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Heutzutage gehört die Bekämpfung des Klimawandels und seiner Auswirkungen aufgrund des anthropogenen Treibhauseffektes zu den zentralen Herausforderungen für Gesellschaft und Politik, um einen weiteren Anstieg der Treibhausgase in der Atmosphäre zu verhindern und dadurch klimaneutral zu werden. Eine unerlässliche Voraussetzung für die Auswahl, die Umsetzung und die Überwachung der Wirksamkeit von Maßnahmen zur Minderung der Treibhausgasemissionen ist die Messung und Bilanzierung der Emissionen durch die Implementierung eines Carbon Accounting Systems. Im Vergleich zu Unternehmen wird das Thema Carbon Accounting auf kommunaler Ebene in der Öffentlichkeit bisher weniger stark wahrgenommen. Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes sind deshalb die Fragen nach den speziellen Herausforderungen, den Lösungsansätzen und Perspektiven des kommunalen Carbon Accounting.

Carbon accounting is a process or a way to measure carbon emissions, then set a strategy to reduce carbon emissions, recording costs incurred and reported to the-stakeholders of the company. The application of carbon accounting is a good benefit for a country, including Indonesia. For companies, the application of carbon accounting could be part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and will bring a positive impact for-the company. For the government of Indonesia, carbon accounting can push the path of cooperation with countries associated with REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions' Indonesian society also have benefit from the application of carbon accounting' If the industry implementing carbon accounting to reduce carbon emissions, so air pollution will be reduced and public health in the industry area will also be improved. Application of carbon accounting could also reduce the potential natural disasters, the development of new infrastructure through funding from the REDD partnership and it will appear new jobs.

Carbon accounting is a process or a way to measure carbon emissions, then set a strategy to reduce carbon emissions, recording costs incurred and reported to the stakeholders of the company. The application of carbon accounting is a good benefit for a country, including Indonesia. For companies, the application of carbon accounting could be part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and will bring a positive impact for the company. For the government of Indonesia, carbon accounting can push the path of cooperation with countries associated with REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Indonesian society also have benefitfrom the application of carbon accounting. If the industry implementing carbon accollnting to reduce carbon emissions, so air pollution will be reduced and public !1ealth in the industry area will also be. improved. Application of carbon accounting could also reduce the potential natural disasters, the development of new infrastructure throughfundingfrom the REDD partnership and it will appear new jobs.

In the context of Australia's developing carbon economy, fire management helps to abate emissions of greenhouse gases and is an important means of generating carbon credits. The vast high-rainfall savannas of northern Australia are one of the world's most flammable landscapes. Management of fires in this region has the potential to assist with meeting emissions reduction targets, as well as conserving biodiversity and providing employment for Indigenous people in remote parts of Australia's north.This comprehensive volume brings together recent research from northern Australian savannas to pro

Forests are sources of biomass that can be used to create forest-based bioenergy, whether directly by establishing energy plantations on non-forestland, by using existing forest resources or by using residues from harvesting for nonbioenergy purposes. If created in a sustainable manner, this bioenergy can have significant positive greenhouse gas benefits. However, past experience provides strong reason to believe that significant bioenergy development will come at the expense of natural forests, either through direct conversion of forests to non-forestland or through indirect competition between land uses. Bioenergy development may increase the demand for agricultural land, which may be sourced from tropical forests. In this case, the net carbon balance would be highly negative. This paper first reviews existing methods for carbon accounting for forest-based bioenergy development.The review examines methodologies from: 1. the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPGLULUCF) and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines); and 2. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU Renewable Energy Directive).

Across developing countries substantial effort and resources have been dedicated to setting up systems for the measurement, recording and verification of greenhouse gas emissions in the forestry and land-use sectors – a key initiative of the global climate programme Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. This paper approaches these systems through the lens of conservation biopolitics, identifying the calculative processes and spatial logics that attempt to regulate the life and death of the forest. It uses an example of the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System to explore how a biopolitical apparatus of constant data accumulation and presentation integrates an infinitely complex set of ecological processes across highly differentiated spatial landscapes, and organises these into governable carbon domains. The Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System provides a visual and numeric representation of the various policy and socio-economic processes that drive and limit carbon emissions, and identifies where this occurs in the landscape. By understanding these forest–carbon–human dynamics, programmes can be designed that change how populations access, use and potentially restore the life of the forest. For state and non-state interests alike, the System was viewed as a critical tool for both developing and evaluating the performance of multiple forest carbon initiatives. It also offers a surveillance apparatus to regulate the carbon market and to discipline the actions of various agents that utilise forests and land. Critically, the biopolitical utility of these systems have been undermined by waning commitment within Indonesia to overhaul forest governance towards carbon outcomes.