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Since the last war, one character of the political system in Belgium is the growth and the duration of the ministerial crisis. Some questions of public law appeared. How is it possible to maintain the continuity of the political and administrative action, without ministerial responsibility to Parliament, during the crisis ? The Belgian Conseil d'Etat contributed, by the notion of the «affaires courantes», sort of general principle of public law, to give a solution to this problem.

The present work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the dual modification of corn starch by reactive extrusion, using a mono-thread extruder, and also sodium tripolyphosphate and trimetaphosphate to obtain cross-linked starch. Native starch, extruded native starch, and starch cross-linked by conventional methods were used as standards to evaluate the modification efficacy by reactive extrusion. The content of phosphorus residues allowed by legislation in starch modification is 0.4%. Therefore, the reactive extrusion demonstrated greater effectiveness because cross-linked starch obtained by this method was within the established limit of phosphorus residues, in contrast to that obtained by the conventional method, which exceeded this amount. In addition, it required greater water consumption for residual removal, therefore producing effluents, and also wasting energy and time. Cross-linking by the extrusion process showed a profound influence on the characteristics of modified starch, generating specific functional characteristics, mainly in terms of pasting properties. Also, the samples presented low viscosity and pasting temperature. In conclusion, cross-linking through reactive extrusion was fast, produced starch with phosphorus content within the limits allowed by legislation, and generated different physicochemical characteristics.

ABSTRACT This work examined the stability of lyophilized 'mangaba' pulp powder, rolled and packaged in plastic containers, with and without vacuum during 90 days of storage under room temperature, with evaluation of the parameters every 15 days. Analyses of ascorbic acid concentration, pH, color and water activity were carried out. It was found that ascorbic acid remained in accordance with the standards specified for daily consumption according to the Brazilian legislation in all analyzed packages, with preservation of stability in the laminated package with vacuum, which was also effective in maintaining water activity, which contributes to better stability of the product.

AbstractWe used simulation modeling to assess potential climate change impacts on wildfire exposure in Italy and Corsica (France). Weather data were obtained from a regional climate model for the period 1981–2070 using the IPCC A1B emissions scenario. Wildfire simulations were performed with the minimum travel time fire spread algorithm using predicted fuel moisture, wind speed, and wind direction to simulate expected changes in weather for three climatic periods (1981–2010, 2011–2040, and 2041–2070). Overall, the wildfire simulations showed very slight changes in flame length, while other outputs such as burn probability and fire size increased significantly in the second future period (2041–2070), especially in the southern portion of the study area. The projected changes fuel moisture could result in a lengthening of the fire season for the entire study area. This work represents the first application in Europe of a methodology based on high resolution (250 m) landscape wildfire modeling to assess potential impacts of climate changes on wildfire exposure at a national scale. The findings can provide information and support in wildfire management planning and fire risk mitigation activities.

O objetivo com essa pesquisa é avaliar as condições higiênicas dos estabelecimentos e manipuladores da carne bovina em abatedouros municipais na Paraíba. O experimento foi realizado em oito abatedouros públicos municipais do Estado da Paraíba, os quais foram visitados duas vezes. As visitas aos abatedouros foram realizadas sem prévio aviso, durante as operações de matança, onde foram aplicados aos responsáveis pelo local, um questionário para a classificação física, higiênica e sanitária, contendo informações acerca das condições das instalações, higiene do local e dos manipuladores de alimentos, procedimentos de matança, uso de equipamentos, forma de abate e condições de conservação do produto final. Os hábitos comportamentais e higiênicos inadequados foram observados em quase todos os abatedouros visitados, com exceção do abatedouro D. Falta de uniforme limpo, completo, barba costeleta e bigodes curtos, presença de adornos, conversam tosse e espirram sobre a carne, fatos esses que pode comprometer a segurança dos alimentos e dos manipuladores. Unhas curtas e limpas era presente em todos os manipuladores em todos os abatedouros visitados. Dos abatedouros analisados a maior porcentagem encontra-se em conformidade com as normas do RISPOA e a maior porcentagem de Enterobactérias foi encontrado nos utensílios e equipamentos.