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Recently, in the face of increasing attention to the tourist potential of developing and high-developed countries, thousands of works devoted to the theory of competition and the problems of ensuring the competitiveness of tourism enterprises in these regions. An indispensable condition for the tourist market is the fact that the implication of tourism product in a competitive environment based on the development of innovation allows certain competitive advantages in the long term. In the article – the concept of innovative tourism product as a prerequisite for competitiveness in the market of tourist services. It describes the factors of competitiveness of innovative tourism product. Thus, tourism product innovation is to promote tourism industry sustained and healthy development of the fundamental 538 driving force. The article also illustrates the core principles of tourism product innovation.

Recently, in the face of increasing attention to the tourist potential of developing and high-developed countries, thousands of works devoted to the theory of competition and the problems of ensuring the competitiveness of tourism enterprises in these regions. An indispensable condition for the tourist market is the fact that the implication of tourism product in a competitive environment based on the development of innovation allows certain competitive advantages in the long term. In the article – the concept of innovative tourism product as a prerequisite for competitiveness in the market of tourist services. It describes the factors of competitiveness of innovative tourism product. Thus, tourism product innovation is to promote tourism industry sustained and healthy development of the fundamental 538 driving force. The article also illustrates the core principles of tourism product innovation.

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to consider whether syllabuses of tourism related courses reflect the newest trends in scientific research, and respond to challenges posed by economic practice. Method. An attempt is made to specify research drivers evident in scientific studies, and to classify the most important issues from the perspective of economic practice. By analysing the content of internet sites, the teaching programmes and syllabuses of tourism courses offered at 11 of the largest and best Polish universities were studied. Findings. It was found that the best harmonization of didactic programmes with the thinking of leading scientific research is evident at universities offering Tourism Economy degree courses. The course syllabuses of the investigated universities best reflect the issues of communication forms with the client, the application of information technologies in business (relations with clients and B2B), and also macroeconomic issues, such as satellite accounts, the multiplier and the impact of tourism on GDP (GNP). We note, however, that many trends observable in scientific research and the many needs of business practice are not sufficiently reflected in tourism syllabuses offered by the leading universities in Poland. Research and conclusion limitations. The investigated universities represent diverse teaching profiles (geography, economics or physical education). This reflects the long-lasting traditions or specificity of individual higher education institutions. For this reason, it is understandable that individual universities make references to particular basic sciences in their teaching programmes, which results in different syllabus contents of degree programmes with identical names. We realize that gradation of the most important themes in scientific research and the most interesting issues from the perspective of economic practice cannot be fully objective. Therefore, we attempted to present the most convincing arguments to support our conclusions (examples of specific research studies, market observation and opinions of business representatives). Practical implications. The paper identifies important interest areas of tourism economic practice. These interests focus on innovation, entrepreneurship, tourism destination management and new forms of communication with the client. We show how these areas of interest are reflected in tourism teaching programmes offered by leading Polish universities. Originality. Despite intense competition among higher education institutions offering tourism related courses, so far there have been no attempts to evaluate teaching programmes from the perspective of synchronization with new trends in scientific research and the needs of economic practice. Type of paper. Illustrative review paper.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Case Study and Focus Point Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1: Introduction -- 1. Sport Tourism in Times of Change -- Part 2: Foundations of Sport Tourism Development -- 2. The Study of Sport Tourism -- 3. Sport Tourism Markets -- 4. Development Processes and Issues -- Part 3: Sport Tourism Development and Space -- 5. Space: Location and Travel Flows -- 6. Place, Sport and Culture -- 7. Environment: Landscape, Resources and Impacts -- Part 4: Sport Tourism Development and Time -- 8. Sport and the Tourist Experience -- 9. Seasonality, Sport and Tourism -- 10. Evolutionary Trends in Sport Tourism -- Part 5: Conclusions -- 11. Shifting Goal Posts and Moving Targets: The Ever-Evolving Worlds of Sport and Tourism -- References -- Index

The second edition provides an incisive, comprehensive examination of sport tourism, exploring the scope and diversity of the linkages between sport and tourism, and focusing on their manifestations in time and space. In presenting a critical discussion of theoretical and applied issues in sport tourism, the authors synthesize a wide range of literature into insightful perspectives of key dimensions of sport tourism development, using 'focus points' in each chapter to illustrate real-world manifestations of the concepts and issues being discussed, with additional support provided by internatio

Territorial dynamics are the result of a games of actors within a given geographical area. Understanding them involves identifying the actors' strategies and their relationship to the territory. The gradual investment of at the frontier of civilization to the tourism economy induces significant socio-spatial changes. What are the socio-geographical logics that characterize the tourism transformation of the nature borderlands? The dynamics of tourism destinations are extensively studied but those of nature's borderlands are not. Marginal, peripheral or frontier places are strong in the traveler's imaginaries, they are exotic and constitute geographical objects of their own [part I]. In an ever more urbanized world, the lesser-known areas of nature, defined as Wilderness in the Anglo-Saxon culture, are attracting evermore tourists of all origins.The analysis of the physical particularities, statistical and cartographic data of Touristic Nature Borderland shows the spatial relevancy of the notion. A critical analysis of nature tourism actors' speeches shows their the social-cultural attributes and the imaginaries associated to them. Nature territories are social constructs, they result of a unique cultural organization. Different social representations, individual or collective, generate actor's speeches and actions. They build different Tourism Development Forms that have different logics; state, industrial, traditionalist, entrepreneurial, ecological, alternative or recreational [Part II].The appearance of a form depends on historical and cultural conditions of a territory. It is possible to identify them on a nature area by analyzing tourism actor's speeches and the spatial materiality which result from their actions. The dynamics at work in a recreational area are the result of the existing relationships between group of actors with different conceptions of development. Confrontations and agreements between Tourism Development Forms arise in time and space [part III]. Despite distinct representations of nature and economical justifications, they can unite against a threat to their interests. This is the case, for example, during environmental conflicts, around the industrial use of water resources. On the other hand, public policies wanting to promote the economic development of the territory tend to support only one form of development and thus favor ideological confrontations. The analysis of public and private projects in the region of Aysén in Chilean Patagonia, shows that these favor in partial manner certain actors of the territory. Only some projects, such as scientific tourism, manage to unite actors. This is made possible by empowering them trough a territorial project, cultural rather than commercial, based on the sharing of knowledges and the specification of the tourism resources. The work of a facilitator and mediator, in charge of territorial engineering, insures the collective initiative.An analysis through the lens of Tourism Development Forms proves particularly relevant for emerging systems. The study of the existing conflicts in nature based borderlands reveals processes that are characteristic of modern societies, tourism being at the heart of the contradictions of our civilization anchored in the metropolis. ; Las dinámicas territoriales son el resultado de una interacción entre actores en un área geográfica determinada. Comprenderlos implica identificar las estrategias de estos actores y su relación con el territorio. El arraigo gradual de un espacio en la frontera del ecúmene a la economía del turismo, induce cambios socio-espaciales significativos. ¿Qué lógicas socio-geográficas caracterizan por ende la puesta en turismo de los confines de naturaleza? Las dinámicas de los destinos turísticos han sido ampliamente estudiadas, pero los confines de naturaleza no lo son. Lugares marginales, periféricos o fronterizos, están omnipresentes en el imaginario del viaje, cargados de alteridad y constituyen objetos geográficos pertinentes en sí [parte I]. En un mundo cada vez más urbanizado, las áreas naturales menos conocidas, llamadas Wilderness por los anglosajones, atraen cada vez a más a los turistas de todos los orígenes.El análisis de las características físicas, de los datos estadísticos y cartográficos de los Confines Turísticos de Naturaleza muestra la relevancia espacial de la noción. La interpretación de los discursos de los actores del turismo de naturaleza permite especificar los atributos socioculturales y los imaginarios asociados a ellos. Los territorios de la naturaleza son constructos sociales, producto de una organización cultural singular. Diferentes representaciones sociales, individuales o colectivas producen discursos y lógicas de actores. Nace de estas diferentes Formas de Desarrollo Turístico que son estatales, industriales, tradicionalistas, empresariales, ecológicas, alternativas o recreativas [Parte II].La aparición de una forma depende de las condiciones históricas y culturales en un territorio. Es posible identificarlos en un espacio de la naturaleza gracias al análisis los discursos de los actores del turismo y las materialidades espaciales que resultan de sus acciones. Las dinámicas existentes en un territorio de prácticas recreativas dependen de las relaciones que establecen los colectivos de actores con concepciones distintas del desarrollo. Confrontaciones y compromisos entre las Formas de Desarrollo Turístico se establecen en el tiempo y el espacio [parte III]. A pesar de tener representaciones de la naturaleza y justificaciones económicas disimiles estas pueden unirse frente a una amenaza a sus intereses. Este es el caso, por ejemplo, durante los conflictos ambientales vinculados a usos industriales de los recursos hídricos. Por otro lado, las políticas públicas, que quieren promover el desarrollo económico del territorio, suelen apoyar solo una forma de desarrollo y por ende incrementar los enfrentamientos ideológicos. El análisis de proyectos públicos y privados en la región de Aysén, en la Patagonia Chilena, muestra que los proyectos de estado favorecen de manera parcial a ciertos actores del territorio. Solo ciertos proyectos, como el de turismo científico, logran unir a los actores. Esto ha sido posible gracias a un proceso de participación real en un proyecto territorializado, más bien cultural que comercial, mediante el intercambio de conocimiento y la especificación del recurso turístico. La acción de un facilitador, o mediador, a cargo de la ingeniería. territorial, asegura la puesta en marcha de la iniciativa colectiva.Una lectura mediante las Formas de Desarrollo Turístico parece particularmente relevante para caracterizar las dinámicas de los sistemas emergentes. El estudio de las tensiones existentes en los confines de la Naturaleza revela procesos característicos de las sociedades contemporáneas por ser el turismo central en las contradicciones de nuestra civilización anclada a las metrópolis. ; Les dynamiques territoriales sont le résultat des jeux d'acteurs au sein d'un espace géographique déterminé. Les comprendre suppose de cerner les stratégies d'acteurs et leurs rapports au territoire. L'ancrage progressif d'un espace à la frontière de l'écoumène dans l'économie du tourisme induit des changements socio-spatiaux importants. Quelles logiques sociogéographiques caractérisent alors la mise en tourisme des confins de nature ? Les dynamiques des destinations touristiques sont abondamment étudiées, mais celles des confins de nature ne le sont pas. Lieux marginaux, périphériques ou frontaliers, ils sont omniprésents dans les imaginaires du voyage, car chargés d'altérité, et constituent des objets géographiques à part entière [partie I]. Dans un monde toujours plus urbanisé, les confins de nature les moins connus, qualifiés de Wilderness par les Anglo-saxons, attirent de plus en plus les touristes de toutes origines.L'analyse des spécificités physiques, des données statistiques et cartographiques des confins touristiques de nature montre la pertinence spatiale de la notion. L'interprétation des discours d'acteurs du tourisme de nature permet d'en préciser les attributs sociaux culturels et les imaginaires qui s'y rattachent. Les territoires de nature sont des construits sociaux, le produit d'une organisation culturelle singulière. Différentes représentations sociales, individuelles ou collectives, produisent des discours et des logiques d'acteurs. Il en résulte différentes formes de développements des espaces touristiques, qui sont étatiques, industrielles, traditionalistes, entrepreneuriales, écologiques, alternatives ou récréatives [partie II]. L'apparition d'une forme dépend de conditions historiques et culturelles sur un territoire. Il est possible de les identifier sur un espace de nature grâce à l'analyse du discours des acteurs du tourisme et aux matérialités spatiales qui résultent de leurs actions. Les dynamiques à l'œuvre sur un territoire de pratiques récréatives sont tributaires des rapports qu'entretiennent des collectifs d'acteurs ayant des conceptions différenciées du développement. Des confrontations et des compromis entre des formes de développement touristique s'établissent dans le temps et dans l'espace [partie III]. Malgré des représentations de la nature et des justifications économiques distinctes, celles-ci peuvent s'unir face à une menace affectant leurs intérêts. C'est le cas, par exemple, lors des conflits environnementaux, autour de l'usage industriel des ressources hydriques. En revanche des politiques publiques voulant favoriser le développement économique du territoire tendent à n'appuyer qu'une forme de développement et attiser alors les affrontements idéologiques. L'analyse des projets publics et privés dans la région d'Aysén en Patagonie chilienne montre que les projets d'États favorisent de manière partiale certains acteurs du territoire. Seuls certains projets, tels que celui du tourisme scientifique, parviennent à fédérer les acteurs. Ceci est rendu possible par un processus de participation active à un projet territorialisé, culturel plus que commercial, basé sur le partage de connaissances et une spécification de la ressource touristique. L'action d'un animateur et médiateur, responsable de l'ingénierie territoriale, assure la mise en œuvre de l'initiative collective.Une lecture par les formes de développement touristique apparait comme particulièrement pertinente pour caractériser les systèmes émergents. L'étude des tensions à l'œuvre dans les confins de nature révèle des processus caractéristiques des sociétés contemporaines, le tourisme étant au cœur des contradictions de nos civilisations ancrées dans les métropoles.

Der Zahnarzttourismus nach Ungarn entwickelt sich nach anfänglichen Akzeptanzproblemen zu einem wachsenden und juristisch abgesicherten Tourismussegment. Dafür bildet die jüngste Rechtssprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs zur grenzüberschreitenden Patientenmobilität die Grundlage. Den zentralen Motivationsgrund bildet das Preisgefälle zwischen Ungarn und den westeuropäischen Staaten, das insbesondere durch niedrigere Personal- und Betriebsführungskosten entsteht. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Erforschung und Systematisierung von Umfang und Ausprägungen sowie die Ableitung der regionalen Effekte des Dentaltourismus in Ungarn. Dazu wurden in drei ungarischen Städten, die sich in ihrer dentaltouristischen Ausrichtung unterscheiden, drei Typen von Dentaltouristen analysiert. Durch ihre heterogenen Merkmale haben sie unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die regionale Wertschöpfung jenseits der Zahnbehandlung. Die Stadt Mosonmagyaróvár ist auf Kurzzeitdentaltouristen ausgerichtet. Hier entstehen aufgrund geringer Aufenthaltsdauer wenige indirekte ökonomische Effekte. Héviz zielt auf Kurtouristen ab. In dieser Gemeinde werden deutlich umfangreichere Effekte generiert, was v.a. auf die lange Verweildauer zurückzuführen ist. Die Zahnbehandlung der Touristen ist jedoch meist ein Nebeneffekt des ohnehin geplanten Kuraufenthalts. Einen Sonderfall bildet die Hauptstadt Budapest. Hier sind auch langfristig positive ökonomische Effekte zu erzielen, da die Zahnbehandlung die städtetouristischen Aufenthaltszeiten verlängert und sich bereits eine Entwicklung zum qualitätsorientierten Dentaltourismus abzeichnet. (Autorenreferat)

As a global phenomenon, tourism sector plays a very significant role in the global economic development for the last three decades. This sector has given a very fundamental endorsement of income to many countries all over the world. This article tries to explain the concepts of sustainable development in the tourism sector which were taken from some sources and how tourism as an essential industry can be developed sustainably. It is expected that the development of sustainable tourism should be able to handle the three basic principles of ecological sustainability, social and cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability for both present and future generations. In other words, sustainable tourism development should always beneficial and give a good effect to the local communities, governments, and investors as tourism stakeholders at present days as well as in the future time.