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From the years 1815-1914 over 14 million square miles and 450 million people were under the power of the imperial British Empire. To this day, the countries once occupied by the dominating power are struggling to regain their political independence, while simultaneously reasserting and remembering their own country's and peoples' identity. The independence of a country comes with more than just a new government and freedom for the people; there is political unrest, economic upset, and public turmoil as both country and people attempt to establish who and what they are. For India, independence from Britain was not the smooth transition as was hoped; the great mother country left the land in a state of war and division that the new Indian government had to face from the onset of their establishment. With upset raging from the borders of Pakistan, the government of India did not and could not provide its people with a sense of security. Coupled with ethnic and religious tensions that remained from the time of British occupation, as well as the convoluted standards of living left over from the regime, the people of India struggled to identify who they were and what their country stood for. As the British canon of literature focuses strongly on honor, civility, monarchy, and propriety, the climate within the newfound country of India reflected values that both aligned with and diverted from that of their previous law maker. The literature that is produced within a nation has the capability to shape not only readers of the time, but future generations as well. As a result, a nation's canon must change with the times it faces. Though not all people will always agree on what should be included within such an illustrious group, texts within the canon need to be reflective of both the positive and negative attributes of a nation. For India the literature that is most reflective of their struggles will make the largest impact on their establishment of a new national self-distinction. Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children belongs within the canon of Indian literature, as both the novel and characters reflect the nation's need to establish a new identity that not only echoes the India that once was, but also one that embraces the benefits and rejects the negatives of the influence of the Western world.

The concept of river basin management calls for managing water resources at the river basin level in order to promote the sustainable use of water resources. Often this goes along with the introduction of river basin organisations (RBOs) as special purpose organisations. However, particularly in developing countries, RBOs often suffer from insufficient funds. Fiscal decentralisation involves shifting certain fiscal responsibilities to lower levels of government. Decentralisation could thus provide a source of funding for RBOs, depending on how tasks and funds are allocated among RBOs and general-purpose jurisdictions. This briefing paper examines administrative and fiscal aspects of river basin management and analyses whether fiscal decentralisation supports or counteracts the funding of river basin management. We present the example of Mongolia, where in recent years the processes of RBO institutionalisation and fiscal decentralisation have occurred in parallel. More specifically, we analyse i) how competencies for various water governance functions between RBOs and other bodies at the sub-national level are formally allocated, ii) which de jure and de facto funding arrangements are in place, and iii) what this implies for the coordination and sustainability of water resource use. We find that despite a broad division of labour among administrative units, a high level of overlap exists, for instance in the areas of data management, water law enforcement and implementation of water protection measures. In terms of financing water governance, River Basin Authorities (RBAs) are primarily financed through the national budget and aimag (province-level) environmental authorities (AEAs) through sub-national province budgets. However, uncertainties exist regarding the allocation of water-use fees. In practice, funds available to RBAs only cover fixed costs. AEAs have somewhat higher budgets, but do not necessarily use these funds for water-related projects nor do they earmark water-use fees. Inconsistent legal provisions on water-use fees have led to competition between AEAs and RBAs, but also to initial collaborative arrangements. We conclude that in Mongolia, fiscal decentralisation and river basin management are, so far, hardly mutually supportive and we recommend a number of legal and financial adjustments. In particular, we recommend that responsibilities be distributed more clearly to reduce overlap and uncertainty; legal inconsistencies regarding water-use fees be clarified; funding be arranged according to tasks; and funding for RBAs be increased and minimum state-funding be provided to river basin councils (RBCs), so they can fulfil their mandates.

At present, one of the importance of digital literacy is for the socialization of development programs, which is no longer enough to rely solely on conventional media. Various socialization efforts including digitally in order to increase Community Participation in development become the main subject of the regulation of Community Participation in this Government Regulation as mandated by Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. This research is analytic descriptive using library research as a source of data and information, which comes from books, academic texts, scientific journal articles. Based on a survey of the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII) regarding the penetration and behavior of internet users in Indonesia in 2017 it is known that the total internet users in Indonesia were 143.26 million people or around 63% of Indonesia's population in 2017 which amounted to 266 million people . Based on the latest research in the field of digital communication, it shows that most of the impact of the use of high social media is beneficial for both individuals and society. Digital media has empowered the community so that they are no longer passive viewers or recipients in the transformation forged by the digital revolution, but actively shape the digital media and its meaning for the community.Keywords: Digital literacy, community participation, development socialization, social media. AbstrakSaat ini, salah satu pentingnya literasi digital adalah untuk kegiatan sosialisasi program pembangunan, yang tidak lagi cukup hanya mengandalkan media konvensional. Berbagai upaya sosialisasi termasuk secara digital guna meningkatkan Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam pembangunan menjadi materi pokok pengaturan Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Peraturan Pemerintah ini sebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan sebagai sumber data dan informasinya, yang berasal dari buku, naskah akademik, artikel jurnal ilmiah. berdasarkan survey Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) mengenai penetrasi dan perilaku pengguna internet di Indonesia pada tahun 2017 diketahui bahwa total pengguna internet di Indonesia adalah sebanyak 143,26 juta jiwa atau sekitar 63% dari penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2017 yang sebesar 266 juta jiwa. Berdasarkan penelitian di bidang komunikais digital terbaru, menunjukkuan bahwa ebagian besar dampak dari penggunaan media sosial yang tinggi ini bermanfaat baik bagi individu maupun masyarakat. Media digital telah memberdayakan masyarakat sehingga mereka tidak lagi menjadi penonton pasif atau penerima dalam transformasi yang ditempa oleh revolusi digital, tetapi secara aktif membentuk media digital dan maknanya bagi masyarakat.Kata kunci: Literasi digital, peran serta masyarakat, sosialisasi pembangunan, media sosial.

Penelitian ini di lakukan untuk menganalisa keteraturan hukum di masyarakat, Permasalahan Hak milik dalam Hal memiliki tempat tinggal serta lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat, adalah merupakan hak dasar setiap warga negara Indonesia. hakikatnyastrata title terdapat gabungan kepemilikan bersama dan kepemilikan individu. Hal ini tidak dikenal dalam kepemilikan tanah dan rumah pada kawasan horizontal seperti komplek perumahan (real estate) atau pemukiman lainnya baik di perkotaan maupun perkampungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum yuridis Normatif untuk melakukan studi pustaka karena ciri khas dan tradisi ilmu hukumPendekatan yang digunakan didalam penelitian hukum adalah pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statue opprach), pendekatan kasus (case opprach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual opprach). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rumah susun di atas tanah Hak Guna Bangunan yang berdiri diatas tanah Hak Milik sebagai tempat hunian dan jenis pembebanan hak atas satuan rumah susun di atas tanah Hak Guna Bangunan yang berdiri diatas tanah Hak Milik dapat serta memperbaiki akses masyarakat kepada sumber-sumber ekonomi, terutama tanah atas penguasaan pemilikan, penggunaan dan pemanfaatan tanah dan sumber-sumber pertanahan untuk meminimalisir sengketa Pertanahan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. This research is done to analyze the legal regulation in the community. The issue of property rights in terms of having a good and healthy living place and environment is the basic right of every Indonesian citizen. the essence of the title is that of joint ownership and individual ownership. It is not known in the ownership of land and houses in the horizontal area such as housing complex (real estate) or other settlements in both urban and settlement areas. This research uses Normative juridical legal method to conduct literature study because of the characteristic and traditions of law. The approach used in legal research is the approach of legislation (statue opprach), case approach (case opprach) and conceptual approach (conceptual opprach). The result of the research shows that the flats on the land of Hak Guna Bangunan which stands on the land of Hak Milik as the dwelling place and the type of imposition of the right to the unit of flats on the land of Hak Guna Bangunan which stands on the land of Hak Milik can also improve the public access to the sources economic, especially land over ownership, use and utilization of land and land resources to minimize land disputes to improve people's welfare.

The deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation approved in the first reading the government draft law, which makes it possible to raise the value-added tax rate from 18% to 20% from January 2019. Deputies believe that it's time for businesses to pay for the lowered rate, which has been in effect since 2004. True, in today's environment, an increase in VAT may slow the growth of the economy and "drop" GDP by 0.4%. The increase in the tax burden is required to fulfill the national development goals, which are defined in the "May decree". Measures should bring in the budget 600-630 billion rubles of additional revenues per year. At the same time, the preferential rate of 10% and 0%, which is valid for a number of industries, is not planned to be changed. Thus, business related to export, the increase in VAT will not affect. The tax burden on the most important social goods and services will remain unchanged (it concerns food products, goods for children, medical services, medicines). The tax system needs to be tune-up, after which the government does not plan to make changes for six years. The VAT increase is hi to the surge in inflation – in 2019 it will exceed the Central Bank's target of 4%. The growth of real wages will be less than 1%. ; Депутаты Госдумы Российской Федерации одобрили в первом чтении правительственный проект закона, который дает возможность повысить ставку налога на добавленную стоимость с 18% до 20% с января 2019 года. Депутаты считают, что бизнесу пора расплатиться за пониженную ставку, которая действовала с 2004 года. Правда, в сегодняшних условиях повышение НДС может замедлить рост экономики и «уронить» ВВП на 0,4%. Повышение налоговой нагрузки требуется для выполнения национальных целей развития, которые определены в «майском указе». Меры должны принести в бюджет 600-630 млрд рублей дополнительных доходов в год. При этом льготную ставку в 10% и 0%, которая действует для ряда отраслей, менять не планируется. Таким образом, бизнес, связанный с экспортом, повышение НДС не коснется. Налоговая нагрузка на важнейшие социальные товары и услуги останется без изменений (речь идет о продуктах питания, товарах для детей, медицинских услугах, лекарствах). Налоговой системе требуется донастройка, после чего правительство не планирует проводить изменения в течение шести лет. Повышение НДС привет к всплеску инфляции – в 2019 году она превысит таргет ЦБ в 4%. Рост реальных зарплат так и вовсе составит менее 1%.

Han transcurrido más de dos años desde la entrada en vigor de la Ley 26/2015, de 28 de julio, de Protección a la Infancia y a la Adolescencia. Como manifestación del principio del interés superior del menor, las instituciones, tanto públicas como privadas, deben priorizar al adoptar medidas y actuaciones dirigidas a su protección, el que su vida y desarrollo tenga lugar en un entorno familiar adecuado, preferentemente (es decir, siempre que sea posible y positivo para él) en su familia de origen, así como preservar el mantenimiento de las relaciones con ella. La adopción abierta se ha incorporado a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico para contribuir a este propósito. Nuestro legislador pretende que ciertos menores, especialmente los más mayores, alcancen a través de la adopción abierta, una mayor estabilidad familiar y personal y que su adopción presente menos dificultades. El objeto del presente estudio es, de una parte, conocer cuál es la implantación real de esta modalidad de adopción en nuestro país o, quizá debiéramos decir más correctamente, en las distintas Comunidades Autónomas. Ellas son las competentes por razón de la materia para su puesta en marcha. De otra, proponer algunas medidas (relacionadas con los requisitos, el procedimiento de constitución y efectos de la adopción abierta), para impulsar su implantación.More than two years have passed since the entry into force of Law 26/2015, of July 28, on the Protection of Children and Adolescents. As a manifestation of the principle of the best interests of the child, institutions, both public and private, must prioritize that their life and development takes place in a suitable family environment, preferably in his family of origin (if it is possible and positive for him). To this purpose, open adoption has been incorporated into our legal system. Our legislator intends that certain minors, especially the older ones, achieve through greater open adoption, greater family and personal stability. This type of adoption presents fewer difficulties. The object of the present study is, firstly, to know what is the actual implementation of this method of adoption in our country or, perhaps we should say more correctly, in the different Autonomous Communities. They are competent by reason of the subject for their start-up. On the other hand, it proposes some measures (related to the requirements, the constitution procedure and effects of open adoption), to promote its implementation.

The Syrian War has led to a refugee crisis due to which over 4.9 million Syrians have fled the country. Turkey holds over 3.5 million Syrian refugees which demands immediate attention for economic and social integration of these refugees. Economic integration has been very problematic due to a lack of labor market integration. Problems still exist after the legal changes in work permit processing for Syrians made in January 2016. Entrepreneurship provides an alternative for economic integration of Syrians into Turkey. In addition, migrant entrepreneurs are able to provide employment opportunities to other migrants as well as locals, increase investment, and boost economic activity. This study focused on finding the problems faced by Syrian entrepreneurs and the opportunities which are available for them in the Turkish market. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 Syrian entrepreneurs in different districts of Istanbul. The results show that Syrian entrepreneurs face many hurdles including language barrier, high business costs, transparency of market opportunities, access to finance, lack of knowledge about commercial and taxation law, lack of governmental/non-governmental support, and discrimination. Opportunities for Syrian entrepreneurs include large Syrian ethnic communities, ease of registration, social networks, and at times leniency by governmental authorities. ; Suriye'de başlayan iç savaş 4,9 milyonun üzerinde Suriyeli'nin ülke dışına gitmesine neden olan bir mülteci krizi yaratmıştır. Bu mültecilerin yaklaşık 3,5 milyonu Türkiye'de yer almakta ve ekonomik ve sosyal entegrasyona ilişkin acil önlemlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ekonomik entegrasyon özellikle emek piyasasında yaşanan güçlüklerden ötürü oldukça sorunlu bir durumdadır. Ocak 2016'da Türkiye'deki Suriyeli mültecilerin çalışma izni sürecini kolaylaştıran düzenlemeye ragmen halen güçlükler devam etmektedir. Bu noktada girişimcilik Türkiye'deki Suriyelilerin entegrasyon süreci için önemli bir fırsat olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Buna ek olarak göçmen girişimcilerin bulundukları ülkede göçmenler kadar yerli vatandaşlara da iş yaratma becerilerine sahip olmaları, yatırımları arttırmaları ve ekonomik büyümeyi desteklemeleri bu alanı daha önemli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Türkiye piyasasında faaliyette bulunan Suriyeli göçmenlerin karşılaştıkları güçlükler ve fırsatları araştırmaya odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada İstanbul'daki 10 Suriyeli girişimci ile yarı-yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Suriyeli girişimcilerin dil bariyeri, yüksek işletme maliyetleri, pazar fırsatlarına erişim güçlükleri, finansmana erişimi, vergi ve yasal düzenlemelere ilişkin bilgiye erişimi, kamu ve STK desteği eksikliği ve ayrımcılık gibi sorunlarla karşılaştığı görülmektedir. Öte yandan yüksek sayıda Suriyeli mültecinin yarattığı pazar fırsatları, iş kurma kolaylığı, sosyal ağlar ve kamu otoriteleri desteği önemli fırsatlar olarak görülmektedir.

This study aims to describe the competence development of civil servants in EastKalimantan Provincial Government based on Law Number 5 Year 2014 and thefactors that influence it. With qualitative descriptive method, secondary data iscollected through library research. Result of the research is the comparison of thepersonnel posture, senior officer ratio based on gender, and the accomodation ofthe local people which is still relatively small; Competence development is stillconsidered to be the domain of BKD and has not become a priority of regionalgovernment needs based on regional content. Competency development is stillconstrained by the lack of budget and managerial staff, the existence of inconsistentcentral policies that can not be followed by the region. Assessment is recomendedtoward the competencies which is relevant and required for senior leader level inorder to arrange developed standards of managerial and socio-cultural competence.Competence development is not only concerned with the priority of accomodatinglocal people to be apparatus, but also the vision of regional development. Capacitybuilding should be based on the agency's key strategic objectives and performanceindicators. Dynamic leadership regeneration is needed as well as competencymapping with respect to gender sensitivity and priority of local people / regionalcontent. Thus, innovative laboratories are required in each region to make changeproject of every high-level leader sustainable. Keywords: Competence Development, Civil Servant, East Kalimantan ProvinceGovernment. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengembangan kompetensi Aparatur SipilNegara di Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, dari Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun2014 serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif, datasekunder dikumpulkan melalui penelitian kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian adalahperbandingan antara postur kepegawaian, rasio Pimpinan Tinggi (pimti) berdasar gender,dan akomodir putra daerah yang masih tergolong kecil; layanan publik menunjukkaninovasi pelayanan publik telah berjalan dengan lebih baik ditandai dengan reformasi padasistem pelayanan publik. Pengembangan kompetensi masih dianggap menjadi ranah BKDdan belum menjadi prioritas kebutuhan pemerintah daerah berbasis regional content,pengembangan kompetensi masih terkendala dengan minimnya anggaran dan tenagapengelola, adanya kebijakan pusat yang inkonsisten yang tidak mampu diikuti oleh daerah.Direkomendasikan assesment terhadap kompetensi yang dianggap relevan dandibutuhkan oleh pimti, untuk selanjutnya disusun standar kompetensi manajerial dan sosiokultural. Pengembangan kompetensi tidak hanya memperhatikan prioritas putra daerah,juga visi pengembangan daerah. Penguatan kapasitas sebaiknya didasarkan pada sasaranstrategis dan indikator kinerja utama instansi. Perlu dilakukan regenerasi kepemimpinanyang dinamis, pemetaan kompetensi dengan memperhatikan kepekaan gender danprioritas putra daerah/regional content secara tepat sasaran. Perlu dibuat laboratoriuminovasi di setiap daerah sebagai proyek perubahan berkelanjutan setiap pimpinan tinggidi unit kerjanya. Kata Kunci: Pengembangan Kompetensi, Aparatur Pemerintah, Pemerintah ProvinsiKalimantan Timur

abstract An important part of the controversy which animates the political debate today in the countries affected by the Arab Spring has its origin in the uncertainties which surround the process of secularization and democratization of political regimes. Indeed, the arrival of the Islamists in power updated the debate on the political / religion relationship and at the same time gave rise to questions about the nature of the relationship that the Islamist parties have with regard to the so-called values of "modernity". It is important to remember that the interaction between religion and politics constitutes an important regularity from which Arab-Muslim societies would escape. In Islam, all political institutions are said to be based on and cemented by religious dogmas. This interpretation of Islam has imposed practical arrangements between the state and society in the land of Islam to avoid the breakup of society or its dissolution into widespread anarchy. From the perspective of legitimization, the duty to obey, which transformed after the arrival of the Umayyad dynasty to power (661-749) into a constitutive norm of Muslim public law, has as a corollary the desire not to fall back into jahiliya (disorder) and to go beyond fitna .discord. key words: interpretation, religion, dynasty, Muslim, legitimation ; abstract Une partie importante de la controverse qui anime aujourd'hui le débat politique dans les pays touchés par le printemps arabe a pour origine les incertitudes qui entourent le processus de sécularisation et de démocratisation des régimes politiques. En effet, l'arrivée des islamistes au pouvoir a actualisé le débat sur le rapport politique /religion et a en même temps donné lieu à des interrogations sur la nature de la relation que les partis islamistes entretiennent vis-à-vis des valeurs dites de «modernité». Il importe de rappeler que l'interaction entre religion et politique constitue une régularité importante à laquelle n'échapperaient les sociétés arabo-musulmanes. En islam, toutes les institutions politiques sont censées être fondées sur les dogmes religieux et cimentées par ceux-ci. Cette interprétation de l'Islam a imposé des arrangements pratiques entre l'Etat et la société en terre d'Islam pour éviter l'éclatement de la société ou sa dissolution dans une anarchie généralisée. Dans la perspective de légitimation, le devoir d'obéir, qui s'est transformé après l'arrivée de la dynastie Omeyyades au pouvoir (661-749) en norme constitutive du droit public musulman, a pour corollaire le désir de ne pas retomber dans la jahiliya (désordre) et de dépasser la fitna (discorde). mots clé:interprétation,religion,dynastie,musulman,légitimation

This article analyzes jurisdiction al means of settling and resolving legal disputes in Ukraine.The protection of rights may be in a jurisdiction al or extrajudicial form. The jurisdiction al form of protection involves resolving a dispute in accordance with the normatively defined competence in the field of the protection of the rights of an authorized official body or other authority acting on behalf of the state. Jurisdiction al form of protection is provided by judicial and extrajudicial means.The court system (the system of courts of general jurisdiction and constitutional jurisdiction) is the main means of resolving disputes: the court decision must be based on the principles of the rule of law, judicial decisions are binding, the place of each court act is clearly regulated. Only the court is able to administer justice. Justice is a form of public activity and is aimed at achieving equity and ensuring an effective renewal and protection of rights.Non-judicial jurisdictional means are the Authorized Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Human Rights, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, other bodies of state power, bodies of power of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or local self-government, as well as specially authorized bodies or bodies with special status, having certain powers in the field of protection of rights: the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, diplomatic services, the Fund for the Guaranteeing of Deposits of Natural Persons, State Registration Bodies Closed Rights to Real Estate and their Encumbrances. All these bodies are state authorities and have a normatively defined competence in the field of protection of rights.A notary is not a body of the state but is a body of jurisdictional activity on behalf of the state, a nongovernmental institution, which according to the legislation of Ukraine delegated certain powers of the state regarding the protection of rights.The number of jurisdictional means of adjustment and solving legal disputes in Ukraine will increase with the expanding powers of existing bodies and the creation of new bodies with a special status in the field of rights protection.Article received 11.06.2018 ; Статтю присвячено аналізу юрисдикційних засобів врегулювання та вирішення правових спорів в Україні. Вирішення цих спорів може здійснюватися в юрисдикційній або позаюрисдикційній формі. Юрисдикційна форма захисту передбачає вирішення спору відповідно до нормативно визначеної компетенції в галузі захисту прав уповноваженого на те органу державної влади або іншого органу, що діє від імені держави. Юрисдикційна форма захисту представлена судовими та позасудовими засобами.Матеріал надійшов 11.06.2018

The Entrepreneurship education has functioned as a governmental device in institutions of primary and secondary education in Colombia from 2006 under the law 1014 and from there, different interpretations have been constructed that translate into speeches, which guide practices, which in this project have been recontextualized and worth analyzing in key contributions to public educational policy. The objective is to disseminate new knowledge of the same participating institutions in the systematization of experiences related to entrepreneurship culture. The method used is framed on a research qualitative approach focused on the systematization of experiences and the subsequent analysis of statements in the various stories (narrations). As a result, institutional practices that mobilized the institutional culture for entrepreneurship were observed; Institutional management processes that empower people along the lines of an education focused on comprehensive training that responds to the challenges in the current context. As conclusions of this work it is evident that the Colombian education policy can be strengthened by the reflections and institutional practices that have assumed that education for entrepreneurship must have a conception of institutional culture relevant to the territories. ; La educación para el emprendimiento funciona como dispositivo gubernamental en establecimientos educativos (EE) de educación básica y media de Colombia desde el 2006 en el marco de la ley 1014 y desde ahí, se han construido diversas interpretaciones que se traducen en discursos, los cuales orientan prácticas, que en este proyecto se han recontextualizado y vale la pena analizarlas en clave de aportes a la política pública educativa. El objetivo es divulgar nuevos conocimientos de EE participantes en la sistematización de experiencias relacionadas con la cultura del emprendimiento. El método utilizado se centra en una investigación cualitativa centrada en la sistematización de experiencias y el posterior análisis de enunciados y de regularidades discursivas de los relatos. Como resultado se observaron prácticas institucionales que movilizan la cultura institucional para el emprendimiento y la empresarialidad (CIEE); procesos de gestión institucional que empoderan a las personas en la línea de una CIEE y una educación centrada en la formación integral que responda a los retos del contexto actual. Como conclusiones de este trabajo se afirma que la política de educación actualmente es fortalecida por las reflexiones de prácticas institucionales que han asumido que la educación para el emprendimiento debe tener una concepción de cultura institucional pertinente para los territorios.

Merawat KemanusiaanPendekatan Kritis Terhadap Teknologi ModernA. Puspo KuntjoroABSTRAK: Berita bohong (hoax) dan ujaran kebencian (hate speech) telah menjadifenomena yang cukup sering menyebar di dunia maya terutama media sosial.Khususnya dalam periode kontestasi politik di Indonesia, hal ini berkembangmenjadi sesuatu yang sangat mengkhawatirkan. Pengalaman telah menunjukkanbahwa polarisasi dan konfl ik tajam yang diakibatkannya dalam masyarakattelah menggerus rasa persatuan dan persaudaraan bangsa kita yang majemuk.Lebih daripada itu, fenomena ini dapat berkembang menjadi krisis kemanusiaanIndonesia, kemanusiaan yang ramah, toleran, terbuka, adil dan beradab terhadapsesamanya.Teknologi modern jelas punya andil besar dalam memunculkanpersoalan ini, khususnya teknologi informasi yang berkembang super cepat.Hoax dan hate speech, misalnya, menjadi mudah tersebar luas dan cepat karenadimungkinkan oleh media sosial dan algoritmanya. Sejumlah kajian fi losofi sterhadap teknologi memperlihatkan bahwa teknologi modern bukanlah sekadaralat yang netral. Teknologi modern membentuk dan mengubah cara pandangserta cara hidup manusia di dunia. Di samping pendekatan hukum denganpenerapan Undang-undang ITE (Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik) yangtanpa kompromi, pendekatan yang kritis terhadap teknologi modern diperlukanuntuk melindungi persatuan dan kemanusiaan Indonesia dari potensi-potensinegatif yang menyertai teknologi modern.KATA KUNCI: hoax, hate speech, politik identitas, globalisasi, persatuan,kemanusiaan Indonesia, teknologi modern, enframing, challenging-forth, mediasiteknologi, detox teknologi, moralising technology. Abstract: Hoax and hate speech have become phenomena which often spread incyberspace, especially in social media. Particularly during the period of politicalcontestation in Indonesia, this has developed into something very alarming. Experiencehas shown that the polarization and the sharp confl icts which result from it in societyhave eroded our nation's sense of unity and brotherhood. Moreover, this phenomenoncan develop into humanity crisis in Indonesia, humanity that is friendly, tolerant,open, just and civilized towards each other. Modern technology clearly has a bigrole in engendering this problem, especially information technology that developssuper fast. Hoax and hate speech, for example, become easily and quickly widespreadbecause they are made possible by social media and its algorithms. A number ofphilosophical studies of technology show that modern technology is not just a neutraltool. Modern technology shapes and changes people's perspectives and ways of life inthe world. In addition to the legal approach via the uncompromising application ofthe ITE (Electronic Information & Transaction) Law, a critical approach to moderntechnology is needed to protect Indonesia's unity and humanity from the negativepotential which accompanies modern technology.KEYWORDS: hoax, hate speech, identity politics, globalization, unity, Indonesianhumanity, modern technology, enframing, challenging-forth, technology mediation,technology detox, moralising technology.

Актуальность определяется тем, что знание, воплощенное в человеческом капитале и технологиях, всегда играло важную роль в прогрессе экономики и общества, что нашло отражение в понятии «экономика, основанная на знаниях». Цель работы: провести анализ основных экономических тенденций, связанных с производством и распространением знаний, раскрыть основные аспекты экономики знаний: экономический рост, наука и образование, рынок труда, ИРЧП, сектор образовательных услуг на примере Новосибирской области. Методы исследования: сравнительный анализ подходов к определению «экономика знаний»; анализ особенностей развития рынка труда Новосибирской области. Результаты. Исследован индекс развития человеческого потенциала Новосибирской области. Предложены, стратегические приоритеты инновационного развития. Рассмотрена концепция экономики знаний как стратегического направления регионального развития. Выявлено, что несмотря на сокращение численности обучающихся в вузах, приоритеты студентов в востребованности направлений подготовки в последние годы не меняются. Лидерами по количеству выпускников традиционно являются направления: экономика, юриспруденция и менеджмент. Потребности же предприятий в работниках не совпадают со структурой предложения на рынке труда. Частично эта проблема решается за счет перетока обучающихся на программы среднего профессионального образования, однако этого недостаточно и государству следует стремиться изменить структуру подготовки выпускников с высшим образованием. ; Relevance of the study is determined by the fact that knowledge embodied in human capital and technologies has always played an important role in the progress of economy and society, which is reflected in the concept of «economy based on knowledge». The aim of the research is to analyse the key economic trends related to production and dissemination of knowledge, to reveal the main aspects of knowledge economy: economic growth, science and education, labour market, HDI, sector of educational services in Novosibirsk region. Methods of the research: comparative analysis of approaches to definition of «knowledge economy», based on the increased role of information and knowledge, the analysis of characteristics of labour market development in Novosibirsk region. Results. The authors have studied the human development index in Novosibirsk region, proposed the concept of the knowledge economy as a strategic sector for regional development and revealed, that despite the decline in the number of students in universities, the priorities of students in the demand for training areas do not change in recent years. Leaders in the number of graduates are traditionally economics, law and management. The needs of businesses and workers do not coincide with the structure of supply in the labour market. This problem is partially solved due to the flow of students into programs of secondary vocational education, but this is not enough and the government should seek to change the structure of graduates in areas of training.

Three recent events affecting human rights in sexuality and reproduction (a proposed ban on abortion in Poland, blocking support for She Decides in Croatia and halting a civil union law in Estonia) were spearheaded by organizations which appear to be the national antennae of the transnational, socially conservative network called Tradition, Family and Property (TFP). TFP refers to a set of interrelated conservative, Catholic-inspired organizations which share a common world view inspired by the TFP founder, Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira. Originating in Brazil in 1960 and eventually spreading throughout the world, TFP has long been an insurrection movement within Catholicism, with a distinct way of working by fusing social conservatism with economic hyper-liberalism and a legacy of complicity with far-right movements. Having withered away from Latin America, TFP is now an active European network with positions against sexual and reproductive rights (SRR ) among its priorities. TFP's influence on SRR takes three main routes: social mobilization; norm entrepreneur and entering decision-making spaces. TFP has found new horizons in Eastern Europe and ambitions to influence the European Union and the United Nations. The reactionary narrative of TFP espousing religious orthodoxy and sanctifying economic inequality could become attractive to some by offering religious legitimization for illiberalism and authoritarianism. ; Tri nedavna događaja koja se tiču seksualnih i reproduktivnih prava (predložena zabrana pobačaja u Poljskoj, blokiranje potpore inicijativi She Decides u Hrvatskoj i zaustavljanje zakona o civilnom partnerstvu u Estoniji) potaknule su organizacije koje se doimaju poput nacionalne antene transnacionalne, socijalno konzervativne mreže Tradicija, obitelj i vlasništvo (Tradition, Family and Property – TFP). TFP je oznaka za skup međupovezanih konzervativnih i katolicizmom nadahnutih organizacija koje dijele svjetonazor blizak osnivaču TFP-a Plinia Corrêe de Oliveira. Nastao u Brazilu 1960-ih, a zatim proširen svijetom, TFP je već dugo pobunjenički pokret unutar katolicizma, a kojeg odlikuje specifičan način djelovanja kroz spajanje socijalnog konzervativizma, ekonomskog hiperliberalizma i naslijeđe bliskosti s krajnje desnim pokretima. Oslabljen u Latinskoj Americi, TFP je sada aktivna europska mreža s dominantnim stavovima protiv seksualnih i reproduktivnih prava (SRR ). Utjecaj TFP-a na seksualna i reproduktivna prava zbiva se putem društvene mobilizacije, normativnog poduzetništva i ulaska u prostore donošenja odluka. TFP-u su se u Istočnoj Europi otvorili novi horizonti i ambicije za utjecaj na Europsku uniju i Ujedinjene narode. Reakcionarni narativ TFP-a, koji promiče pravovjernost i posvećuje ekonomske nejednakosti, mogao bi postati privlačan kao religijska legitimacija iliberalizma i autoritarizma.

Between 1815 and 1830 Northern and Southern members of the States General clashed over how to behave as political representatives. This article presents this conflict as evidence of the continuity of the meeting practices employed in the States General since the Dutch Republic. Examples from three different periods show the continuity of three elements of the Northern meeting practice. Pragmatic, secluded and dignified meetings aimed at achieving consensus among the provinces or among members, Chamber, king and government. Deliberations on a resolution or a bill had to take place in an orderly and harmonious manner to ensure the willingness of the provinces or the Dutch people to obey the law. Hence, the political legitimacy of the state was constantly at stake during sessions of the States General and directly connected with correct procedure and behaviour. The continuity of the three practical elements nuances the impact of the constitutional ruptures which on first sight clearly separate the States General of the Dutch Republic from its successor in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. This article is part of the special issue 'Political Change and Civic Continuities in the Age of Revolutions'.Tussen 1815 en 1830 botsten Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Leden van de Staten-Generaal over hoe zij zich als volksvertegenwoordigers dienden te gedragen. Aan de hand van de weergave van deze botsing toont dit artikel de continuïteit aan van een vergaderpraktijk die ontwikkeld werd in de Staten-Generaal in de Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden en die ondanks verschillende constitutionele verschuivingen gangbaar bleef. Voorbeelden afkomstig uit drie politiek verschillende tijdvakken tonen de continuïteit van drie elementen in de dominante Noordelijke vergadermores. Zakelijke, besloten en eerbiedwaardige vergaderingen en vergaderaars streefden naar consensus tussen de provincies of tussen de leden, Kamer, koning en regering. Het ordentelijke en harmonieuze overleg in de Staten-Generaal was een voorwaarde voor de gehoorzaamheid van provincies en burgers aan de uitgevaardigde Resoluties of wetten. De politieke legitimiteit van de staat stond altijd op het spel in de vergadering en hield direct verband met de correcte vergaderprocedure en passend gedrag. De continuïteit van de drie praktische elementen nuanceert de impact van de constitutionele breuken die de Staten-Generaal van de Republiek op het eerste gezicht zo duidelijk onderscheiden van hun naamgenoot in het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het themanummer 'Political Change and Civic Continuities in the Age of Revolutions'.