The Russian Federation has sustained significant growth over the past decade, accompanied by high rates of income mobility for all groups in the population. The positive outcomes in economic growth were accompanied by economic mobility for most households, reflected in substantial poverty reduction. Inclusive growth has led to a positive performance of the country in terms of shared prosperity - measured by the income and consumption growth of the bottom 40 percent of the welfare distribution. Notwithstanding the positive performance observed, the recent trends suggest sustainability concerns. Alongside the inclusive economic growth, economic mobility has improved remarkably in the country as reflected by the growth of the middle class. Upward economic mobility in Russia appears to be the result of both increases in average income levels and changes in the distribution of income. Given the positive outcomes observed, the question is, to what extent is Russia's favorable performance in terms of shared prosperity sustainable? To this end, this note explores the main drivers behind the progress to date. The evolutions of the labor market, on one hand, and the incidence of the fiscal system, on the other, appear as the two main factors driving the observed poverty reduction, increase in the income of the bottom 40, and growth of the middle class in Russia. The note is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two presents an analysis of labor income, including an overview of market dynamics and the reduction of wage inequality in the country. Section three presents a summary of the lessons derived from the analysis that can inform policy dialogue and contribute to ensuring the sustainability of the progress achieved in shared prosperity going forward.
This paper empirically studies the dynamics of labor market adjustment following the Brazilian trade reform of the 1990s. The paper uses variation in industry-specific tariff cuts interacted with initial regional industry mix to measure trade-induced local labor demand shocks and examines regional and individual labor market responses to those one-time shocks over two decades. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the analysis does not find that the impact of local shocks is dissipated over time through wage-equalizing migration. Instead, it finds steadily growing effects of local shocks on regional formal sector wages and employment for 20 years. This finding can be rationalized in a simple equilibrium model with two complementary factors of production, labor and industry-specific factors such as capital, that adjust slowly and imperfectly to shocks. Next, the paper documents rich margins of adjustment induced by the trade reform at the regional and individual levels. Workers initially employed in harder hit regions face continuously deteriorating formal labor market outcomes relative to workers employed in less affected regions, and this gap persists even 20 years after the beginning of trade liberalization. Negative local trade shocks induce workers to shift out of the formal tradable sector and into the formal nontradable sector. Non-employment strongly increases in harder hit regions in the medium run, but in the longer run, non-employed workers eventually find re-employment in the informal sector. Working age population does not react to these local shocks, but formal sector net migration does, consistent with the relative decline of the formal sector and growth of the informal sector in adversely affected regions.
This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Uzbekistan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).
This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Australia. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).
Der vorliegende Band nimmt seinen Ausgangspunkt in der krisenhaften Situation um Covid-19. Er hat den Anspruch, mittels wissenschaftlicher Praktiken der Verunsicherung bzw. dem Bruch mit den bisher als "Normalität" aufgefassten Verhältnissen etwas entgegen zu setzen. Involviert in bildungswissenschaftliche Forschung und Lehre, die sich angesichts der Pandemie in vielfältiger Weise neu verorten und gestalten, wenden sich die Autor*innen grundlegenden bildungswissenschaftlichen Verhältnisbestimmungen in ihren ideellen, kategorialen, sozialen und materiellen Neuverortungen zu. Dabei kommen auch Themen in den Blick, die in bildungswissenschaftlichen Arbeiten bisher eher randständig waren, sich aber als künftige Forschungsthemen zeigen, beispielsweise die Technisierung des Umgangs miteinander. (DIPF/Orig.)
I The Background of Temporal Logic -- II Topological Logic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The P-Operator -- 3. Three Basic Axioms -- 4. The Relation of P-Unqualified to P-Qualified Formulas: The Preferred Position ? : A Fourth Axiom -- 5. The Iteration of P: A Fifth Axiom and the Two Systems PI and PII -- 6. The Possible Worlds Interpretation of Topological Logic -- III Fundamental Distinctions for Temporal Logic -- 1. The Temporal Equivocality of IS -- 2. Translating Temporal to Atemporal IS -- 3. Temporally Definite and Indefinite Statements -- 4. The Implicit Ubiquity of "Now" in Tensed Statements -- 5. Dates and Pseudo-Dates -- 6. Times of Assertion -- 7. Two Styles of Chronology -- IV The Basic System R of Temporal Logic -- 1. The Concept of Temporal Realization -- 2. The Temporal Transparency of "Now" -- 3. Temporal Homogeneity -- 4. Axioms for the Logical Theory of Chronological Propositions -- 5. Temporal and Topological Logic -- 6. The Completeness and Decidability of R -- V The Introduction of Tense Operators -- 1. Presentness and Precedence -- 2. Tense -- VI The System Kt of Minimal Tense Logic -- 1. The Problem of a Minimal Tense Logic -- 2. Semantics for Tense Logic -- 3. Semantic Tableaux -- 4. The Completeness of Kt -- 5. Some Corollaries -- 6. Completeness of Kt with Respect to R -- VII Branching Time: The System Kb -- 1. Branching Structures -- 2. The Concept of an Open Future -- 3. The Logic of Branching Time -- 4. Axiomatization of Kb -- 5. Semantic Tableaux -- 6. Systematic Tableaux -- 7. Completeness Proof for Kb -- VIII Linear Time: The System Kl and Its Variants -- 1. The Logic of Linear Time, Kl -- 2. Extensions of Kl -- IX Additive Time: The Systems R? and R?± -- 1. Temporal-Groups and the System R? -- 2. Additive Temporal Logic and the System R?± -- X Metric Time and Chronological Logic: The System R+ -- 1. The Concept of Metric Time -- 2. Deriving a U-Relation from the Metric -- 3. The System R+ -- 4. "Distance" into Past and Future -- 5. Archimedeanism -- 6. Linear Realizability -- XI Tense Logical Characterizability and Definability -- 1. Expressibility and Characterizability -- 2. Tense-Logical Definability -- XII Temporal Modality -- 1. The Tensed Interpretation of Modality -- 2. Modality in Tense Logic -- 3. Further Definitions of Modality -- XIII Temporally Conditioned Descriptions and the Concept of Temporal Purity -- 1. Temporally Conditioned Descriptions -- 2. Chronological Purity -- 3. The "Purely Phenomenological" Characterization of the Occurrences of a Moment -- 4. The Absolute vs. the Relative Conception of Time -- XIV The Theory of Processes -- 1. What is a Process? -- 2. The Representation of Processes: Process Implications -- 3. Activities and Processes: Some Applicable Distinctions -- 4. Quasi-Processes: On Coming to Be and Passing Away -- 5. Stochastic vs. Deterministic Processes -- 6. Stochastic Processes and Branching Time -- 7. The Structure of Events -- XV The Logic of World States -- 1. The Concept of a World State -- 2. Some Further Perspectives on Instantaneous World States -- 3. The Concept of a World History -- 4. Development of R-calculi Within Tense Logic -- XVI The Dimensionality of Time -- XVII The "Master Argument" of Diodorus and Temporal Determinism -- 1. The "Master Argument" -- 2. Necessity and Determinism in the Context of the "Master Argument" -- 3. Evading the Deterministic Conclusion of the "Master Argument" -- 4. The Groundwork of a 3-Valued Conception of Temporal Truth -- 5. Alternative Futures and Future Contingency -- 6. Temporal Determination -- 7. Nomological Necessitation -- XVIII Many-Valued Approaches to Temporal Logic -- 1. A Mode of "Three-Valued" Tense Logic -- 2. A Many-Valued Articulation of Temporal Logic -- 3. A Three-Valued Tense Logic: Semantic Considerations -- 4. Generalizing the Preceding Approach -- XIX Propositional Quantification in Tensed Statements -- XX Quantification, Temporal Existence, and Identity -- 1. Individuals and Quantifiers -- 2. Quantification and Temporal Modality -- 3. Quantified Tense Logic -- 4. Temporal Change, Identity, and Leibniz' Law -- 5. Alternative Histories in Branching Time -- 6. Quantified Modal Logic in Branching Time -- Appendix I A Summary of Axiom Systems for Topological, Temporal and Modal Logics -- Appendix II The Modal Structure of Tense-Logical Systems -- Bibliography of Temporal Logic -- A. Chronological Listing -- B. Author Listing (Alphabetical) -- Index of Names.
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Worldwide, ecosystems are increasingly stressed due to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Simultaneously, the nutritional needs of a growing world population require a highly productive agriculture, which will still rely on fertilizers and pesticides in the forseeable future. Pesticides, however, are also one of the largest contributors to the global loss of invertebrate diversity, biomass and the associated, agriculturally relevant, ecosystem functions. We are, metaphorically speaking, cutting the branch on which we all sit. In order to maintain this delicate balance, it is essential to protect the ecosystems close to arable lands. Invertebrates in surface waters are very susceptible to pesticide runoff from the field. This leads to unpredictable effects in complex aquatic communities - effects that are often much larger than thresholds determined in single species laboratory tests. Despite the increased interest in the conservation of stressed ecosystems, the mechanistic understanding of pesticide effects under higher levels of biological complexity is still limited. This work is therefore set out to understand the processes that regulate the effects of low concentrations of pesticides under environmental complexity. To this end a sequence of investigations was conducted, increasing the complexity step by step from the individual level, to the population level until the species–species competition level. To allow for comparisons between the investigations, the standard model organism Daphnia magna (water flea) was exposed in all experiments to pulses of the insecticide esfenvalerate. In Chapter 3, the effects of interacting stressors on individuals of D. magna are described. Esfenvalerate was combined with ultraviolet- B (UV-B) radiation in varying order of exposure and with different pauses between exposures in order to identify the influence of time on stressor interactions. It was shown that increased temporal distance between an esfenvalerate pulse and an environmental stress pulse, shifted the interaction between the stressors from antagonism to synergism on the individual level. It was also shown that low stressor doses elicited antagonistic responses while high doses led to synergistic responses. The next level of complexity investigated was that of the population (Chapter 4). D. magna populations were non-invasively monitored during a complete development cycle. When populations at carrying capacity were exposed to 1⁄3 of the half maximal effective concentration (EC50), 2 out of 4 replicates collapsed due to direct mortality effects of esfenvalerate. In contrast, concentrations at 1⁄30 and 1⁄10 of the EC50 significantly increased the population biomass for up to 7 weeks after the exposure. It was hypothesized that population increases are due to a hormetic response, where reduced intraspecific competition is the trade-off that enabled this response. In the final investigation (Chapter 5), populations of D. magna and Culex pipiens (mosquito larvae), competing for a limited amount of food, were exposed to repeated pulses of esfenvalerate at extremely low concentrations (1/1000–1/10 of the EC50). This was done to test if the presence of a competitor changes the interspecific competition between co-existing species with a shared ecological niche. It was revealed that species-species correlations significantly increased after the exposure. This was associated with a decrease in interspecific com- petition. In contrast to the results shown in the previous investigation, low concentrations of esfenvalerate did not provoke a stimulatory response in the density and biomass of either population. The level of ecological complexity had a substantial influence on the detected effects of esfenvalerate in this work. Ecological organization, stressor timing and pesticide dose had strong influences on the stress response. Those non-linearities can help to explain why it is so difficult to predict effects of pesticides in the field. The approach taken in this work suggests that environmental risk assessment (ERA) should consider intraspecific and interspecific competition when assessing the effects of very low doses of pesticides on the biodiversity of ecologically similar species. By combining the results from Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, it was hypothesized that the stimulatory hormesis response, which is an increasingly discussed phenomenon, only emerges, when associated trade-offs are not penalized by environmental conditions.
94% of Ukrainians surveyed in September said Ukraine would definitely or likely win their war against Russia. There are growing murmurs in the media that the war in Ukraine is slowly becoming a stalemate. As the war approaches the end of its second year, two developments are important to keep in mind. First, despite the extraordinary advantages that Russians had in terms of planning, stocks of weaponry, and sheer numbers of fighters, Ukrainian forces have liberated 54% of the lands they took in the weeks after February 2022.Second, in order to achieve this remarkable feat, Ukraine has paid an enormous price. The country's GDP dropped more than 29% in 2022, and recent estimates are that more than 9,600 civilians have been killed by Russian attacks. Russian forces are continuing their barrage against military and civilian Ukrainian positions, and the Russian supply of weaponry—including nearly one million artillery shells from North Korea, and drones designed and built by Iran—seems inexhaustible. And, the Ukrainian people are likely in for a few more tough months. Russia will soon train its weaponry on Ukraine's power plants and energy infrastructure, as it did a year ago. As Foreign Minister Dmytroi Kuleba recently put it, Ukraine is "getting ready for the worst winter in history." But to suggest that Ukraine is facing a stalemate or failing in its mission as a few voices have implied, is to misunderstand the core of the country's strength: its people. In hard power terms, Ukraine has always been outmatched. The military analysis organization Global Firepower ranks Russia as the second most powerful military in the world, ahead of China. And yet, despite months of careful planning and preparation, Vladimir Putin failed to achieve the quick victory he had promised his people, and he has already lost 300,000 soldiers and 10,000 units of key military equipment. In order to truly understand Ukraine's war prospects, the best gauge is not so much what distant observers say—after all, they are inevitably influenced by the spin coming from both Moscow and Kyiv—but instead what everyday Ukrainians themselves believe. It's Ukrainian families who are seeing the real costs of war, including damage to human infrastructure like schools and hospitals. They're also the ones paying the war's greatest price in the form of the young men and women on the front lines. Even so, their optimism hasn't wavered. According to a recent poll from the Center for Insights in Survey Research (CISR) at the International Republican Institute, 85% of Ukrainians surveyed say they believe the country's future is "rather promising." That includes 81% of respondents in the regions closest to the Russian border. Nearly 70% believe that Ukraine will "maintain all territories within its internationally recognized borders defined in 1991." In other words, seven out of ten believe their country will regain Crimea and the Donbas and Luhansk regions currently occupied by Moscow. What's more, the numbers haven't changed significantly from when CISR posed the same questions in February, nor from April of 2022 when Russia's advantages in preparation, personnel, and weaponry were far greater than they appear today. The findings are also similar to last year's, even after all of the death and destruction the Ukrainians have experienced in nearly two years of brutal warfare. There's also consistency in terms of what Ukrainians hope to see for their country. More than 80% of those surveyed say that if they could only enter one economic alliance, they would like Ukraine to join the European Union; nearly 80% say they would vote for Ukraine to join NATO. When the Kremlin invaded Ukraine with tanks and troops, rockets and aircraft, Putin likely had dreams of seizing and holding vast tracts of Ukrainian territory. He certainly believed he could turn Ukraine away from joining NATO and the EU. It turns out that everyday Ukrainians, those on the front lines and those some distance from the pitched battles, those who have been battered, and those who face a tough winter, are a powerful force. And, with a full 94% believing they will win the war, their spirit will be tough to beat. This blog was researched with the assistance of Caroline Moody.
The aim of this study was to study the functioning of the precedent phenomena of the Czech presidential discourse of Vaclav Havel and Vaclav Klaus. This article clarifies the role of precedent phenomena as one of the main sources of expressiveness of speech activity, reflecting a high level of communicative competence of linguistic activity, a linguistic personality and serving to implement its speech intentions, thereby forming a cognitive thesaurus of the target audience. The precedent phenomena in the speeches of V. Havel and V. Klaus consistently link the text into a single whole, express the system of assessments of the national linguocultural community and are well known to him. They create a certain system of values that have developed historically, regulating social behavior, condemn or approve of it. Using precedence is an indicator of competence by which presidents evoke empathy in their audience, which helps to reduce the distance between the president and citizens. A large group is made up of anthroponyms in the speeches of V. Klaus (names of famous politicians, public figures who contributed to the development of the Czech Republic) – A. Vondra (exformer Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic), V. Dyk, T. G. Masaryk; examples of world literature and cinema (Goethe's Faust, A. Dumas's The Three Musketeers, the protagonist of the series Thirty Cases of Major Zeman) anti-utopian novels by O. Huxley, J. Orwell, E. Zamyatin; philosophical works of M. Heidegger Being and Time; often resorts to self-citation. Among the precedent statements V. Havel uses the names of saints and famous freedom fighters – St. Vojtech, J. Palach, the famous theologian, thinker, teacher and writer J. Comenius and the American preacher M. L. King; often refers to the Bible and to biblical stories – the fate of Christ, the Apocalypse, Ten Commandments. Based on the above, we can conclude that precedent phenomena make it possible to increase the information content of an utterance, since referring to another text, the speaker is able to convey a greater amount of information using minimal means of verbalization. In addition, precedent phenomena serve as a way to increase the expressiveness and emotional saturation of discourse. ; Целью данного исследования стало изучение функционирования прецедентных феноменов чешского президентского дискурса Вацлава Гавела и Вацлава Клауса. В данной статье выяснена роль прецедентных феноменов как одного из основных источников выразительности речевой деятельности, отражающей высокий уровень коммуникативной компетенции языковой деятельности, языковой личности и служащей для реализации ее речевых интенций, тем самым формируя когнитивный тезаурус целевой аудитории. Прецедентные феномены в речах В. Гавела и В. Клауса последовательно связывают текст в единое целое, выражают систему оценок национального лингвокультурного сообщества и хорошо ему известны. Они создают определенную систему ценностей сложившихся исторически, регулирующие социальное поведение, осуждают или одобряют его. Использование прецедентности – показатель компетентности, с помощью которой президенты вызывают эмпатию аудитории, что способствует уменьшению дистанции между президентом и гражданами. Многочисленную группу составляют антропонимы в речах В. Клауса (имена известных политиков, публичных лиц, которые внесли свой вклад в развитие Чешской Республики) – А. Вондра (экс-министр иностранных дел Чешской Республики), В. Дик, Т. Г. Масарик; образцы мировой литературы и киноискусства (произведение Гете Фауст, А. Дюма Три мушкетера, главного героя сериала Тридцать случаев майора Земана) романы-ан-тиутопии О. Хаксли, Дж. Оруэлла, Е. Замятина; философские труды М. Хайдеггера Бытие и время; часто прибегает к самоцитированию. Среди прецедентных высказываний В. Гавел использует имена святых и известных борцов за свободу – святого Войтеха, Я. Палаха, известного теолога, мыслителя, педагога и писателя Я. Коменского и американского проповедника М. Л. Кинга; часто обращается к Библии и к библейским сюжетам – судьбы Христа, Апокалипсиса, Десяти заповедей. Исходя из вышеописанного можно сделать вывод, что прецедентные феномены позволяют повысить информативность высказывания, поскольку обращаясь к другому тексту, говорящий способен передать больший объем информации, используя минимальные средства ее вербализации. Кроме того, прецедентные феномены служат способом увеличения выразительности и эмоциональной насыщенности дискурса.
While tariff barriers are decreasing over time and across countries, non-tariff barriers such as food safety, quality and sustainability standards are increasing. Since these affect import and exports decisions, the analysis of trade effects of such standards has become an important topic. However, most empirical studies have focused on the direct trade effect of public or private food safety standards. In our first essay, we analyse the trade effect of a private voluntary sustainability standard. This is especially relevant in the cocoa sector because large chocolate manufacturers have committed themselves to only using certified cocoa beans and some governments want to increase the share of certified cocoa products consumed in their countries. Thus, sustainability standards become quasi-mandatory for cocoa producers to ensure market access. It is important to understand whether these standards are trade-facilitating or trade-impeding. Therefore, we use a unique dataset that contains the UTZ Certified cocoa production quantity of cocoa-producing countries from 2010 to 2016. We estimate a gravity model to analyse the effect of the share of UTZ Certified cocoa production quantity in a country on the trade volume of raw cocoa beans, cocoa powder, cocoa paste and cocoa butter. Our results show that UTZ certification only enhances bilateral exports of cocoa beans and paste, while it reduces exports of cocoa butter and has mixed effects on cocoa powder exports. In our second essay, we place the focus on another private voluntary sustainability standard - Rainforest Alliance Certified - and include data on coffee and cocoa. This allows us to analyse the direct trade effect of Rainforest Alliance Certified on the two most important crops of this certification scheme and the indirect trade effect through the interplay with public standards, namely Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). MRLs are regulated at the international level by Codex Alimentarius, although national regulations can deviate from it. Most countries that set their own national standards are located in the Global North and they set stricter MRLs as suggested by Codex Alimentarius or add regulations on further pesticides. Since many cocoa- or coffee-producing countries do not have the institutional capacity to tighten their MRLs, certification to a private standard such as Rainforest Alliance Certified could be a means to bridge the occurring regulatory distance. This private standard is a good example because it refers to different regional and national legislations on MRLs. An extended gravity model of trade is used to empirically analyse the interplay of a voluntary sustainability standard and the relative stringency of public MRLs set by trading partners. Our results show that while increasing regulatory heterogeneity hinders bilateral trade, certification according to a private voluntary sustainability standard can partially moderate the trade-inhibiting effect of public standards. This effect is only significant at the intensive margin of certification (share of certified crop area) but not at the extensive margin of certification (turning from no certification to having at least one farmer certified). In our third essay, we analyse the determinants of the extensive and intensive margin of certification in more detail. Here, we focus on another popular private agri-food standard: Global G.A.P. Compliance with this food safety standard has become a key requirement for farmers to access high-value global markets. Nonetheless, the global spread of certification is highly uneven among countries. We assess the drivers and dynamics behind these unequal patterns, applying panel data regressions. The findings show that global agricultural trade networks and urbanisation remain relevant, but are no longer sufficient in explaining certification. Fostering a favourable business environment – via providing secure land tenure and a functioning judicial system – as well as investing in transportation and information infrastructure may facilitate farmers' participation in certification schemes. Stringency of existing public regulations in non-EU countries is helpful for overcoming entry barriers. ; 2022-03-03
According to the main values of international HTA organizations regarding the development of scientific potential and training of specialists in this field and taking into account the conditions of implementation of medical technology assessment in Ukraine, the scientific interest includes the professional training of HTA users and developers. In this regard, the need of studying the foreign experience and best practices in the use of various curricula, the introduction of forms, methods and technologies is actualized. The author pays special attention to the issue of training these specialists in the system of postgraduate education. The aim of the article was to analyze the use of modern forms, methods and technologies in vocational education and training of specialists in the assessment of medical technologies. Materials and methods of the research were strategic programs of EU and Ukraine development, normative and legal documents regulating the implementation of HTA, legislative acts on education development in Ukraine, publications in scientometric databases of Scopus, Web of Science and others. Research methods used: systematic search of information using search engines, databases and websites by keywords; content analysis of documents; situational and comparative analysis; generalization; prognostication. According to the results of the analysis of scientific works, the study of international experience revealed that in foreign countries all types of education are used to train specialists in HTA: formal, non-formal, informal. It was found out that the most common forms of obtaining this specialty in the system of formal education are bachelor's degree, master's degree, training of doctors of philosophy. At the same time, for the training of such specialists in the middle-income countries, the programs of various duration in the system of non-formal education are used the most often. Among them: courses, trainings, seminars, internships, apprenticeships, mentoring, etc. Certification upon completion of the training is required. Based on the foreign experience and the analysis of scientific literature, the feasibility of creating and implementing various programs (long-term and short-term, in-service and non-in-service, distance, extramural, full-time, etc.) of the HTA specialists' training in non-formal education completion of training was proved. ; Згідно з основними цінностями міжнародних організацій оцінки медичних технологій щодо розвитку наукового потенціалу та підготовки фахівців цієї галузі, в умовах впровадження оцінки медичних технологій в Україні науковий інтерес становить професійна підготовка користувачів та розробників оцінки медичних технологій. У зв'язку з цим актуалізується необхідність вивчення зарубіжного досвіду і найкращих практик щодо використання різних навчальних програм, запровадження форм, методів і технологій. Особливу увагу авторка приділяє питанню підготовки цих фахівців у системі післядипломної освіти. Метою статті був аналіз використання сучасних форм, методів і технологій у професійній освіті і навчанні фахівців з оцінки медичних технологій. Матеріалами та методами дослідження були стратегічні програми розвитку ЄС і України, нормативно-правові документи, які регламентують впровадження оцінки медичних технологій, законодавчі акти з розвитку освіти в Україні, публікації в наукометричних базах даних Scopus, Web of Science та ін. Використано методи дослідження: системний пошук інформації з використанням пошукових систем, баз даних і вебсайтів за ключовими словами, контент-аналіз документів, ситуаційний і порівняльний аналіз, узагальнення, прогнозування. За результатами аналізу наукових праць, вивчення міжнародного досвіду виявлено, що в зарубіжних країнах для підготовки фахівців з оцінки медичних технологій використовують всі види освіти: формальну, неформальну, інформальну. З'ясовано, що найпоширенішими формами одержання зазначеної спеціальності в системі формальної освіти є бакалавріат, магістратура, підготовка докторів філософії. Водночас, у країнах із середнім рівнем доходів для підготовки таких фахівців здебільшого використовують різноманітні за тривалістю програми в системі неформальної освіти – курси, тренінги, семінари, стажування, учнівство, менторство і т. ін. Після завершення навчання обов'язковою є сертифікація. На основі зарубіжного досвіду, аналізу наукової літератури доведена доцільність створення і запровадження різноманітних програм (довго- і короткострокових, з відривом від виробництва і без відриву, дистанційних, заочних, денних тощо) підготовки фахівців з оцінки медичних технологій в системі неформальної освіти зі сертифікацією в кваліфікаційних центрах по завершенню навчання.
Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os encontros e desencontros dos sujeitos jovens-estudantes da Educação de Jovens e Adultos com a trama escolar. Compreende-se trama escolar como a rede de múltiplos saberes e experiências que se corporificam no entremeio dos fios tecidos no cotidiano escolar. Recorre a fragmentos de uma investigação realizada por meio do método etnográfico, em uma escola pública noturna da região agreste do Estado de Alagoas, por um período de dois anos, tendo como referência a seguinte questão: até que ponto a cultura escolar dialoga com as culturas juvenis no contexto da EJA? Para a coleta de dados fizemos uso de observações participantes e entrevistas etnográficas com um coletivo de jovens. O estudo evidenciou que os jovens-estudantes da EJA, participantes da pesquisa, utilizam tanto táticas que reinventam a cultura escolar e mobilizam as culturas juvenis, fortalecendo o sentimento de pertença ao lugar, como outras que perpetuam o discurso do não-lugar das juventudes [adolescentes] na EJA. Isto sinaliza a inexistência de unidade no que diz respeito aos modos como os jovens se veem nesse espaço. A imersão no cotidiano vivenciado pelos jovens revelou recorrências que insinuam ora aproximações/encontros, ora distanciamentos/desencontros entre os estudantes e a escola.Palavras-chave: Juventudes na EJA; Cotidiano; Culturas juvenis; Cultura escolar.Youths at EJA: encounters and disagreements in the school plotABSTRACTThis article aims to analyze the encounters and disagreements of the young-students of the Youth and Adult Education (EJA) with the school plot. School plot is understood as the network that embodies in the interweaving of the experiences lived in the daily school life. For this, it uses fragments of an investigation carried out using the ethnographic method, in a public night school in the rural region of the State of Alagoas, for a period of two years, taking as reference the following question: to what extent is there a dialogue between the culture of the school and the youth cultures in the context of EJA? For data collection, participant observations and ethnographic interviews were used with a group of young people. The study showed that the Young EJA students, research participants, use both tactics that reinvente school culture and mobilize youth cultures, strengthening the feeling of belonging to the place, as others that perpetuate the discourse of non-place of youth (teenagers) in EJA. This signals the lack of unity with regard to the ways in which young people see themselves in this space. The immersion in the daily life experienced by young people highlited recurrences that suggest at times similarities/encounters, at other times distances/disagreements between students and the school.Keywords: Youths at EJA; Daily routine; Youth cultures; School culture.Juventudes em la EJA: encuentros y desencuentros em la trama escolarRESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los encuentros y desencuentros de los sujetos jóvenes estudiantes de la Educación de Jóvenes y adultos con la trama escolar. Se comprende por trama escolar la red que se corporifica en el entremedio de los entretejidos del cotidiano escolar. Para eso recurre a fragmentos de una investigación realizada a través del método etnográfico en una escuela pública nocturna de la región agreste del Estado de Alagoas, por un período de dos años, teniendo como referencia la siguiente cuestión: ¿hasta qué punto la cultura escolar dialoga con las culturas juveniles en el contexto de la EJA? Para la recolección de datos hicimos uso de observaciones participantes y entrevistas etnográficas con un colectivo de jóvenes. El estudio evidenció que los jóvenes estudiantes de la EJA, participantes de la investigación, utilizan tanto tácticas que reinventan la cultura escolar y movilizan las culturas juveniles, fortaleciendo el sentimiento de pertenencia al lugar, como otras que perpetúan el discurso el no lugar de las juventudes [adolescentes] en la EJA. Esto señala la inexistencia de unidad en cuanto a las maneras como los jóvenes se ven en ese espacio. La inmersión en el cotidiano vivenciado por los jóvenes reveló recurrencia que insinúan ya sea acercamiento/encuentros o alejamientos/desencuentros entre los estudiantes y la escuela. Palabras clave: Juventudes en la EJA; Cotidiano; Culturas juveniles; Cultura escolar.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in food poses a potential risk to human health. PAHs are formed primarily as a result of incomplete combustion of organic material and can enter the food chain either from the environment or from food manufacturing processes such as smoking, roasting, drying and grilling. As some of them are known to cause cancer, it is important to reduce the PAH levels in foods as low as is reasonably achievable. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated the sum of PAH4 compounds (=benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR) and benzo[b] fuoranthene (BbF)) to serve as a suitable indicator of both the occurrence and toxicity of the PAHs. The primary purpose of this dissertation study was to assess for the frst time Finnish children's potential health risk caused by dietary exposure to PAH4. In order to complete this task, the applied analytical method must be appropriately validated to be able to produce precise occurrence data. In this study, the gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated according to legislative requirements and the occurrence of PAH4 in a wide range of food groups (fsh, meat, fat and oil, bread, cereal and muesli) was determined. Generally, the concentrations of PAH4 in foods were low and below the prevailing maximum levels. That being said, in smoked fsh and meat products, the variation of the detected PAH4 levels was high, up to 200 µg/kg in smoked ham. It appeared that the smoking process was either controlled or not, and the science-based guidance is required to prevent and reduce contamination of PAHs. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the critical smoking factors that afect the PAH4 formation in fsh and meat products in order to provide tools for manufacturers to produce safer smoked products, thereby decreasing human dietary exposure and adverse health efects. Based on our results, indirect smoking, smoking in less than fve hours, optimised smoke generation temperature between 400 and 600 °C and distance more than fve metres between the food and the smoke source led to reduced PAH4 levels in smoked fsh and meat products. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the potential mutagenicity of the processed foods, and therefore selected fsh and meat products were tested by the Ames test in Salmonella TA 100 and TA 98 strains with or without metabolic activation. The outcome was further compared to the chemical PAH4 analyses. The statistically signifcant mutagenic response was observed in all three lots of smoked Baltic herring, which also indicated higher PAH4 concentrations than other samples. By contrast, the tested meat products were not mutagenic and the corresponding individual PAH4 concentrations were, for the most part, undetectable. Despite the challenges in food mutagenicity testing, our results provided more information on the potential mutagenic activity of various foods. Specifcally, based on our fndings, a combination of both biological assays and chemical analyses can improve the interpretation of the fndings regarding mutagenicity. Lastly, in reference to our primary purpose of considering potential safety concerns of PAH4 in food, Finnish children's dietary exposure to PAH4 was evaluated by combining the acquired occurrence and food consumption data. Utilising that data, a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated in order to be used to provide relative indication of the level of health concern and support prioritisation of possible risk management actions. Our results demonstrated that bread, smoked ham, fat and oil and sausage contributed the most to BaP and PAH4 exposure. Even though the mean PAH4 levels in bread were below the limit of detection, its consumption volumes are high, which explains the contribution. Children's total mean dietary exposure was estimated to BaP 1,500 pg/kg bw/day and to PAH4 8,100 pg/kg bw/day. The total margins of exposure (MOEs) for children were 482,000 for BaP and 42,000 for PAH4. Furthermore, the calculated MOEs for highly exposed children were also above the reference value 10,000, which caused them to be considered of low concern. Taking into account uncertainties and limitations, this study indicated no health risk to Finnish children aged three to six years.
Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Computación . 5009V01 ; [Abstract] This thesis presents work on dependency parsing covering two distinct lines of research. The first aims to develop efficient parsers so that they can be fast enough to parse large amounts of data while still maintaining decent accuracy. We investigate two techniques to achieve this. The first is a cognitively-inspired method and the second uses a model distillation method. The first technique proved to be utterly dismal, while the second was somewhat of a success. The second line of research presented in this thesis evaluates parsers. This is also done in two ways. We aim to evaluate what causes variation in parsing performance for different algorithms and also different treebanks. This evaluation is grounded in dependency displacements (the directed distance between a dependent and its head) and the subsequent distributions associated with algorithms and the distributions found in treebanks. This work sheds some light on the variation in performance for both different algorithms and different treebanks. And the second part of this area focuses on the utility of part-of-speech tags when used with parsing systems and questions the standard position of assuming that they might help but they certainly won't hurt. ; [Resumen] Esta tesis presenta trabajo sobre análisis de dependencias que cubre dos líneas de investigación distintas. La primera tiene como objetivo desarrollar analizadores eficientes, de modo que sean suficientemente rápidos como para analizar grandes volúmenes de datos y, al mismo tiempo, sean suficientemente precisos. Investigamos dos métodos. El primero se basa en teorías cognitivas y el segundo usa una técnica de destilación. La primera técnica resultó un enorme fracaso, mientras que la segunda fue en cierto modo un ´éxito. La otra línea evalúa los analizadores sintácticos. Esto también se hace de dos maneras. Evaluamos la causa de la variación en el rendimiento de los analizadores para distintos algoritmos y corpus. Esta evaluación utiliza la diferencia entre las distribuciones del desplazamiento de arista (la distancia dirigida de las aristas) correspondientes a cada algoritmo y corpus. También evalúa la diferencia entre las distribuciones del desplazamiento de arista en los datos de entrenamiento y prueba. Este trabajo esclarece las variaciones en el rendimiento para algoritmos y corpus diferentes. La segunda parte de esta línea investiga la utilidad de las etiquetas gramaticales para los analizadores sintácticos. ; [Resumo] Esta tese presenta traballo sobre análise sintáctica, cubrindo dúas liñas de investigación. A primeira aspira a desenvolver analizadores eficientes, de maneira que sexan suficientemente rápidos para procesar grandes volumes de datos e á vez sexan precisos. Investigamos dous métodos. O primeiro baséase nunha teoría cognitiva, e o segundo usa unha técnica de destilación. O primeiro método foi un enorme fracaso, mentres que o segundo foi en certo modo un éxito. A outra liña avalúa os analizadores sintácticos. Esto tamén se fai de dúas maneiras. Avaliamos a causa da variación no rendemento dos analizadores para distintos algoritmos e corpus. Esta avaliaci´on usa a diferencia entre as distribucións do desprazamento de arista (a distancia dirixida das aristas) correspondentes aos algoritmos e aos corpus. Tamén avalía a diferencia entre as distribucións do desprazamento de arista nos datos de adestramento e proba. Este traballo esclarece as variacións no rendemento para algoritmos e corpus diferentes. A segunda parte desta liña investiga a utilidade das etiquetas gramaticais para os analizadores sintácticos. ; This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (FASTPARSE, grant agreement No 714150) and from the Centro de Investigación de Galicia (CITIC) which is funded by the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (ERDF - Galicia 2014-2020 Program) by grant ED431G 2019/01. ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/01
Uvod: Sajber kriminal se odnosi na svako nezakonito delo izvršeno korišćenjem računara, računarskih mreža ili drugog oblika informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija. U zavisnosti od toga da li je tehnologija meta ili sredstvo izvršenja, možemo razlikovati krivična dela koja podrazumevaju napade usmerene na uređaje i računarske mreže i različite oblike "tradicionalnih" krivičnih dela čiji se obim i domet povećavaju upotrebom digitalnih tehnologija. Usled KOVID-19 pandemije ljudi su prisiljeni da ostaju kod kuće i da se, više nego ikada pre, oslone na računare, telefone i internet, kako bi mogli da rade, uče na daljinu, kupuju, informišu se i komuniciraju sa drugima. Premeštanje svakodnevnih i poslovnih aktivnosti iz fizičke u digitalnu sferu otvara i mogućnost nastanka novih oblika pretnji i rizika u sajber prostoru. Cilj: Cilj rada bio je da se eksplorativnim istraživanjem ustanove zastupljenost, raširenost i oblici ispoljavanja sajber kriminala tokom KOVID-19 pandemije. Metod: Korišćena je metoda pretraživanja i analize velikog broja primarnih i sekundarnih izvora informacija (desk research), proučavanjem različitih naučnih baza podataka i sprovedenih istraživanja o zastupljenosti i različitim oblicima sajber kriminala tokom pandemije. Rezultati: Podaci pokazuju da je tokom KOVID-19 pandemije došlo do povećanja stope raširenosti i sofisticiranosti sajber kriminala. Mete sajber napada su pored pojedinaca i malih preduzeća, sve više velike korporacije i institucije koje imaju ključnu ulogu u odgovoru na izbijanje bolesti. Pored rapidnog rasta sajber napada na računare i računarske mreže, došlo je i do povećanja broja "tradicionalnih" krivičnih dela u sajber prostoru, uz iskorišćavanje bezbednosne ranjivosti rada od kuće i straha i neizvesnosti zbog pandemije. Zaključak: Enormni rast sajber kriminala tokom KOVID-19 pandemije predstavlja ozbiljan izazov za državne strukture. Državno reagovanje na krupan porast sajber kriminala prvenstveno bi trebalo da se usmeri na sprovođenje preventivnih mera kroz edukacije i kampanje podizanja svesti, jer je najveći bezbednosni rizik potcenjivanje ili nedostatak svesti o pretnjama u sajber prostoru. ; Introduction: Cybercrime refers to any illegal act committed using computers, computer networks, or other forms of information and communication technologies. Depending on whether the technology is a target or a means of execution, we can distinguish between crimes that involve attacks aimed at devices and computer networks, and different forms of "traditional" crimes whose scope and reach increase with the use of digital technologies. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, people have to stay home, rely more than ever on computers, phones, and the Internet to telework, learn on distance, buy things, get information, and communicate with others. The shift of everyday and business activities from the physical to the digital sphere also opens the possibility of the emergence of new forms of threats and risks in cyberspace. Aim: The paper aimed to explore the prevalence and forms of manifestation of cybercrime during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Desk research was conducted by gathering and analyzing a plethora of primary and secondary sources of information, various scientific databases and research findings on the prevalence and various forms of cybercrime during the pandemic. Results: The data show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in the prevalence, widespread presence, and sophistication of cybercrime. In addition to individuals and small businesses, the target of cyberattacks in greater amount is large corporations and institutions that play a crucial role in responding to the outbreak. Besides the rapid growth of cyber attacks on computers and computer networks, the rate of "traditional" crimes in cyberspace has also increased by exploiting security vulnerabilities of teleworking and fear and uncertainty due to the pandemic. Conclusion: The enormous growth of cybercrime during the COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious challenge to government structures. The state's response to the huge rise of cybercrime should initially focus on implementing preventive measures in the form of education and awareness-raising campaigns, as the greatest security risk is underestimation or lack of awareness of cyber threats.
