comportan racionalmente, venden permisos siempre y cuando sus costes marginales de reducción sean inferiores al precio de mercado, y compran permisos si sus costes marginales de reducción son mayores que el precio del permiso (y si tienen la capacidad de aumentar su producción). Observando las transacciones reales de las instalaciones y conociendo sus costes marginales de reducción, es posible determinar si hay algún sesgo o desviación en esta estimación del costo de oportunidad. Esta investigación y los resultados presentados permiten presentar dos conclusiones muy relevantes para la regulación actual y el diseño futuro del ETS de la Unión Europea, pero también para otros mercados de carbono en todo el mundo. En primer lugar, al evaluar políticas que afectan a los mercados de carbono, esta tesis encuentra que el mercado debe ser modelado de manera integrada, teniendo en cuenta todos los sectores relevantes y sus interacciones. Como se mencionó anteriormente, el modelo permite no imponer acciones de mitigación separadas (y de alguna manera artificiales) para cada sector, sino que representa el comportamiento real de un mercado: se identifican las opciones de menor costo en todos los sectores y se tiene en cuenta la interacción entre sectores. La segunda conclusión tiene que ver con el comportamiento de los agentes que participan en el mercado ETS. Los resultados muestran, en términos generales, conductas consistentes con la racionalidad económica en el sector eléctrico: los agentes venden derechos cuando es más barato reducir las emisiones internamente o cuando tienen asignación excesiva y las compran cuando el precio de la asignación es menor que sus costes de reducción. Los otros sectores analizados muestran un comportamiento no racional en algunos aspectos de acuerdo al modelo implantado y a las estimaciones realizadas de los datos de entrada. ; This thesis evaluates the impact of climate policies established by the European Union on the competitiveness of the Spanish economy, focusing on the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). A key element of this evaluation is to assess the degree to which the opportunity cost of CO2 emissions is considered by the different industries. Indeed, although the usual assumption is that industries value their CO2 emissions at market prices, regardless of how they acquired the emission permits, there may be an "endowment effect", that is, that the opportunity cost may depend on the emissions being assigned by the allocation method. Transaction costs may also cause similar deviations. The analysis takes into account the effect of the allocation of emissions on business decisions. In order to achieve these objectives, an integrated model of the Spanish industry was constructed and validated to estimate the behavior of the industry under the European climate policy. This tool is a partial-equilibrium, bottom-up linear optimization model that integrates five of the most emission-intensive industrial sectors in the EU ETS: steel, cement, oil refining, tiles and bricks, and electricity generation. For each sector, the different production processes and technologies are defined as well as the alternatives currently available to improve processes and hence contribute to reducing GHG emissions and promoting energy savings. The model calculates the optimal strategy to meet demand at the lowest cost given different emission reduction scenarios compared to the baseline situation (Business As Usual, BAU). It determines the optimal combination of internal abatement possibilities of emissions from each sector, covering, in this way, a greater level of detail. Such integration was carried out in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), a high-level modeling system for mathematical modeling problems. The results are presented as greenhouse gas marginal abatement costs curves (MACC) for major emitting industrial sectors. These curves allow to know the marginal cost to reach a given reduction target or the reduction expected for a certain price of CO2. The thesis also evaluated the behaviors of the agents by analyzing the actual transactions between installations participating in the EU ETS. If agents behave rationally, they should sell permits as long as their marginal abatement costs are lower than the market price, and buy permits if their marginal abatement costs are greater than the price of the permit (and if they have the capacity to increase production). By observing the actual transactions of the facilities and knowing their marginal abatement costs, it is possible to evaluate if there is any bias or deviation in this estimation of the opportunity cost. This thesis and the results presented allow to put forward two conclusions that are very relevant for the current regulation and future design of the European Union ETS but also for other carbon markets across the world. First, when assessing policies that affect carbon markets, it was found that the market should be modeled in an integrated way, accounting for all the relevant sectors and their interactions. As mentioned before, the model allows for not imposing separate (and somehow artificial) mitigation shares for each sector, but instead represents the real behavior of a market: least cost options across all sectors are identified, and the interaction between sectors taken into account. The second conclusion has to do with the behavior of the agents participating in the ETS market. The results show, in general terms, behaviors consistent with economic rationality for the power sector: agents sell allowances when it is cheaper to abate emissions internally or when they have over-allocation, and they buy them when the allowance price is lower than their abatement cost. According to the model and the assumptions made, the other sectors analized show non-rational behaviour in analizados muestran un comportamiento no racional en algunos aspectos de acuerdo al modelo implantado y a las estimaciones realizadas de los datos de entrada.