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Abstract
The continuous trinity model (CTM) of brand associations integrates 50 years of consumer learning research with recent conceptualizations of consciousness. Three types of brand associations are proposed at the representational level (expectations, meaning, and affect), corresponding to three types of learning at the process level (predictive learning, referential learning, and direct affect transfer). A core proposition derived from research on automaticity holds that the operating conditions of the learning processes vary on a continuum from mostly System 2 for predictive learning to mostly System 1 for direct affect transfer, with referential learning as a mix of the two. The CTM aims to bring clarity and structure to a complex literature by highlighting the web of interrelations between operating principles ("what" brand associations are learned), operating processes ("how" brand associations are learned), and operating conditions ("when" brand associations are learned). For consumer and learning researchers, the CTM outlines an agenda for future research and guidelines to improve conceptual and methodological clarity. For brand managers, the CTM provides tactical recommendations (a "toolkit") for structuring advertising campaigns to create desired brand associations and strategic recommendations for managing brand partnerships. For policymakers, the CTM offers guidance on types of advertisements requiring closer scrutiny.

This paper uses cognitive mapping techniques to understand how brand associations, an important aspect of political brand equity are formed, differ, and change, from the perspective of citizens, across the four largest Irish political parties between 2013 and 2016. The paper focuses in particular upon the strength, favourability and uniqueness of these brand associations. The results constitute a first attempt to longitudinally explore changing political brand associations through cognitive mapping techniques, using data generated with the participation of hundreds of citizens. Our findings suggest that this approach can contribute to our understanding of how and why political brand associations change over time.

This paper uses cognitive mapping techniques to understand how brand associations, an important aspect of political brand equity are formed, differ, and change, from the perspective of citizens, across the four largest Irish political parties between 2013 and 2016. The paper focuses in particular upon the strength, favourability and uniqueness of these brand associations. The results constitute a first attempt to longitudinally explore changing political brand associations through cognitive mapping techniques, using data generated with the participation of hundreds of citizens. Our findings suggest that this approach can contribute to our understanding of how and why political brand associations change over time.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of conspicuous consumption on brand attitudes in the context of luxury brands market in China.


Design/methodology/approach
Two studies are conducted to test three hypotheses. In Study 1, the authors examine the mediating effect of self-brand association (SBA) on the relationship between social class and conspicuous consumption (H1 and H2); In Study 2, the authors examine the effect of observing others' conspicuous consumption on the observer's SBA (H3).


Findings
Results show that SBA negatively mediates the relationship between social class and conspicuous consumption. Moreover, the negative effect on SBA of observing conspicuous brand usage varies by social class.


Research limitations/implications
The current study focused on the principal linkage between social class, SBA and conspicuousness, and future research could examine the influence of different personality traits on luxury consumption or the existence of sub-types or variants of conspicuous brand users.


Originality/value
The present study has important implications for luxury brand management, and provides rich insights to consumers' motivations that lead to distinctive luxury consumption behaviors.

The objective of this article is to study the relationship between brand equity and brand association in the context of advergames in India. Brand association is considered as an independent variable, and its impact on brand equity is investigated. This article includes an initial survey of youngsters of Gujarat state under an experimental research design. The data is analysed using factor analysis, MANOVA and multiple regression. Two factors extracted from the brand association, namely 'specific attributes' and 'intangible attributes', are found to be significantly impacting brand equity. Out of the two, 'specific attributes' explain higher variation compared to 'intangible attributes'. The findings have practical implications for both academicians and practitioners. Although the findings are restricted to the FMCG sector, they can be somewhat generalized. They can act as a foundation for further research. They can also provide guidelines to the practitioners.

This small-scale experiment includes analysis of consumers' open-ended protocols and provides conclusive evidence disproving Ehrenberg's theory that brand-attribute associations are very unstable because consumers generate them probabilistically each time. The distribution of stable associations corresponds closely with deterministic brand positioning theory.

Abstract

In this conceptual paper, the authors review literature on how consumers react when a piece of brand communication is incongruent with established brand associations. Although brand experts typically criticize such brand image incongruity, it is a fact that companies do communicate in a way that challenges existing associations, for example in advertising or when launching brand extensions. The article integrates previous work—which has been scattered across several poorly connected domains—into a coherent framework. The authors propose effects of brand image incongruity on consumers' processing and evaluation. They also identify marketing implications and avenues for future research. The propositions imply opportunities for brand management, thus suggesting the need for a balanced view on brand image incongruity.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract
Research on associative learning suggests that marketers can enhance consumer attitudes by repeatedly pairing their brands with pleasant or "positively-valenced" stimuli (e.g., attractive models, babies, cute animals) rather than unpleasant or "negatively-valenced" stimuli (e.g., garbage cans and disgusting insects)—an evaluative conditioning effect also known as affect transfer. In this research, we combine the associative learning and the goal pursuit literatures to show that the influence of affect transfer on brands depends on the mindset that is active at the time of judgment. Four experiments and one field study uniquely demonstrate that negatively-valenced brand pairings may become desirable when consumers have an instrumentality mindset, which increases attention to the instrumentality, or effectiveness, of a given consumption behavior. This pattern of results occurs due to a bidirectional association between unpleasantness and instrumentality, making a brand with negative associations seem more effective. Results are robust across contexts (health, entertainment, news) and persist regardless of whether the (un)pleasant images are within or adjacent to the advertisement. The effect attenuates when consumers have a weaker association between unpleasantness and instrumentality, and reverses when consumers are cued to focus on favorability (vs. instrumentality). Contributions and implications for associative learning and brand management are discussed.

This research aimed to determine of causal brand awareness, brand association, brand extension,perceived quality to customer satisfaction through brand preference Sindo Media (MNC Group). The type of research is quantity research. The population of research is advertiser, the sample was taken purposive sampling. The sample are collected from advertiser in goverment category (Ministy, Local Government and BUMN), the number of sample was 120 people. The data analysis technique used the SEM (Structural Equation Model). The result showed : Brand awareness, brand assosiate, brand extension, perceived quality has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Brand awareness, brand association, brand extension and perceived quality was high and will be impact for brand preference. Brand preference of Sindo Media was high, it was customer satisfaction of advertise will be increase. This research showed that brand extension has direct influence to customer satisfaction (31%), it was higher than other variable independent. These assumption, brand extension contribute (0.9%) to brand preference is less than other variabel independent. Brand extensions built inconsistently and confusing advertisers will impact upon the brand preference chosen.

AbstractThe paper develops a research approach that combines digital ethnography with text mining to explore consumers' perception of a brand and the degree of alignment between brand identity and image. In particular, the paper investigates the alignment between the art museum's brand identity and the brand image emerging from visitors' narratives of their experience. The study adopts a mixed methodology based on netnography and text mining techniques. The analysis concerns an art museum's brand, with the case of the "Opera del Duomo Museum" in Florence. The methodological approach enables a combined investigation of user-generated content in online communities and the company's online brand communication, contributing to identifying branding actions that can be taken to increase the brand alignment. It also enables the measurement of the degree of alignment between museums and visitors among common brand themes. Specific indicators of alignment are provided. A key point is the replicability of the model in other contexts of analysis in which the content produced by consumers in online contexts are relevant and readily available, such as fashion or food.