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The article is devoted to the acute problems of establishing the principles of social responsibility in the difficult conditions of the emergence of a market economy during the globalization of the world economy. The content of the process highlighted the globalization and the challenges that come with it. Itspecified their influence on the prospects of development of the socio-economic sphere.The article summarized the factors that determine the features of management in the 21th century and described the intrinsic characteristics pertaining to it. The researchhas argued the strategic reference points for the improvement of the management practice at various levels of the economic system in the context of the course of the processes of globalization. Considering the requirement for the urgent implementation of the principles of the concept of social responsibility in conjunction with applied management tools, the modern priorities of human resources management of the organization are substantiated. The certain research gave an opportunity to discover that together with the requirement to achieve economic efficiency and the preservation of national identity – should serve as a leading goal of both public administration and management of business entities. Along with the available developments, further scientific development of the problem raised in the article will promote the sovereign political and economic development of Ukraine. Challenges, which would include all elements of the national idea, economic revival and social justice, covering all levels of the administrative verticals. Integration of the provisions of such a doctrine into the priorities of social development and personnel policies of organizations will ensure inclusion of the principles of social responsibility in the practice of human resources management. In order to improve the quality of working life, increase productivity and efficiency of management, and ensure the competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and foreign markets. ; Статтю присвячено гострим проблемам утвердження принципів соціальної відповідальності у складних умовах становлення ринкової економіки за часів глобалізації світового господарства. Висвітлено зміст глобалізаційного процесу та тих викликів, які ним спричиняються; уточнено їх вплив на перспективи розвитку соціально-економічної сфери. Встановлено, що зазначений процес перешкоджає реалізації ефективних стратегій щодо модернізації системи суспільно-виробничих відносин на територіях країн, які не є лідерами геополітики. Крім того, доведено, що дослідження глобалізаційної проблематики ускладняється через її неоднорідний прояв на країни учасники. Узагальнено чинники, що визначають обличчя менеджменту у ХХІ столітті, та охарактеризовано притаманні йому риси. У контексті перебігу глобалізаційних процесів аргументовано стратегічні орієнтири удосконалення практики управління на різних рівнях економічної системи. Зважаючи на вимогу нагальної імплементації положень концепції соціальної відповідальності у комплекс прикладного інструментарію менеджменту, обґрунтовано сучасні пріоритети управління людськими ресурсами організації, як невід'ємної складової сучасного менеджменту. Проведене дослідження надало змогу визначити, що у ХХІ столітті останнє – разом із вимогою досягнення економічної ефективності та збереження національної самобутності – має виступати провідною ціллю як державного управління, так і менеджменту суб'єктів господарювання. Поряд із наявними напрацюваннями, подальша наукова розробка піднятої у статті проблеми сприятиме суверенному політичному та економічному розвитку України. Інтеграція положень доктрини протидії глобалізаційним викликам у склад пріоритетів суспільного розвитку та кадрових політик організацій забезпечуватиме інклюзію принципів соціальної відповідальності у практику управління людськими ресурсами з метою поліпшення якості трудового життя, підвищення продуктивності праці та результативності господарювання, забезпечення конкурентоспроможності вітчизняної продукції на внутрішніх та зовнішніх ринках.

My PhD dissertation analyzes the reactions of the Holy See as well as of French and Italian Catholics, through a comparative approach, to the events in Vietnam between the second half of 1963 and the first half of 1966. Within this time frame, a series of events would bring the international attention back on Vietnam, while Paul VI would resume the work of the Second Vatican council and lead it to a conclusion, and while both the international system and Western European societies would go through major transformations in their deep structures. Based on my study, I argue that between 1963 and 1966 Vietnam would have been perceived as the scene of three different forms of conflict in the eyes of the Church. A religious war (1963, 'Buddhist crisis'), a potential atomic third world war (1964-1965, Gulf of Tonkin crisis and U.S. full military intervention in Vietnam), and an asymmetric, semi-conventional war that would cause a humanitarian emergency (1965-1966, intense escalation of the war). Each of these forms of conflict would raise specific and delicate issues for the conciliar Church, most of which regarding the relationship between religion and politics. The most pressing of these issues would come to be the legitimacy of the "Just War" doctrine in the atomic age, the need for concrete action in favor of peace on behalf of the whole Church, and primacy of conscience amongst the Catholics. Engaged in a complex and often contradictory internal dialectic, the Church appears to have been divided between the spirit of Vatican II's 'aggiornamento', introduced by John XXIII's magisterium, and the its traditional connection with the West, marked by Pius XII's rigid anticommunism of the Fifties. ; Ma thèse de doctorat examine les réactions du Saint-Siège et, à travers une approche comparative, des catholiques français et italiens aux événements survenus au Viêtnam entre la seconde moitié de 1963 et le premier semestre de 1966. Dans cette période une série d'événements attirerait de nouveau l'attention internationale sur le Viêtnam, alors que Paul VI reprenait les travaux du concile Vatican II et les menait à terme. En même temps, le système international et les sociétés de l'Europe occidentale connaissaient des transformations majeures dans leurs structures profondes. Entre 1963 et 1966 le Viêtnam semble avoir été perçu par l'Église comme le théâtre de trois formes différentes de conflit : une guerre de religion (1963, « crise bouddhiste »), une éventuelle troisième guerre mondiale atomique (1964-1965, crise du golfe du Tonkin et intervention armée des États-Unis contre le FLN et le Viêtnam du Nord), une guerre demi-conventionnelle asymétrique qui provoqua une urgence humanitaire (1965-1966, intense escalade). Chacune de ces formes souleva des questions spécifiques et délicates aux yeux de l'Église conciliaire, dont la plupart intéressaient les rapports entre religion et politique. Les questions les plus pressantes concernaient la légitimité de la « guerre juste » à l'âge atomique, la nécessité d'une action concrète de l'Église en faveur de la paix, la primauté de la conscience. Engagée dans une dialectique interne complexe et souvent contradictoire, l'Église semble avoir été divisée entre l'esprit de « l'aggiornamento » de Vatican II, introduit par le magistère de Jean XXIII, et son lien traditionnel avec l'Occident, marqué par le rigide anticommunisme du pontificat de Pie XII des années Cinquante.

Стаття присвячена розгляду теоретичних та практичних питань визначення монопольного становища суб'єктів господарюваннята застосування відповідальності до правопорушників за зловживання ним. Основним спрямуванням конкурентної політики є оптимальне узгодження інтересів суб'єктів господарювання і споживачів, недопущення монополізму і олігархізму в ринковому середовищі. Для вдалої реалізації конкурентної політики, повинні бути чітко закріплені на законодавчому рівні, в тому числі на конституційному, гарантії та принципи забезпечення конкурентного ; Рассмотрены теоретические и практические вопросы определения монопольного положения субъектов хозяйствования и применения ответственности к правонарушителям за злоупотребление им. Основным направлением конкурентной политики является оптимальное согласование интересов субъектов хозяйствования и потребителей, недопущения монополизма и олигархизма в рыночной среде. Реализация конкурентной политики требует четкого закрепления на законодательном уровне, в том числе и конституционном, гарантий и принципов обеспечения конкурентной среды и механизмов борьбы с монополизированными рынками. ; The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical issues of determining the monopoly position of business entities and the application of responsibility to offenders for their abuse. Overcoming the level of monopolized markets and combating abuse by monopoly entities is one of the most important tasks of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine. The issue of ensuring the functioning of a normal market environment on the basis of fair methods of competition is highly relevant. The monopolization of markets and industries worsens the state of free competition and hinders the development of a competitive environment, limiting the rights of some business entities.All over the world, the problem of combating monopolization of markets and preventing the creation of monopolistic formations is extremely important, as is the use of effective mechanisms to bring to responsibility for competitive offenses.To prosecute it is necessary to determine the composition of the offense. In order to attract to the responsibility of a business entity for the abuse of a monopoly position, it is necessary to prove the fact that he has occupied a monopoly (dominant) position. The process of determining a monopoly position provides for the implementation of a phased special procedure, after which the conclusion is made about the presence or absence of a monopoly (dominant) enterprise on the market. For a successful and effective mechanism to combat the abuse of a monopoly position, it is necessary to improve the procedure for determining a monopoly position and make changes to the existing Methodology.The main task of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine is not just the fight against abuses by monopolists and the imposition of sanctions on them, but also the regulation, protection and promotion of competition. It is important to balance the punitive and preventive functions of the AMCU, as well as the combination of the principles of prohibition and control.The commission of such an offense as the abuse of a monopoly position provides for 2 types of liability, a fine and compulsory separation. But there is no exact mechanism for applying these types of responsibility. It is necessary to see the development of a special methodology for calculating fines for competitive offenses; it will provide for various forms, types and manifestations of competitive offenses, along with consideration of the consequences caused to business entities, competitors, consumers, or the economy. It also requires detailing and consolidating a clear algorithm for applying the procedure of forced separation at the legislative level.

The article investigates the religious life of the Orthodox in Transcarpathia in 1914-1916. The author investigates the influence of the second Maramorosh-Sigot process on the expansion of the Orthodox movement in the territory of the present Transcarpathian region. Based on archival sources in the text it is proved that the results of the process, despite their cruelty, did not lead to the end of Orthodoxy. The tribunal has led to the reverse effect, causing sympathy for the world community and the population of the Austrian-Hungarian Committees of Ukraine. The existing source base, localized in the Ukrainian and Romanian archives, has been analyzed. The author notes that the historiography of the issue is rather scanty, the problem is not sufficiently studied. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the sentence, the terms of imprisonment and the amount of fines are indicated. The article looks at the attitude of the Hungarian authorities towards the convicts in the trial. Based on a source analysis, the author proved that the authorities illegally extended the stay of the Orthodox, who were in jail. Studied the missionary work of the hieromonk of Amphilohius, Matthew and Seraphim, which unfolded on the territory of several committees. The author claims that the authorities arrested and mobilized to stop their work. Based on documents from the archives in Baia Mare, the article describes the methodology of control over the Orthodox from the authorities. She was in surveillance, compulsory events in gendarmerie, arrests. The authorities used the services of detectives and secret agents. The author comes to the conclusion that the government groundlessly accused Orthodox peasants of betrayal of the state, while violating the current legislation on the cults in the empire. The article gives a number of examples of underground activities of Orthodox communities in persecution. ; У статті досліджується релігійне життя православних на Закарпатті в 1914-1916 рр. Автор прослідковує вплив Другого Мараморош-Сиготського процесу на розширення православного руху на території нинішньої Закарпатської області. Спираючись на архівні джерела у тексті доведено, що результати процесу, незважаючи на їх жорстокість, не призвели до припинення православ'я. Трибунал призвів до зворотного ефекту, викликавши співчуття у світової громадськості та населення українських комітатів Австро-Угорщини. Проаналізовано наявну джерельну базу, котра локалізована в українських та румунських архівах. Автор зазначає, що історіографія питання є досить скупою, дана проблема недостатньо вивчена. Особлива увага приділена аналізу вироку, вказано терміни ув'язнення та розміри штрафів. У статті прослідковано ставлення угорської влади до засуджених на судовому процесі. На основі аналізу джерел автор довів, що влада незаконно продовжила термін перебування православним, котрі перебували у в'язницях. Вивчається місіонерська робота ієромонахів Амфілохія, Матфея та Серафима, котра розгорнулася на території кількох комітатів. Автор стверджує, що влада задля припинення їхньої діяльності провела арешти та мобілізацію. Спираючись на документи з архіву в Бая Маре, у статті охарактеризовано методику контролю над православними з боку влади. Вона полягала у стеженні, обов'язкових явках в жандармерії, арештах. Влада застосовувала послуги детективів і таємних агентів. Автор приходить до висновку, що уряд безпідставно звинувачував православних селян у зраді державі, порушуючи при цьому діюче в імперії законодавство про культи. У статті наводиться ряд прикладів підпільної діяльності православних громад в умовах гонінь.

The article discusses the methodological approaches to the study of non-standard forms of employment on the example of volunteering, as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, inherent not only in economic science, but also in sociological and legal. It is shown that the formation and development of non-standard forms of employment and volunteering, in particular, contributes to the combination of external and internal factors in the country, which create conditions and incentives for the spread and accelerated practical implementation of the process. The national features of the mechanisms of state management of borrowed labor in non-standard forms of employment are defined by the example of volunteering from the point of view of the cluster approach. Using the structural-functional analysis, the regulatory nature of the mechanisms of state administration of borrowed labor of non-standard forms of employment is revealed by the example of volunteering. With the help of the determinants of the mechanisms of state management of non-standard forms of employment, it is justified that non-standard forms of employment — borrowed labor — have been used on the labor market in volunteering in the world for a long time. It is shown that in social entrepreneurship of non-standard forms of employment, using the example of volunteering, the technology of activity in the form of contingent labor has acquired features and transformed into the scheme given in the article. The interaction of volunteering market participants is shown in the aspect of loan labor of non-standard forms of employment, which is a modification of the classical scheme of loan labor. It was revealed that the mechanisms of state management of non-standard forms of employment in the aspect of volunteer labor are constrained by a number of organizational and legal issues. It is shown that the development of social entrepreneurship and its distribution in Ukraine will enable the most active volunteer organizations to work successfully on solving modern problems of social development. ; В статті розглянуто методологічні підходи до дослідження нестандартних форм зайнятості на прикладі волонтерства, як складного та багатогранного явища, що притаманні не тільки економічній науці, а й соціологічній та правовій. Показано, що формуванню та розвитку нестандартних форм зайнятості й волонтерства, зокрема, сприяє сукупність зовнішніх та внутрішніх чинників в державі, які створюють умови та спонукальні мотиви для поширення та прискореної практичної реалізації процесу. Визначено національні особливості механізмів державного управління запозиченою працею нестандартних форм зайнятості на прикладі волонтерства з зору кластерного підходу. З використанням структурно-функціонального аналізу розкрито регуляторний характер механізмів державного управління запозиченою працею нестандартних форм зайнятості на прикладі волонтерства. За допомогою детермінант механізмів державного управління нестандартними формами зайнятості обгрунтовано, що на ринку праці волонтерства в світі вже тривалий час використовується нестандартна форма зайнятості - запозичена праця. Показано, що в соціальному підприємництві нестандартних форм зайнятості на прикладі волонтерства технологія діяльності за формою запозиченої праці набула особливостей та трансформувалася в наведену в статті схему. Показано взаємодію учасників ринку волонтерства в аспекті запозиченої праці нестандартних форм зайнятості, що є модифікацією класичної схеми дії запозиченої праці. Виявлено, що дія механізмів державного управління нестандартними формами зайнятості в аспекті запозиченої праці волонтерів стримуються через низку проблем організаційного та правового характеру. Показано, що розвиток соціального підприємництва та його поширення в Україні дасть можливість найбільш активним волонтерським організаціям успішно працювати над вирішенням сучасних проблем розвитку суспільства.

Over the past thirty to forty years, the academic study of religion has brought the category of religion into crisis, unveiling its Christian architecture and its formation as a settler-colonial category of European expansion. While the proliferation of research on the genealogy of religion has opened new and important vantages for study, we remain conflicted about what is at stake. In this dissertation, I argue that the modern-colonial construction of religion is organized by a racial-theological operation that categorically separates people into humans, subhumans, and nonhumans, by which the social, economic, and political inequalities of racial capitalism have been made to seem natural and inevitable. The dissertation brings Black Studies and decolonial theory to bear on critical genealogies of religion, and argues modern discourses of race and religion are rooted in anti-blackness and settler-colonialism. I aim to specify the practice of racial distinction as the force or movement that opens religion's discursive economy. Chapter one reviews the state of contemporary criticism of religion, and situates critique of religion in the material crises of the twentieth century. In chapter two, I engage the work of Caribbean theorist Sylvia Wynter to historicize the argument, and show how modern politics became possible by secularizing the theological distinctions or oppositions of medieval Christendom into the biological enemies or failures of the human species itself. I deploy this framework in chapter three by reading together the work of Lindon Barrett with David Chidester's Savage Systems, and argue that the human is a structure of value in relation to that which can generate value but not be valued in itself. Chapter four engages Silvia Federici's Caliban and the Witch, and turns the argument towards the subjugation of the European peasants in the witch-hunts, as a constitutive relation of settler-colonialism. Finally, chapter five explores the work of Charles Long on the history of religions, with the work of black feminists M. NourbeSe Philip, and Hortense Spillers, to interrogate religion as a modern category around the themes of freedom and racial slavery. In this chapter, I aim more directly at the religious logic of whiteness, especially as whiteness is structured by a grammar of captivity. The conclusion offers constructive reflections on the implications of the argument, and argues a way forward is to study religion in relation to what survives or escapes the installation of the human. This dissertation is a critique of dominant Christianity and the racial-(post)colonial world made as Western European Christendom secularized itself. But it is a critique that is launched in relation to contemporary theories and methodologies in religious studies. In this way, the project suggests a way of reading contemporary religious studies criticism as moving towards, but being unable to name, the problem of the human as that which houses the current crisis of religion and its resolutions. As a transmutation of the Christian subject, the human names the form of life - global in scope - that (re)produces itself as the proper mode of the human through the sociopolitical hierarchical differentiation of the human from the not-quite-human and the nonhuman (Alexander Weheliye).

En la actualidad nos hallamos inmersos en una sociedad compleja y cada vez más heterogénea dominada por el dinamismo y el devenir. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo también se está luchando en pro de lograr una homogeneización de los sistemas educativos en Europa. En este marco contextual se atisban situaciones de desigualdad de oportunidades que confluye en la necesidad de instaurar medidas inclusivas destinadas a minimizar estas d esigualdades. El aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida ya es hoy en día un concepto ampliamente extendido en el mundo occidental que atiende a la importancia de seguir construyendo el aprendizaje de forma paulatina a lo largo de todo el periodo vital. Tratando de evitar de esta manera que el proceso formativo de los individuos cese una vez terminados los estudios obligatorios o tras haber alcanzado una edad determinada. En la presente aportación recurrimos a la metodología comparada para abordar el origen del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida en dos países con historia y contextos dispares, como es el caso de España y Alemania. El objetivo principal reside en poder presentar las diferencias y similitudes del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida en estos países desde su surgimiento, pues es el momento en el que por vez primera se contempla como una necesidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos destaca la inestabilidad política en ambos países objeto de estudio a inicios del siglo XIX, el analfabetismo de gran parte de la población y la necesidad de mano de obra cualificada para la inserción profesional. A modo de colofón destacamos el fuerte vínculo entre la educación a lo largo de la vida y la educación de adultos, pues fue una medida de inclusión social que se dirigió principalmente las personas en edad adulta. ; Nowadays we are immersed in a complex society which is increasingly being more heterogeneous and it is dominated by dynamism and development. However, at the same time, efforts are also being made to achieve homogenization of the education systems in Europe. In this contextual framework, situations of inequality of opportunities are seen, which converge in the need to establish inclusive measures aimed at minimizing these inequalities. Lifelong learning is nowadays in the western world a widespread concept that addresses the importance of gradually continuing the learning process throughout the life cycle. Trying to avoid this way that the training process of the individuals ceases once completed the compulsory studies or after having reached a certain age. In this contribution, we resort to the comparative methodology to address the origin of lifelong learning in two countries with different histories and contexts, such as Spain and Germany. The main objective is to present the differences and similarities of lifelong learning in these countries since their emergence, because it is the moment when it has been seen as a necessity for the first time. The main obtained results show the political instability in both studied countries at the beginning of the 19th century, the illiteracy of a substantial part of the population and stand out the need for skilled workforce for professional insertion. As a conclusion, we emphasize the strong link between lifelong learning and adult education, because it was a measure of social inclusion which was mainly addressed to people in adulthood.

The sales tax or value added tax commonly called VAT is a tax that has its effect on the consumption of services, goods and exploitation of games of chance and luck. This tax is indirect, of the national order and of the general regime in Colombia and Spain. The present study was oriented to carry out a comparative study on the VAT value-added tax regulation in the countries of Colombia and Spain. Methodologically I am defined as a qualitative documentary descriptive paradigm study through content analysis and reflexive critical analysis. The results show that in the countries under study this tax is a source of progress and enrichment at the hands of the active subject of these taxes called the state as an economic, political and social agent, the above situation not only has effects in our space territorial but also throughout the world in which over the years these taxes have received different treatment at the legal and economic level, in times when the public sector finds the need to strengthen their coffers in order to meet needs. It is concluded that for both countries, the value added tax represents an important collection figure, and it is no less true that for this collection there are previously figures such as incentives, administrative costs or risk that taxpayers believe they can run, since for all purposes the money collected does not always end up satisfying needs of the state or its most needy, if not on the contrary it ends up in the hands of those who, with the phenomenon of corruption, spend it badly. ; El impuesto a las ventas o impuesto al valor agregado comúnmente denominado IVA, es un tributo que tiene su efecto en el consumo de servicios, bienes y explotación de juegos de azar y suerte. Este impuesto es indirecto, del orden nacional y del régimen general en Colombia y España. El presente estudio se orientó a realizar un estudio comparado sobre la regulación del impuesto al valor agregado IVA en los países Colombia y España. Metodológicamente quedo definido como un estudio de paradigma cualitativo descriptivo documental a través del análisis de contenido y análisis crítico reflexivo. En sus resultados se logra evidenciar que en los países objeto de estudio este impuesto es fuente generadora de progreso y enriquecimiento a manos del sujeto activo de estos tributos llamado Estado como agente económico, político y social, la anterior situación no solo surge efectos en nuestro espacio territorial sino también en todo el mundo en el que a lo largo de los años estos tributos han recibido diferentes tratos a nivel jurídico y económico, en los tiempos en los que el sector publico encuentra la necesidad de fortalecer sus arcas a fin de satisfacer necesidades. Se concluye que para ambos países el impuesto al valor agregado representa una figura importante de recaudación no siendo menos cierto que para esta recaudación antes existan figuras como incentivos, costos administrativos o riesgo que creen los contribuyentes pueden correr, puesto que para todos los efectos el dinero recaudado no siempre termina satisfaciendo necesidades del estado o de sus más necesitados, si no por el contrario termina en manos de quienes con el fenómeno de la corrupción lo mal gastan.

The armed conflict in Colombia is undeniable, currently the world has its eyes directly on this country because the peace process that FARC and Santos government comes happening, however Colombians have endured the scourge of violence for fifty long years during which every corner of the country, cities and municipalities have supported the civil casualties, the economic consequences and any changes resulting from the conflict. The municipality of Chima in the Department of Santander, hasn't been immune to this, because its population has been directly affected by armed groups like "Guerrillas and Paramilitaries", and especially during the years 1993-2003 was a very violent time, during which time many were resulted victims about different events such as forced displacement, homicide, Threats, Terrorist Attack, forced disappearances and crimes against freedom and sexual integrity. Heeding the fact that the Colombian government issued the Law 1448 just to take care measures, and comprehensive assistance and repair the victims of the internal armed conflict, it was considered important to address this issue in order to determine the effectiveness of the same in the municipality. Thus, by analyzing the regulations and case law that systematize the scheme of assistance to victims of armed conflict in Colombia achieve the description of the effectiveness of the implementation of Law 1448 of 2011 within the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Santander Chima, against people who have been recognized by their status as victims, by the Unit for Attention and Reparation for Victims ; El conflicto armado en Colombia es innegable, en la actualidad el mundo ha puesto sus ojos de manera directa sobre éste país en razón al proceso de paz que se adelanta FARC- GOBIERNO SANTOS, sin embargo los colombianos han tenido que soportar el flagelo de la violencia durante cincuenta largos años durante los cuales en cada rincón del país, ciudades y municipios han soportado las pérdidas humanas, las consecuencias económicas y todas las alteraciones que resultan del conflicto. El Municipio de Chima en el Departamento de Santander, no ha sido ajeno a esto, pues su población ha resultado directamente afectada por cuenta de los grupos armados "Guerrillas y Paramilitarismo", y especialmente durante los años 1993 a 2003 fue una época muy violenta, periodo durante el cual resultaron muchas víctimas respecto de diferentes hechos tales como Desplazamiento Forzado, Homicidio, Amenazas, Atentado Terrorista, Desaparición Forzada y Delitos contra la Libertad y la Integridad Sexual. Atendiendo el hecho de que el Estado colombiano profirió la Ley 1448 justamente para tomar medidas de atención, asistencia y reparación integral a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno, se consideró importante abordar este tema a fin de determinar la efectividad de la misma en dicho municipio. Así, mediante un análisis de la reglamentación y la jurisprudencia que sistematizan el esquema de asistencia a las Víctimas del Conflicto Armado en Colombia lograr la descripción de la eficacia de la aplicación de la Ley 1448 de 2011 dentro de la jurisdicción del Municipio de Chima Santander, frente a las personas a quienes se les ha reconocido su condición de víctimas, por la Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Victimas.

Abstrak -- Konflik teritorial Laut Cina Selatan yang melibatkan beberapa negara telah berlangsung selama beberapa dekade dan saat ini belum menemukan penyelesaiannya. Dinamika konflik di Laut China Selatan tentunya dapat menimbulkan pengaruh yang kuat dalam proses manajemen maupun penyelesaian konflik itu sendiri. Konflik Laut China Selatan merupakan salah satu tantangan bagi stabilitas keamanan di kawasan termasuk bagi Indonesia sebagai non-claimant state. Walaupun Indonesia tidak terlibat langsung dalam konflik Laut China Selatan namun tetap berusaha mengambil peran dalam mengelola konflik tersebut. Hal tersebut didasarkan pada tanggung jawab Indonesia dalam menciptakan perdamaian dunia sesuai amanat konstitusi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dinamika konflik di Laut China Selatan dari perspektif Indonesia dan Peran Pemerintah Indonesia dalam mengelola konflik Laut China Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis dimana data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dan juga didukung oleh data sekunder meliputi: buku; jurnal; dan dokumen yang terkait dengan konflik Laut Cina Selatan. Selain itu, penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori peran, manajemen konflik dan diplomasi preventif untuk melihat dinamika konflik serta peran Pemerintah Indonesia dalam mengelola konflik Laut China Selatan. Sampai saat ini, pemerintah Indonesia masih terus berperan dalam mengelola konflik Laut China Selatan termasuk mendorong ASEAN dan Tiongkok untuk membentuk Code of Conduct (CoC). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini didapatkan fakta bahwa konflik Laut China Selatan sudah berada pada tahap polarisasi, sementara hubungan antara Tiongkok-Vietnam dan Tiongkok-Filipina berada pada tahap segregasi sehingga pembentukan CoC menjadi sangat penting. Kata Kunci: Peran Indonesia, Pengelolaan Konflik, Konflik Laut China Selatan Abstract -- Territorial conflict in the South China Sea among several countries have been ongoing for decades and so far it is difficult to achieve solution. The dynamics of conflict in the South China Sea will certainly have a strong influence in the process of managing and resolving the conflict itself. The South China Sea conflict is one of the major challenge for security stability in the region including for Indonesia as a non-claimant state. Although Indonesia is not directly involved in the South China Sea conflict but is still trying to take a role in managing the conflict through preventive diplomacy instruments. It is based on Indonesia's responsibility to create world peace according to the mandate of the constitution. The purpose of this research is to analyze the dynamics of conflict in the South China Sea from the perspective of Indonesia and the role of the Government of Indonesia in managing the South China Sea conflict. This research using analytical descriptive method where primary data obtained through in-depth interviews and also supported by secondary data includes: books; journals; and documents related to South China Sea conflict. Moreover, this research will be analyzed using role theory, conflict management and preventive diplomacy to see conflict dynamics as well as the active role of the Government of Indonesia in managing the South China Sea conflict. The conclusion of the research show that the South China Sea conflict is already at the polarization stage, while the relationship between Tiongkok-Vietnam and Tiongkok-Philippines is at the stage of segregation so the CoC becomes very important. Keywords: Role of Indonesian Government, management conflict, South China Sea conflict

We thank the authors for their thought-provoking comments on our paper. Most of the commentators agree that soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving the quality of soil, however they argue that we have overstated the potential of soil carbon sequestration. We welcome the comments and appreciate that the issue of SOC sequestration has always been somewhat factious (Schlesinger, 2000). We shall address the significance of the quantity "4 per mille", reported sequestration rates, the limitation of carbon sequestration with time, and nutrient requirements. We clarify that our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) mainly deals with potentials for the 20 countries and regions, where SOC sequestration can also be seen as a way to improving the resilience of the soil to future climate change, that is, improving adaptation rather than mitigation. We believe that in some parts of the world where food security is threatened, the benefit of soil carbon management for adaptation should be stressed more than for mitigation. This is the reason why the 4 per mille initiative explicitly includes food security (Chabbi et al., 2017; Soussana et al., 2015). We need to add that the "4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate" initiative is just one of many national and global initiatives on SOC sequestration for mitigating climate change. The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) discussed incorporating the topic of SOC in the IPCC Assessment Report (ARs), from AR6 onwards. The IPCC has also put a focus on soil in their upcoming special report "Climate Change and Land" (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr2/). The recent FAO Global Symposium (GSOC17) assembled experts engaged in FAO, GSP and its ITPS, IPCC, UNCCD-SPI and WMO activities to work together for the common goal of appropriate SOC management as part of overall sustainable soil management within the climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable development, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) and food security agendas (http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/soil-organic-carbon-symposium/en/). The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) focused on opportunities to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration while still helping to meet food security objectives (http://globalresearchalliance.org/about/). The Common Agriculture Policy in the EU is currently being revised to include the potential use of SOC as an indicator. The 4 per mille initiative was launched at COP21, where the Paris Agreement was adopted, and one of the main aims of the Paris Agreement is to stop the planet from warming an additional two Celsius degrees. The two-degree target, although suggested by scientists through modelling work, was chosen more for political and pragmatic reasons whereby countries could agree on a target that they could work towards (Tollefson, 2015). And of course, there are many scientific critiques of this target (Knutti et al., 2016). Similarly, the 4 per mille initiative comes from a politically-driven aspiration, and our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) is a response to such an aspiration, to seek and outline possibilities based on current knowledge. The important concept is that soil and agriculture are part of the solution, and it is an interim and evidence-based solution that we can implement. Now we shall respond to each of the commentaries.

Veel niet-statelijke actoren kunnen het genot van mensenrechten enorm beïnvloeden. Desondanks hebben niet-statelijke actoren geen directe verplichtingen onder internationale mensenrechtenwetgeving; het internationale juridische kader voor mensenrechten blijft gericht op de staat, met de positieve verplichting om de mensenrechten van individuen te beschermen tegen inmenging van niet-statelijke actoren. Dit boek onderzoekt: 'Hoe worden schendingen van mensenrechten (mede veroorzaakt) door niet-statelijke actoren behandeld in internationale mensenrechtenwetgeving en -praktijk, en hoe zou een multi-level governance-benadering toegepast kunnen worden om de mensenrechten van individuen beter te beschermen tegen het schadelijk gedrag van niet-statelijke actoren?' Om dit te bereiken, is in de studie gekozen voor een 'law and governance-benadering', die verder kijkt dan alleen juridische oplossingen voor het bewerkstelligen van betere mensenrechtenbescherming. De theoretische, vergelijkende en kritische analyses van verschillende mensenrechtenstelsels op internationaal, regionaal en nationaal niveau bieden een grondig inzicht in de positie van niet-statelijke actoren in internationale mensenrechtenkaders en de uitdagingen die de wettelijke kaders ondervinden bij het beschermen van personen tegen inmenging door niet-statelijke actoren. Deze bevindingen worden gebruikt als basis om te suggereren dat er een multi-level governance-benadering van internationale mensenrechten moet worden gevolgd, waarin juridische en extra-juridische maatregelen worden genomen om niet-statelijke actoren aan te moedigen mensenrechtennormen te volgen. Twee case-studies van de Wereldbank en niet-statelijke gewapende groeperingen worden onderzocht om de huidige tekortkomingen in van mensenrechten bescherming in het juridische kader en in de praktijk te belichten, om aan te geven hoe een multi-level governance-benadering kan worden overwogen en welke soorten acties kunnen worden ondernomen onder een dergelijke benadering. ; A wide range of non-State actors have an ever-increasing effect on the enjoyment of individuals' human rights. However, the current international human rights law framework does not place any direct obligations on non-State actors; the responsibility for protecting individuals' human rights lies in the positive obligations of States, which should regulate and control non-State actors through their domestic legal systems. This book assesses how interferences with human rights caused by non-State actors are dealt with under international human rights law and practice, and how a multi-level governance approach could apply to better protect individuals' human rights from the harmful conduct of non-State actors. The book provides an extensive comparative analysis of the extent to which international human rights law applies to non-State actors (i.e. the horizontal effect of human rights), examining legislation, jurisprudence and scholarly works at the international, regional and national levels. This analysis demonstrates that in practice three methods are used to apply international human rights standards to non-State actors, but that significant gaps in human rights protection remain. It is suggested that taking a multi-level governance approach to international human rights could fill some of these gaps by providing an inclusive, comprehensive and coordinated governance regime for the protection of international human rights. The two case studies of the World Bank and non-State armed groups are used to show some of the main downfalls of the current international legal framework and to suggest measures that could be taken under a multi-level governance approach to international human rights.

The paper shows the research of volunteering in various aspects. Foreign and domestic scholars who studied this issue are named. After the start of the anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine in 2014, volunteering reached its highest level. Significant enhancement of the role of volunteers in the society against the background increasing of the importance of European values in the country, and the intensification of democratization processes determine the relevance of the study. The purpose is to show that volunteering, from a scientific point of view, is of an interdisciplinary nature and also it is necessary to pay attention to the historical aspect of the volunteer movement. In accordance with the purpose, the following objectives have been formulated: to study the main aspects of volunteering in scientific works of domestic and foreign authors; to find out the influence of historical processes in Ukraine in the second decade of the XXI century on the activation of volunteers participation in the public-political life of the state. The paper gives the conclusions about the prospect of volunteer practice in Ukraine. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Such a phenomenon as volunteering is the subject of scientific researches of scholars around the whole world. Foreign and domestic researches pay attention to the study of various aspects of the phenomenon of volunteering, including philosophical, sociological, political science, legal, psychological, pedagogical, economic and other ones. Scholars turn their attention to the content of volunteering: the issue of training volunteers to communicate with different categories of people, practical experience and principles of work. Consequently, the review of scientific literature on volunteering indicates that in modern historical science, there are no research works devoted to this problem. However, this activity can be studied also as a phenomenon caused by historical events that has the potential to influence the formation of a new society. General problem statement and connection with important scientific and practical tasks. The activity of volunteer organizations, which bring innovation into the relationship between the state and citizens, has a significant impact on the development of modern Ukraine. The persistent and tireless work of volunteers becomes a significant part of the state-building process. Scientific novelty consists in substantiation of theoretical-methodological and practical principles of volunteering under the influence of external factors, as one of the tools of the formation of civil society in modern Ukraine. The practical significance of the obtained results consists in the fact that the studied materials will considerably increase contemporary knowledge of the recent history of Ukraine in the issues of the volunteer movement, and in the research area will form the basis for further scientific research. ; У статті висвітлено дослідження волонтерської діяльності у різних аспектах. Відображено іноземних і вітчизняних науковців, які студіювали це питання. Після початку антитерористичної операції на сході України у 2014р. волонтерство досягло свого найвищого піку. Суттєве зростання ролі волонтерів у суспільстві на тлі підвищення значущості європейських цінностей у країні, активізації процесів демократизації зумовлює актуальність дослідження. Мета – показати, що волонтерська діяльність з наукової точки зору має полідисциплінарний характер та звернути увагу на історичний аспект волонтерського руху. Відповідно до поставленої мети сформульовані такі завдання: дослідити основні аспекти волонтерства у наукових працях вітчизняних і зарубіжних авторів; з'ясувати вплив історичних процесів в Україні у другому десятилітті ХХІст. на активізацію участі волонтерів у громадсько-політичному житті держави. Стаття надає висновки щодо перспектив волонтерської практики в Україні.

La mutilación genital femenina (MGF) abarca todas aquellas actuaciones que alteren o causen lesiones intencionadamente a los órganos genitales femeninos sin que existan razones médicas que las justifiquen. En la actualidad la mutilación genital es una realidad que afecta a más de 140 millones de mujeres en todo el mundo, siendo sometidas en torno a 2 millones de niñas y adolescentes cada año. La práctica de la MGF está tipificada como delito en todos los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea. La actuación del poder legislativo español para dar respuesta a la MGF, en el contexto más amplio de la eliminación de las diferentes formas de discriminación contra la mujer a que le obligan los distintos compromisos internacionales contraídos por España, se ha plasmado en la aprobación de dos leyes. La primera de ellas, la L. O. 11/2003, de 29 septiembre, que modifica el Código penal, y en la cual tiene lugar la tipificación de un nuevo delito de mutilación genital mediante la nueva redacción dada al art. 149 del Código Penal. La segunda, la L. O. 3/2005, de 8 de julio, de modificación de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, para perseguir extraterritorialmente la práctica de la MGF. Aquí se examinará la cobertura legal existente para poner freno a esta práctica violatoria del derecho a la integridad de niñas y mujeres, que pone de relieve una violación de derechos humanos basada en la pertenencia de las víctimas al sexo femenino y al rol social que se les asigna en cuanto tales, violaciones que demandan nuevos instrumentos dirigidos a evitar toda discriminación, entre cuyas modalidades más graves se encuentra la violencia de género ; Female genital mutilation (FGM) encompasses all acts that intentionally alter or cause lesions to the female genital organs without medical reasons to justify them. Today, genital mutilation is a reality that affects more than 135 million women across the world and to which around 2 million children and adolescents are subjected every year. The practice of FGM is proscribed in all member States of the European Union. To combat FGM through the power of legislation in Spain, within the wider context of eliminating the different forms of discrimination against women and in response to specific contractual international obligations incurred by Spain, two laws have been passed. The first of these, L. O. 11/2003, approved September 29th, modifies the Criminal Code, such that a new crime of genital mutilation is defined through a new revision of article 149 of the Criminal Code. The second law, L. O. 3/2005 of July 8th, modifies the Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, to permit the extraterritorial prosecution of the practice of FGM. Here we analyze the existing legal protections to put a stop to this practice, which violates the right to personal and physical integrity of girls and women, which highlight a violation of human rights based on the victims belonging to the female sex and to the social role assigned to them, which require new instruments directed to preventing all discrimination, among whose most injurious modalities is gender-based violence

Nowadays most people know brands like Booking.com, Expedia and Airbnb. When someone wants to book an accommodation, they usually book through an intermediary, known as Online Travel Agency or OTA. However, it is not well-understood what is the true influence that OTAs have on hotels, the core strength of their business, nor is it known what the impacts are on consumers. This dissertation tries to define the scope of influence that they have over hotels' booking channels and the impact on consumers. Since OTAs' ramifications span the entire world, this paper only defines their influence in Belgium, so as to reduce the scope of this research. This academic paper starts with an analysis of the background of OTAs. Then gives an explanation of OTA business models, pros and cons and what can be expected in the future. The analysis of different types of OTA or related businesses offers an understanding as to how they impact consumers. Next, an overview of the hospitality industry in Belgium is provided with data from 2007 to 2017. Changes in legislation throughout the European Union which are relevant to the subject are explained and the impacts on hotels and OTAs are analysed. After that, a quantitative survey about Belgian consumers is presented, from the way they book accommodations to what services they expect. Lastly, qualitative interviews with hotel managers complete the study. They provide an understanding as to how OTAs influence hotels and how hotel managers cope with this relationship. ; Hoje em dia, marcas como Booking.com, Expedia e Airbnb são conhecidas por grande parte da população. Quando alguém pretende fazer uma reserva de acomodação, a tendência é optar por reservar através de um intermediário, sendo mais conhecido no léxico do turismo como Online Travel Agency ou OTA. No entanto, não é verdadeiramente percetível a influência que as OTAs exercem sobre os hotéis- que são a sua principal força, nem é conhecido os impactos nos consumidores. Esta tese académica pretende, assim, definir o âmbito de influência que as OTAs têm sobre os canais de reserva da indústria hoteleira e o seu impacto nos consumidores. Ainda que, os ramos das OTAs abrangem todo o mundo, de forma a reduzir o âmbito da pesquisa, o foco desta dissertação apenas se debruçará sobre a sua influência no mercado belga. Esta tese académica começa por analisar o contexto das OTAs, apresentando os modelos de negócios das OTAs, os seus prós e contras, e o que é expectável no futuro acerca desta matéria. Será ainda analisado os diferentes tipos de OTAs e negócios relacionados, propondo ainda uma explicção de como impactam o consumidor. Em seguida, é apresentada uma visão geral da indústria da hotelaria na Bélgica, entre 2007 a 2017. Incluindo ainda, uma análise sobre as mudanças na legislação na União Europeia, assim como o seu impacto nos hotéis e OTAs. Seguidamente, é apresentada uma pesquisa quantitativa sobre os consumidores belgas, desde a forma como reservam acomodações e serviços relacionados e as suas expectativas. Por fim, é apresentado entrevistas qualitativas com gerentes de hotéis de modo a completar o estudo, explicando como os OTAs influenciam os hotéis e como os gerentes de hotéis lidam com esse relacionamento.