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The article intends to give an overview of current and emerging approaches used in the productive activities of reading and interpreting/ translation. It deals with investigation of reading as comparatively easy, reliable and fast process for gaining competences helping students as future graduates to become capable of competing on the job market. Reading and translating/ interpreting have a high potential to fit students' wants and needs and further push learning efficiencies. Reading as a classic technique is appreciated as an important part of students' development to increase the efficiency on the one hand and to decrease the number of mistakes in comprehension and translation on the other hand. Based on the kind of text samples, establishment of the general effect of reading and translating/ interpreting is therefore evident. The variety of changes that we can observe in class depends on texts, their structure, style and initial purposes. More specifically the article focuses on the ways of its practical realization. Thus, students become familiar with the methodology of reading and translating/ interpreting and develop these procedures in accordance with national and international standards and practices. At the institutional level, explicit descriptions of the effective ways and the desired learning outcomes have been based theoretically and studied experimentally at the linguistic faculty of the National Technical University of Ukraine «Ihor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute» References 1. Agayeva, F. A. 1990. Modalnost kak lingvisticheskaya kategoriya (na materiale angliyskogo i turkmenskogo yazykov). Ashkhabad: Ylym. 2. Arnold, I. V. 2006. Stilistika. Sovremennyy angliyskiy yazyk. Moskva. 3. Balli, Sh. 1955. Obshchaya lingvistika i voprosy frantsuzkogo yazyka. Moskva: Izd-vo inostrannoi literature. 4. Belyaeva, E. I. 1985. Funktsionalno-semanticheskiye polya modalnosti v angliyskom i russkom yazykakh. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezh. un-ta. 5. Benvenist, E. 1974. Obshchaya lingvistika. Moskva: Progress. 6. Ivin, A. A. 1970. Osnovaniya logiki otsenok, 21–34. Moskva: Izd. Mosk. un-ta. 7. Kozlovskiy, V. V. 1997. Predlozheniya s koniunktivom (struktura. semantika. pragmatika). Chernovtsy: Ruta. 8. Orekhova, E. N. 2011. "Subektivnaya modalnost vyskazyvaniya: forma. semantika. Funktsii". PhD diss., Moskva. http://dissers.ru/avtoreferati-dissertatsii-filologiya/a54.php 9. Microsoft. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/08-29CRMForLessPR.aspx 10. Human Rights and Democracy report. 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/human-rights-and-democracy-report-2012-country 11. Stock image from the FCO Human Rights Report. 2012. http://www.owen.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbilt/newsroom/ press-releases/detail.cfm?customel_datapageid_42488=62321 12. US News and World report. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/0804SchoolPR.aspx 13. Комунікативно-прагматичні функції інверсії в англомовних прес-релізах. 2013. http://www.ereleases.com/ pr/kosher-foodies-no-longer-relegated-to-plain-old-kosher-salt-10985 14. Paskett public relations. http://www.ereleases.com/pr/trucking-magazine-helps-drivers-battle-obesity-9350 15. Dresden International. http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/press-releases-detail/pr-ford26rsquos-fastestever-mustang-36747) 16. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=598 17. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=478 18. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=476 19. Starbucks Newsroom. http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=481 ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню сучасних підходів до читання та усного і письмового перекладу в методиці викладання іноземних мов. Читання розглядається як відносно легкий, надійний та швидкий процес набуття студентами мовної компетентності для подальшої конкурентоспроможності на сучасному ринку праці. Потенціал читання та перекладу повністю відповідає потребам і побажанням студентів і сприяє підвищенню ефективності навчання. Це класична методика, яка направлена на уникнення помилок в розумінні різнопланових іншомовних текстів. Позитивні зміни залежать від типу, структури та стилю текстів. Стаття приділяє особливу увагу методам практичного застосування читання і перекладу в аудиторії. Таким чином студенти ознайомлюються з методологією читання і перекладу, і , крім того, спільними зусиллями досягають удосконалення зазначених процедур у відповідності з міжнародними стандартами і стандартами освіти в Україні. Ми прийшли до висновку, що у нашому випадку, основоположне значення має використання рідної мови в аудиторії: це необхідно для підготовки перекладачів. Переклад розглядається як новий механізм, який дозволяє створення інноваційного середовища для вивчення мови. Таке середовище має важливе значення для подолання страхів студентів виконувати переклад під час практичних занять з «Теорії та практики перекладу». Формування у студентів спільного бачення розуміння важливості здатності перекладати на основі заохочення і мотивації для виявлення досвіду у цій царині, яка тісно пов'язана з майбутньою професією і створенням творчого середовища, що базується на критичному ставленні до продукту перекладу. Студенти мають усвідомлювати зв'язок між мовою і змістом. Викладачі мають пропонувати модель поєднання мови і змісту з детальними інструкціями на основі тематично організованих матеріалів, оскільки повнота відтворення змісту в роботі перекладача виступає як основна здатність для забезпечення ефективної комунікації. Ефективність створення середовища для розвитку можливостей читання та усного і письмового перекладу теоретично обґрунтовано та експериментально доведено на факультеті лінгвістики Національного технічного університету України "КПІ". Джерела та література 1. Агаева Ф. А. Модальность как лингвистическая категория (на материале английского и туркменского языков) / Ф. А. Агаева. – Ашхабад : Ылым, 1990. – 305 с. 2. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык : учебн. для вузов / И. В. Арнольд.– 8-е изд. – М. : 2006. – 219 с. 3. Балли Ш. Общая лингвистика и вопросы французкого языка / Ш. Балли. – М. : Изд-во иностранной литературы, 1955. – 416 с. 4. Беляева Е. И. Функционально-семантические поля модальности в английском и русском языках / Е. И. Беляева. – Воронеж : Изд-во Воронеж. ун-та, 1985. – 178 с. 5. Бенвенист Э. Общая лингвистика / Э. Бенвенист. – М. : Прогресс, 1974. – 448 с. 6. Ивин А. А. Основания логики оценок / А. А. Ивин. – М. : Изд. Моск. ун-та, 1970. – С. 21–34. 7. Козловский В. В. Предложения с конъюнктивом (структура, семантика, прагматика) : монография / В. В. Козловский. – Черновцы : Рута, 1997. – 281 с. 8. Орехова Е. Н. Субъективная модальность высказывания: форма, семантика, функции : дис. … д-ра филол. наук : спец. 10.02.01 «Русский язык» / Е. Н. Орехова [Электронный ресурс] – Москва, 2011. – С. 9. – Режим доступа : http://dissers.ru/avtoreferati-dissertatsii-filologiya/a54.php 9. Microsoft [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/08-29CRMForLessPR.aspx 10. Human Rights and Democracy report. 2012 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : https://www.gov.uk/government/news/human-rights-and-democracy-report-2012-country 11. Stock image from the FCO Human Rights Report 2012. Credit Basma [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.owen.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbilt/newsroom/press-releases/detail.cfm?customel_datapageid_42488=62321 12. US News and World report. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2011/aug11/0804SchoolPR.aspx 13. Комунікативно-прагматичні функції інверсії в англомовних прес-релізах. 2013. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://www.ereleases.com/pr/kosher-foodies-no-longer-relegated-to-plain-old-kosher-salt-10985 14. Paskett public relations [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://www.ereleases.com/pr/trucking-magazine-helps-drivers-battle-obesity-9350 15. Dresden International. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/press-releases-detail/pr-ford26rsquos-fastestever-mustang-36747) 16. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=598 17. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=478 18. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=476 19. Starbucks Newsroom [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access : http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm? article_id=481

El diseño de las condiciones de iluminación natural sigue siendo hoy en día una tarea complicada debido a la gran cantidad de variables que intervienen en las mismas, que, además, dependen de las decisiones de diseño del proyecto arquitectónico, sobre el que también intervienen otros muchos factores para llegar a la definición formal y material definitiva. La iluminación natural de un edificio viene determinada, de forma resumida, por las características de sus espacios y de sus huecos, así como por las condiciones que rodean al edificio y por el empleo de elementos de protección solar. Estos determinantes afectan, también, a la cantidad de radiación solar que entra en los espacios, e influyen en las condiciones térmicas. Durante el siglo XX, principalmente, la práctica arquitectónica y el desarrollo científico de la disciplina de la Iluminación Natural han seguido rumbos paralelos y desligados, salvo ocasiones puntuales. Esta situación ha desembocado en la ruptura entre la Arquitectura y la Luz Natural. Se han definido y estandarizado las unidades de medida y se han desarrollado los indicadores, los modelos y métodos de cálculo de iluminación natural, pero éstos apenas tienen presencia en el proceso de creación del proyecto arquitectónico. En el panorama actual, al menos en España, los arquitectos desconocen cómo se calculan las condiciones de iluminación natural de los espacios que están proyectando, los indicadores que expresan los niveles de iluminación obtenidos y su significado. La luz natural no se considera en el proyecto arquitectónico y se diseñan los edificios sin tener en cuenta cómo sus decisiones afectan al ambiente lumínico interior, porque, entre otras cosas, se desconoce su impacto. Esta falta de información lleva a que la creación de edificios bien iluminados naturalmente sea más un arte que una ciencia, se confía más en las intuiciones y en las experiencias previas que en el estudio de medidas e indicadores objetivos y científicos de las condiciones de iluminación natural y soleamiento de los espacios interiores. A esta situación hay que sumarle la cada vez mayor presión para alcanzar unos objetivos relativos a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, que se traducen en unas mayores exigencias para reducir el consumo energético de los edificios, limitando, entre otros, la demanda energética de los mismos. Frente a la ausencia de legislación en torno a la iluminación natural, el cumplimiento de un número cada vez mayor de normativas de edificación, traslada la consideración de la luz natural a un plano marginal. La situación actual sobre la eficiencia energética de los edificios ha dado lugar a que no se consideren las decisiones de proyecto bajo el prisma de las condiciones de iluminación natural, sino que suelen considerarse para conocer y controlar su incidencia en las condiciones térmicas. Si bien es cierto que la iluminación natural puede reducir el consumo energético de iluminación eléctrica, también puede dar lugar situaciones de sobrecalentamiento de los espacios provocando un aumento del consumo energético en refrigeración. Por otro lado, cabe destacar que en el ámbito de la edificación, el impacto de la radiación solar global sobre las condiciones interiores se estudia disgregando o separando su componente térmica y su componente lumínica, brillando por su ausencia la consideración integral del efecto de la radiación solar. Para poder evaluar y considerar la influencia de la luz natural sobre los edificios deben considerarse también sus efectos térmicos. La radiación solar directa, entra en un espacio a través de sus huecos o elementos semitransparentes, y se conoce como ganancia solar térmica. Pero esta misma radiación solar directa, en el ámbito de la iluminación natural, se conoce como soleamiento. En este sentido, la insolación integra ambos aspectos, térmico y lumínico, del efecto de la radiación solar directa en un espacio. ; Daylighting design today continues to pose major difficulties due to the high number of variables involved. The solutions adopted are also dependent on architectural design decisions regarding final forms and materials which are in turn affected by numerous other factors. Essentially, the amount of daylight in a building depends on the nature of its spaces and openings, its surrounding environment and its use of elements providing protection against direct sunlight. These same key factors also affect the amount of solar radiation entering the building's spaces and the resulting thermal conditions. During the course of the 20th century, architectural practice and the science of daylighting largely evolved in parallel and, with only rare exceptions, progressed quite separately. This led to a schism between Architecture and Daylighting: units of measurement were standardized and metrics, models and calculation methods for daylight were developed but these played hardly any role in the process of architectural creation. Today, at least in Spain, architects are generally unfamiliar with how daylight conditions are calculated for the spaces they design, and do not fully understand the metrics that quantify and express the light levels obtained. Daylight is neglected in architectural planning and buildings are designed without taking into account how the decisions taken affect the interior light environment, partly because architects are simply unaware of their impact. Such a lack of information has made the creation of well-daylit buildings more of an art than a science, with architects relying more on intuition and previous experience than on the study of objective, scientific measurements and metrics of daylight and sunlight in interior spaces. The situation is aggravated by ever-increasing pressure to meet greenhouse gas emission objectives, a consideration that has generated greater demands to reduce energy consumption in buildings – in part by cutting down on the energy needed by the buildings themselves. In the absence of detailed legislation regarding natural light, the need to comply with an ever-growing number of building regulations has pushed daylighting considerations into the background. Because of the importance currently attached to energy efficiency in buildings, architects tend to show more interest in daylight as a means of regulating thermal conditions than as a source of natural illumination. But although exploiting daylight can help reduce electric lighting costs, it can also contribute to overheating, resulting in higher energy consumption in cooling. It should also be pointed out that when the impact of global solar radiation on interior environments is studied in building construction, its heat and light components are invariably considered quite separately: integral analysis of the effects of solar radiation is conspicuous by its absence. Any evaluation of how daylight can impact a building should also take into account its thermal effects. Direct solar radiation entering a space through windows or semi-transparent elements is known as solar heat gain. But in daylighting design, that same radiation is known as insolation. Insolation therefore encompasses both the thermal and lighting-related aspects of the direct solar radiation entering a space. ; Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado US

Food security and climate change mitigation are crucial missions for the agricultural sector and for global work on sustainable development. Concurrently, agricultural production is directly dependent on climatic conditions, making climate change adaptation strategies essential for the agricultural sector. There is consequently a need for researchers, planners, and practitioners to better understand how, why, and to what extent agriculture is vulnerable to climate change. Such analyses involve challenges in relation to the complex social– ecological character of the agricultural system and to the multiple conceptualizations and approaches used in analysing vulnerability. The aim of this thesis is to identify how vulnerability assessments can be used to represent climate-related vulnerability in Nordic agriculture, in order to advance the methodological development of indicator-based and geographic visualization methods. The following research questions are addressed: (i) How can agricultural vulnerability to climate change and variability in the Nordic countries be characterized? (ii) How do selections, definitions, and emphases of indicators influence how vulnerability is assessed? (iii) How do estimates of vulnerability vary depending on the methods used in assessments? (iv) How can geographic visualization be applied in integrated vulnerability assessments? This thesis analyses and applies various vulnerability assessment approaches in the context of Nordic agriculture. This thesis demonstrates that various methods for composing vulnerability indices result in significantly different outcomes, despite using the same set of indicators. A conceptual framework for geographic visualization approaches to vulnerability assessments was developed for the purpose of creating transparent and interactive assessments regarding the indicating variables, methods and assumptions applied, i.e., opening up the 'black box' of composite indices. This framework served as the foundation for developing the AgroExplore geographic visualization tool. The tool enables the user to interactively select, categorize, and weight indicators as well as to explore the data and the spatial patterns of the indicators and indices. AgroExplore was used in focus group settings with experts in the Swedish agricultural sector. The visualization-supported dialogue results confirm the difficulty of selecting and constructing indicators, including different perceptions of what indicators actually indicate, the assumption of linear relationships between the indicators and vulnerability, and, consequently, that the direction of the relationship is predefined for each indicator. This thesis further points at the inherent complexity of agricultural challenges and opportunities in the context of climate change as such. It is specifically emphasized that agricultural adaptation policies and measures involve trade-offs between various environmental and socio–economic objectives, and that their implementation could furthermore entail unintended consequences, i.e., potential maladaptive outcomes. Nevertheless, it proved difficult to validate indicators due to, e.g. matters of scale and data availability. While heavy precipitation and other extreme weather events are perceived as the most relevant drivers of climate vulnerability by the agricultural experts participating in this study, statistical analyses of historical data identified few significant relationships between crop yield losses and heavy precipitation. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the method development of composite indices and indicator-based vulnerability assessment. A key conclusion is that assessments are method dependent and that indicator selection is related to aspects such as the system's spatial scale and location as well as to indicator thresholds and defined relationships with vulnerability, recognizing the contextual dependency of agricultural vulnerability. Consequently, given the practicality of indicator-based methods, I stress with this thesis that future vulnerability studies must take into account and be transparent about the principles and limitations of indicator-based assessment methods in order to ensure their usefulness, validity, and relevance for guiding adaptation strategies. ; För jordbrukssektorn och global hållbar utveckling i stort är matsäkerhet och mitigering av klimatförändringar viktiga angelägenheter. Samtidigt är jordbruksproduktionen ofta direkt beroende av klimatförhållanden, vilket gör klimatanpassningsstrategier mycket centrala för sektorn. Forskare, planerare och aktörer behöver förstå hur, varför och i vilken omfattning jordbruket är sårbart inför klimatförändringar. Sådana analyser inbegriper även de utmaningar som skapas genom jordbrukets komplexa socio-ekologiska karaktär, och de många utgångspunkter och tillvägagångssätt som används för att bedöma sårbarhet. Syftet med denna avhandling är att identifiera hur sårbarhetsbedömningar kan representera klimatrelaterad sårbarhet i nordiskt jordbruk, och i och med detta har avhandlingen som avsikt att utveckla metodologin för indikatorbaserade- och geografiska visualiseringsmetoder. Följande forskningsfrågor avhandlas: (i) Hur kan det nordiska jordbrukets sårbarhet inför klimatvariation och förändringar karaktäriseras? (ii) Hur påverkar urval, definitioner och betoningar av indikatorer bedömningar av sårbarhet? (iii) Hur varierar uppskattningar med bedömningsmetod? (iv) Hur kan geografisk visualisering användas i integrerade såbarhetsbedömningar? För att svara på dessa frågor analyseras och tillämpas olika tillvägagångssätt att bedöma sårbarhet inom nordiskt jordbruk. Avhandlingen visar att olika metoder för sårbarhetskompositindex resulterar i signifikanta skillnader mellan index, trots att samma indikatorer och data används. Ett konceptuellt ramverk för sårberhetsbedömningar där geografisk visualisering används, har utvecklats för att möjliggöra transparens avseende till exempel. vilka variabler, metoder och antaganden som används i kompositindex. Detta ramverk har följaktligen legat till grund för att utveckla ett geografiskt visualiseringsverktyg – AgroExplore. Verktyget möjliggör interaktivitet där användaren kan välja, kategorisera och vikta indikatorer, och dessutom utforska data och spatiala mönster av indikatorer och kompositindex. AgroExplore användes i denna avhandling för att stödja fokusgruppdialoger med experter inom den svenska jordbrukssektorn. Resultaten från dessa workshops bekräftar svårigheten med att välja och skapa indikatorer. Dessa svårigheter innefattar olika uppfattningar om vad indikatorer representerar, antagandet om linjära samband mellan indikatorerna och sårbarhet, och följaktligen att sambandens riktning är fördefinierade för respektive indikator. Utöver de konceptuella och metodologiska utmaningarna med sårbarhetsbedömningar visar avhandlingen på komplexa svårigheter och möjligheter för jordbruket vid klimatförändringar. Särskilt framhålls att klimatanpassningspolitik och åtgärder inom jordbruket medför konflikter och avvägningar mellan olika miljö- och socio-ekonomiska mål. Implementering av sådana anpassningsåtgärder kan vidare innebära oönskade konsekvenser, så kallad missanpassning. Trots ökad kunskap gällande nordiska jordbrukets sårbarhet inför klimatförändringar har det visats sig vara svårt att statistiskt validera indikatorer på grund av, exempelvis, skalproblematik och datatillgänglighet. Samtidigt som experterna ansåg att kraftig nederbörd och andra extrema väderhändelser är de mest relevanta drivkrafterna till klimatsårbarhet visar den statistiska analysen av historiska data på få signifikanta samband mellan förlorad skördeavkastning och kraftig nederbörd. Denna avhandling bidrar till metodutveckling av kompositindex och indikatorbaserade metoder för sårbarhetsbedömningar. En viktig slutsats är att bedömningar är metodberoende och att valet av indikatorer är relaterat till aspekter såsom systemets utbredning och den spatiala skalan av bedömningen. Även indikatorernas tröskelvärden och hur deras relation till sårbarhet är definierade anses vara viktiga faktorer som påverkar hur indikatorer representerar sårbarhet, vilket visar på sårbarhetsbedömningars kontextuella beroende. I och med de rådande bristerna hos indikatorbaserade metoder, som bland annat har identifierats i denna avhandling, vill jag framhålla vikten av att sårbarhetsbedömningar bör vara transparanta gällande den tillämpade metodens principer, antaganden och begräsningar. Detta för att säkerställa användbarhet, giltighet och relevans, om metoden och bedömningen ska ligga till grund för anpassningsstrategier hos såväl politiker, planerare och lantbrukare. ; This is deliverable of the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Strategic Adaptation Research (NORD-STAR), funded by the Nordic Top-level Research Initiative Sub-programme 'Effects Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change'. The work has also been supported by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS under Grant No. 2013-1557 'Identifying thresholds for maladaptation in Nordic agriculture'

Dept. of Public Health/諛뺤궗 ; Background: The government has implemented the long-term care insurance (LTCI) to support the healthcare needs of the elderly. The purpose of this service is to reduce unnecessary inpatient medical utilization and reduce the burden of excessive medical costs through a substitution effect. Thus, this study aims to examine whether LTCI reduces medical utilization and the burden of medical costs of beneficiaries who have received the service for at least three consecutive years. Materials and Methods: We utilized the elderly cohort database (DB) of the National Health Insurance Service during 2005-2013. The subjects are 3,029 beneficiaries who received consecutive LTCI services. In addition, we performed a 1:3 case-control match on the propensity score to select a comparison group and the final subjects were 12,116 people, including 9,087 who formed the control group. The dependent variables were semiannually measured medical utilizations (inpatient, outpatient, and drug prescription) and the burden of medical costs at the individual level, and the independent variable is an interaction term (benefit*period) through difference-in-difference analysis. This study adjusted factors that affect medical utilization and then applied the method of generalized estimating equations (GEE) to the data. Results: After applying multivariable models, this study indicates that the number of hospitalizations of beneficiaries significantly decreased compared to non-beneficiaries (adjusted ratio: 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 0.96). Similarly, length-of-stay (LOS) of beneficiaries also shows significant reduction compared to non-beneficiaries (adjusted ratio: 0.76; 95% C.I., 0.73 to 0.79). The number of hospitalizations (adjusted ratio: 0.87; 95% C.I., 0.74 to 0.98) and LOS (adjusted ratio: 0.36; 95% C.I., 0.14 to 0.87) of beneficiaries decreased substantially compared to non-beneficiaries�� stay in long-term care hospitals, among hospital types. The number of outpatient visits and receipt of drug prescriptions of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries increased marginally. The burden of medical costs of beneficiaries reduced considerably compared to non-beneficiaries (adjusted ratio: 0.80; 95% C.I., 0.77 to 0.83). However, the burden of support costs (medical cost + long-term care cost) in beneficiaries increased significantly compared to non-beneficiaries (adjusted ratio: 1.18; 95% C.I., 1.15 to 1.21). Conclusions: Long-term care insurance has led to a significant decline in the utilization rates of inpatient service. The government needs to arrange appropriate criteria, an efficient link system, and a trained specialist who can coordinate inpatient care for patients in an LTCI hospital or facility. The study results also show that the burden of medical costs for LTCI beneficiaries reduced significantly compared to non-beneficiaries, despite the rise in medical costs in the elderly. The positive effect of LTCI supports continuous implementation and expansion of the LTCI service for non-beneficiaries who need care assistance. �꽌濡�: �젙遺��뒗 �끂�씤�쓽 �옣湲곗슂�뼇�쓣 吏��썝�븯湲� �쐞�빐 �옣湲곗슂�뼇蹂댄뿕�젣�룄瑜� �떆�뻾�븯���떎. �씠�윭�븳 �옣湲곗슂�뼇蹂댄뿕�젣�룄�쓽 �룄�엯�� ��泥댄슚怨쇰�� �넻�빐 �닔湲됱옄�뱾�쓽 遺덊븘�슂�븳 �엯�썝�씠�슜�쓣 媛먯냼�떆�궎怨� 怨쇰룄�븳 �쓽猷뚮퉬 遺��떞�쓣 �궙異� �닔 �엳�쓣 寃껋씠�떎. �뵲�씪�꽌 �씠 �뿰援щ뒗 �옣湲곗슂�뼇蹂댄뿕�젣�룄媛� 理쒖냼 3�뀈 �씠�긽 �옣湲곗슂�뼇�꽌鍮꾩뒪瑜� 諛쏆븯�뜕 �닔湲됱옄�뱾�쓽 �쓽猷뚯씠�슜怨� �쓽猷뚮퉬 遺��떞�쓣 媛먯냼�떆耳곕뒗吏�瑜� 愿�李고븯怨좎옄 �븳�떎. �옄猷� 諛� 諛⑸쾿: �씠 �뿰援щ뒗 援�誘쇨굔媛뺣낫�뿕怨듬떒�뿉�꽌 �젣怨듯븯�뒗 �끂�씤 肄뷀샇�듃 �옄猷� 以� 2005-2013�뀈 �옄猷뚮�� �솢�슜�븯���떎. �뿰援щ��긽�� 理쒖냼 3�뀈 �씠�긽 �뿰�냽�쟻�쑝濡� �옣湲곗슂�뼇�꽌鍮꾩뒪瑜� 諛쏆� �닔湲됱옄 3,029紐낆씠�떎. �삉�븳 �씠 �뿰援ъ뿉�꽌�뒗 鍮꾧탳援곗쓣 �꽑�젙�븯湲� �쐞�빐 �꽦�뼢�젏�닔瑜� �넻�븳 1:3 留ㅼ묶諛⑸쾿�쓣 �궗�슜�븯�뿬 ��議곌뎔 9,087紐낆쓣 異붿텧�븯���쑝硫� �뵲�씪�꽌 �씠 �뿰援ъ쓽 理쒖쥌 �뿰援щ��긽�� 珥� 12,116紐낆씠�뿀�떎. �씠 �뿰援ъ쓽 醫낆냽蹂��닔�뒗 媛쒖씤�떒�쐞�쓽 諛섍린蹂� �쓽猷뚯씠�슜(�엯�썝, �쇅�옒, �빟�젣泥섎갑)怨� �쓽猷뚮퉬 遺��떞�닔以��씠�뿀�쑝硫� �룆由쎈��닔�뒗 �씠以묒감�씠遺꾩꽍 諛⑸쾿�쓣 �넻�븳 援먰샇�옉�슜 �빆(Interaction term)�씠�뿀�떎. �씠 �뿰援щ뒗 �쓽猷뚯씠�슜�뿉 �쁺�뼢�쓣 誘몄튌 �닔 �엳�뒗 �슂�씤�뱾�쓣 �넻�젣�븯���쑝硫� �넻怨꾨텇�꽍諛⑸쾿�쑝濡쒕뒗 �씪諛섑솕異붿젙諛⑹젙�떇 (GEE) 諛⑸쾿�쓣 �씠�슜�븯���떎. 寃곌낵: �떎瑜� �슂�씤�뱾�쓣 �넻�젣�븳 �떎蹂��웾 遺꾩꽍�뿉�꽌 �옣湲곗슂�뼇蹂댄뿕 �닔湲됱옄�쓽 �엯�썝�슏�닔�� �옱�썝�씪�닔媛� 媛곴컖 �넻怨꾩쟻�쑝濡� �쑀�쓽�븯寃� 媛먯냼�븯���떎. 蹂묒썝�쑀�삎 以� �슂�뼇蹂묒썝�뿉 �엯�썝�븳 �솚�옄�쓽 �엯�썝�슏�닔�� �옱�썝�씪�닔媛� �겕寃� 媛먯냼�븯���떎. �쇅�옒諛⑸Ц�슏�닔�� 泥섎갑�빟 �닔�졊�슏�닔�뒗 �닔湲됱옄�� 鍮꾩닔湲됱옄 紐⑤몢�뿉�꽌 �빟媛� 利앷��븯���떎. �닔湲됱옄�쓽 �쓽猷뚮퉬 遺��떞�� 鍮꾩닔湲됱옄�뿉 鍮꾪빐 �넻怨꾩쟻�쑝濡� �쑀�쓽�븯寃� 媛먯냼�븯���쑝�굹 遺��뼇 遺��떞�� �넻怨꾩쟻�쑝濡� �쑀�쓽�븯寃� 利앷��븯���떎. 寃곕줎: �옣湲곗슂�뼇蹂댄뿕�젣�룄�뒗 �닔湲됱옄�뱾�쓽 �엯�썝 �꽌鍮꾩뒪 �씠�슜怨� �쓽猷뚮퉬 遺��떞�쓣 �넻怨꾩쟻�쑝濡� �쑀�쓽�븯寃� 媛먯냼�떆耳곕떎. �뵲�씪�꽌 �젙遺��뒗 �슂�뼇蹂묒썝 �삉�뒗 �슂�뼇�떆�꽕�뿉 �엯�썝�븳 �솚�옄�뱾�쓣 議곗젙�븷 �닔 �엳�뒗 �쟾臾멸�瑜� �뼇�꽦�븯. ; open

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAPriprema se novi Zakon o šumama, prema kojemu, nadamo se, neće biti opetovanog smanjivanja postotka naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma. U vrijeme kada nam priroda daje kataklizmičke odgovore za našu nebrigu o njoj, a najveći svjetski zagađivači ne pristaju na njenu zaštitu, šumarskoj struci se već po običaju "sječe grana" na kojoj, ne samo šumari, nego svi sjedimo. Sve više čuju se i glasovi koji sugeriraju izdvajanje priobalnog područja iz dosadašnjeg načina upravljanja, no bez jasne kompenzacijske financijske podloge. Ne opamećuje nas niti rekordan broj požara i potreba saniranja šteta upravo na tome području.S motrišta Hrvatskoga šumarskog društva koje objedinjuje hrvatsku šumarsku znanost, obrazovanje i praksu, ponajprije sa žaljenjem zaključujemo da resorni ministar do danas nije našao vremena za razgovor s njegovim predstavnicima. Bilo to nekome drago ili ne, moramo reći da je to, uz ostalo, i pokazatelj kakav status ima šumarstvo unutar resornog ministarstva. Željno smo očekivali pozitivne promjene nakon gotovo petogodišnjeg zastranjivanja u vođenju šumarske struke i zanemarivanja pojedinih načela potrajnog gospodarenja šumskim resursima, o čemu smo argumentirano pisali. Svakako, Vlada RH između ostalog, mora odlučiti očekuje li i dalje od šumarstva klasičnu "dobit" za državni proračun, ili gospodarenje šumama po načelu potrajnog gospodarenja, gdje se dobit ne mjeri novčanicama, nego optimalnim pomlađivanjem, maksimalnim prirastom, poželjnom bioraznolikošću, prirodnošću i stabilnošću, što naposljetku osigurava očuvanje, a istovremeno i sve benefite šumskog ekosustava. Nismo primijetili ni promjene glede netržišnog gospodarenja, dapače neki i dalje zahtijevaju osiguranje dobave drvnim sortimentima zajamčenim ugovorima, a ne tržišnim nadmetanjem.Da li se nešto radi na proklamiranom restrukturiranju i decentralizaciji Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o., nije nam poznato. Svakako, vidimo da nema vidljivog utjecaja na tu temu nikakav poziv na raspravu, kao primjerice tekst bivšeg ministra Tarnaja, objavljen u Šumarskome listu 3-4/2017. Svakako promjene i građenje novog ustroja, trebalo bi krenuti od poprilično zanemarenih revira i revirnika, neposrednih i najodgovornijih čimbenika gospodarenja šumama, a ne od vrha, koji neprestano buja. Sve to zahtijeva širu stručnu i društvenu raspravu na državnoj razini, ponajprije neovisnih znalaca/stručnjaka, a ne predstavnika raznih interesnih skupina i nedovoljno educiranih političara. Te rasprave nema, bez obzira na činjenicu da se radi o gotovo polovici kopnene površine Hrvatske i šumi koja je prema Ustavu resurs od posebnog interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku. Problemi svakodnevno niču od stručnih – saniranja šteta od ledoloma u Gorskome kotaru, sušenja jasena, šteta od hrastove stjenice, potkornjaka, pošumljavanja opožarenih površina, privatnih šuma, šteta uzrokovanih klimatskim promjenama, do zapošljavanja mladih, kadroviranja pa i političkog nepotizma. Sve probleme u stanju smo uspješno riješiti, jer imamo stručnog i infrastrukturnog potencijala kao malo koja struka, ali uz eliminiranje kadrova koji su struku doveli u današnju situaciju, a koji su se očito unaprijed ugovorima dobro zaštitili. No, nažalost šumarstvo je struka gdje se pogreške u gospodarenju vide tek nakon više godina, kada je "kasno plakati", pa se mnogima čini da je trenutno sa šumarstvom sve u redu. Uredništvo ; EDITORIALPreparations are under way to formulate the new Forest Law, which will, hopefully, eliminate the continual decrease in the fee for non-market forest functions. At the time at which Nature responds with cataclysmic consequences to our indifference towards it and major global polluters refuse to protect it, the branch on which not only foresters but all of us are sitting is again being cut off. There are increased requests to exclude the coastal region from the current management policy, but at the same time no clear compensational financial bases are provided. Not even the record number of fires and the need to recover the damage in these very areas have brought us to our senses.From the aspect of the Croatian Forestry Association, which unifies the Croatian forestry science, education and practice, we can only ascertain with regret that the relevant minister has not yet found time to discuss these hot issues with its representatives. Whether we like it nor not, it should be said that this is, among other things, one more indicator of the status of forestry within the relevant ministry. We had eagerly awaited positive changes after an almost five-year period of a misguided attitude to the forestry profession and the negligence towards the principles of sustainable management of forest resources, which we have already discussed in our Journal. Definitely, the Croatian government should decide, among other things, whether it expects classical "profit" for the state budget from forestry or whether it supports forest management according to the principles of sustainable management. In the latter, profit is not measured by banknotes but by optimal regeneration, maximal increment, desirable biodiversity, naturalness and stability, all of which ensures the preservation of the forest ecosystem and of its multiple benefits. We have not seen any changes in the attitude towards non-market economy, either; on the contrary, some continue to demand the acquisition of wood assortments through guaranteed contracts rather than through market competition.We do not know if anything is being done regarding the proclaimed restructuring and decentralisation of the company Croatian Forests Ltd. What we do see is that no invitation to a debate on the subject has had any effect, such as the text of the former minister Tarnaj, published in Forestry Journal 1-4/2017. In order to develop a new system it is necessary to start from the relatively neglected forest districts and district rangers, the most direct and responsible factors in forest management, rather than at the top management, which is constantly expanding in numbers. This requires a broader professional and social debate at the state level with the participation of independent experts/professionals and not representatives of different interest groups and insufficiently educated politicians. However, such a debate is missing, even though this issue concerns almost half of the land area of Croatia and the forest which the Constitution describes as a resource of particular interest for the Republic of Croatia. There are problems on a daily basis, including the recovery of the damage from ice break in Gorski Kotar, ash dieback, damage from the oak lace bug, bark beetles, reforestation of burnt areas, private forests, damage caused by climate change, employment of the young, personnel policy and political nepotism. We are capable of solving all these problems successfully because we have professional and infrastructural potential that very few professions can boast, but we should primarily eliminate the cadres who have reduced the profession to a current unenviable situation and who have protected themselves with contracts well in advance. Unfortunately, forestry is a profession in which mistakes in the management come to light only after several years, when it is too late to "cry over spilt milk". This is the reason that many erroneously believe that forestry is currently in a good shape. Editorial Board

På grund af faktorer såsom befolkningsvækst og ændrede spisevaner i udviklingslandene samt stigende efterspørgsel efter bioenergi i de udviklede lande, stiger efterspørgslen efter landbrugsjord på verdensplan. Eftersom landbrugsjord er mere eller mindre fast, medfører dette stigende jord-værdier. Effekten af en stigende efterspørgsel efter jord i udviklingslande med meget landbrugsjord diskuteres hæftigt, og meningerne er delte. På den ene side foreslås det at dette kan medføre tiltrængte investeringer i landbruget i disse lande, hvilket vil medføre stigende produktivitet samt skabe jobs og højere indkomster i landbruget, med faldende fattigdom og general økonomisk udvikling som følge heraf. På den anden side kan det også medføre en neo-kolonial kamp om jord, hvor politisk og øknomomisk magtfulde aktører eksproprierer jord på bekostning af landbrugsbefolkningen, hvis levebrød afhænger af denne jord. For at undgå en sådan situation hvor magfulde eliter overtager store landområder, peges der i literaturen på vigtigheden af landbrugsbefolkningernes evne til, og mulighed for, at kræve deres ret i et institutionelt miljø karakteriseret ved transparens og veldefinerede ejendomsrettigheder. Sådanne omstændigheder er dog sjældne i mange udviklingslande, og der er ikke noget der peger i retning af at en stigende efterspørgsel efter jord skulle initiere sådanne fundamentale forandringer i det politisk-økonomiske miljø. Derudover foreslår en stor literatur indenfor politisk økonomi og natur ressourcer, at potentialet for store gevinster fra natur ressourcer i lande med svage institutioner, vil have tendens til at medføre konflikter og rent seeking. Ifølge denne literatur er effekten af høje afkast fra naturressourcer på rent seeking givet ved kombinationen af ressourcens karakteristika. Hvis værdien på jord ændrer sig fra lav (hvilket typisk har været antaget) til høj, ændrer kombinationen af karakteristika sig, og passer ikke længere ind i det nuværende analytiske framework. Med andre ord er kombinationen af karakteristika på høj-værdi jord fundamentalt anderledes end konventionelle høj-værdi ressourcer såsom olie og diamanter, og derfor udvikler denne afhandling et analytisk framework som kan bruges til at analysere effekterne af høj-værdi jord på rent seeking, og dermed på fordelingen af ressource renten fra landbruget. Dette framework gør det muligt systematisk at analysere de omstændigheder der afgør hvorvidt stigende værdi på jord hovedsagligt er til gavn for landbrugsbefolkningen eller en politisk-økonomisk elite. Derudover tages der højde for de bagvedliggende faktorer som afgør i hvor stort omfang bønderne er i stand til at opnå politisk magt og dermed kræve deres ret til en del af den kage som stigende værdi på jord medfører. Indenfor dette framework udvikles en makroøkonomisk og en mikroøkonomisk model, for at muliggøre en analyse på både makroøkonomisk og mikroøkonomisk niveau. Derudover udføres et case studie samt et cross-country empirisk studie, for at understøtte det foreslåede teoretiske framework. Baseret på disse studier finder jeg at interaktionen mellem den sociale diversitet blandt bønderne, den relative størrelse på gruppen af bønder, det politiske system samt størrelsen på værdi-stigningen på jord er afgørende for fordelingen af ressource renter fra landbruget. Mere specifikt opnår bønderne en større andel når de udgør en stor og homogen gruppe i et land med politisk konkurrence og stabilitet. Hvis magtfordelingen mellem bønderne og den politisk-økonomiske elite er meget lige kan dette dog have negative velfærds effekter, fordi konkurrencen om renterne vil være hård, hvilket fører til at begge grupper bruger flere ressourcer på at opnå politisk magt. En vigtig implikation af dette er, at når lande med svage institutioner og en heterogen gruppe af bønder oplever stigende værdi på jord, vil introduktionen af mere demokratiske institutioner ikke være den bedste løsning, da dette medfører en hårdrere konkurrence om renterne. ; Due to factors such as population growth and changing diets in the developing world as well as increasing demand for bioenergy in the developed world, the demand for agricultural land is on the rise. Since land is more or less fixed, this implies increasing value of land. The effect of increasing demand for agricultural land on land-abundant developing countries is highly debated, and opinions are divided. On the one hand, some propose that it may induce much needed investments in agriculture in these countries, thereby increasing productivity and creating rural employment and higher rural incomes, with poverty reductions and general economic development as the ultimate outcome. On the other hand it could also induce a neo-colonial scramble for land, where politically and economically powerful actors appropriate land at the expense of rural populations, whose livelihoods depend on this land. To avoid such an outcome of land grabbing by powerful elites, policy recommendations presented in the literature point towards the importance of the ability and potential for rural populations to claim their rights, in an institutional environment characterized by transparency and well-defined property rights. However, such circumstances are rare in many land-abundant developing countries, and there are no good reasons why increasing demand for land should spark such fundamental changes in the political-institutional environment. In addition, a large literature on political economy and natural resources suggests that in countries where institutions are weak, the potential for large gains from natural resources tends to induce conflict and rent seeking. According to this literature, the effect of a natural resource on rent seeking is given by the combination of characteristics of the resource. However, if the value of land changes from low (which has been the assumption so far) to high, the combination of characteristics changes, and no longer applies to the existing analytical framework. In other words, high-value land is fundamentally different from conventional high-value natural resources such as oil and diamonds, and therefore this thesis develops an analytical framework for the analysis of the effects of high-value land on rent seeking, and hence on the distribution of resource rents from agriculture. This framework enables a systematic analysis of the circumstances that determine whether increasing land values will mainly benefit the rural populations or the political-economic elites. In addition, it takes into account the deeper determinants of the extent to which farmers are able to obtain political power, and thereby claim their rights to a share of the benefits from increased value of land. Within this framework, a macroeconomic and a microeconomic model is developed to enable the analysis of the effects at both levels. Moreover, a case study and a cross country empirical study is carried out to support the proposed theoretical framework. The findings in this thesis suggest that the interaction between the social diversity of the farmers, the relative size of the group of farmers, the political system and the size of the increase in land value, determines the distribution of resource rents from agriculture. More specifically, farmers tend to obtain larger shares when they are a large and homogeneous group in a country with political competition and stability. However, if the power distribution between the farmers and the political-economic elite is highly equal, this may have negative welfare effects, because the competition for rents will be very high, and hence a large amount of resources will be wasted by both groups on political power. An important implication of this is that in weakly institutionalized countries with a diverse farmer group, introducing more democratic institutions when facing increasing rents from agriculture, may not be the first best solution, because it increases the competition for rents.

Background and objective of the research study The objective of this research study is the development of a forest stand growth model for the forests in the province Yunnan of southern China. The forest growth model is based on a position independent single tree growth modelling concept. The background for this objective is given by the heavy land use in the Yunnan province, leading to destruction of forest ecosystems, erosion and endangered wildlife. In addition the forest must meet the requirements of a growing and economically developing society that needs land for the farmers, timber for the industry and water for drinking. A forest stand growth model shall enable decision makers in forestry and politics to analyse decision alternatives on a sound empirical data basis and with statistically validated methods. Data from the Yunnan Forest Continuous Inventory Yunnan belongs to the southernmost provinces of China with a total area of about 390,000 km². Since 1978 the forests of this province are monitored by the Yunnan Forest Continuous Inventory with survey years in 1978, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2002. For this research study data from the three prefectures Simao, Lincang and Xishuangbanna with 21 counties. These inventories provide a huge data pool from the assessments on more than 800 inventory plots on forest land. Single tree information is available for tree diameter DBH as well as tree heights, stem numbers on the plots and tree species. Roughly 80,000 single tree DBH records are available and more than 2,000 single tree DBH and height increment records from subsequent inventories. In addition plot specific site information like elevation, slope, aspect, soil depth and soil type is available too, and on county level even climatic data are accessible like mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, evaporation and radiation. Developing a position independent single tree growth model Beneath the objective to build a forest stand growth model some additional objectives get a high priority. This is at first to use the data from the Yunnan Forest Continuous Inventory for establishing a reliable set of data which can serve as unique data pool for statistical analysis and modelling. This is at second to conduct a descriptive statistical analysis on the basis of the trusted data pool. This analysis shall already allow a deeper insight into the distributions of important survey variables, in particular with regard to growth and yield parameters. And this is at third to apply the growth model for simulation purposes in a comprehensive way. The simulations cover the growth of the forest stands from the survey plots as given by the Yunnan Forest Continuous Inventory. To make the species richness of the Yunnan mixed forests accessible in the modelling context in total 4 species groups are derived. These four species groups represent Pine species, Oak species, broad-leaved soft wood tree species and broad- leaved species. The largest sample size is given for the broad-leaved hard wood species while the soft wood has the smallest sample size. For building the position independent single tree growth model several sub-models are developed. The most important sub-models are: - a stem number-DBH-distribution model based on a Weibull function, - a generalised stand height curve system using the Michailoff-function, - a site index model for reflecting the effect of site on forest growth where the asymptote A of the Chapman-Richards function is modelled as function of site variables, - a single tree DBH increment model using the Chapman-Richards increment function and tree DBH as driving independent variable as well as the tree position independent competition index 'basal area in larger trees' and the site index, - a single tree height increment model that is functionally similar to the DBH increment model, - a stem number-dg model as simple harvesting model for controlling stand density. All the sub-models are statistically built by applying linear or non linear regression analyses. The results of the regression analyses are validated by taking the coefficients of determination into account as well as the standard errors of the parameter estimations, the mean square error of the residuals and the trend of the residuals to identify biases and model errors. In addition validations are done by comparing the results of exemplary model applications with results from scientific literature, in particular with regard to an interpretation of model functions, their parameter values and biological plausibility. Bringing the sub-models together leads to an overall forest stand growth model that already allows to give insight into simple but basic questions, like the forest growth dynamics of a given tree species or species group on different sites or under different stand densities. And the overall models allow conducting forest growth simulations and predictions based on direct input data from existing survey plots. ; Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Das Ziel der Forschungsarbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Waldwachstumsmodelles für die Provinz Yunnan im Süden Chinas. Das Waldwachstumsmodell ist basiert auf einem positionunabhängigen Einzelbaumenansatz. Hintergrund der Arbeit ist, dass der Wald in der Provinz Yunnan stark genutzt wird und Zerstörungen des Waldökosystems, Erosionen und Gefährdung der Tierwelt zum Folge hat. Außerdem muss der Wald den Forderungen der Wirtschaft folgen, weil die Bauern Farmland und die Industrie Bauholz brauchen. Ein Waldwachstumsmodell soll den Entscheidungsträger aus forstlicher und politischer Sicht unterstützen, um mit Hilfen von empirischen Datengrundlagen und statistischen Verfahren einen Alternativvorschlag zu analysieren. Datengrundlage einer forstlichen Wiederholungsinventur: Die Provinz Yunnan gehört zu den südlichen Provinzen Chinas. Die gesamte Fläche ist ungefähr 390,000 km². In 1978 wurde eine nationale Inventur mit dauerhaften Stichproben in der Provinz Yunnan eingerichtet. Danach wurden forstliche Wiederholungsinventuren mit den Inventurjahren 1988, 1992, 1997 und 2002 durchgeführt. Für diese Forschungsarbeit steht eine Datengrundlage aus den drei Regionen Simao, Lincang und Xishuangbanna mit insgesamt 21 Teilregionen zur Verfügung. Die Inventur liefert eine große Datenmenge, die auf mehr als 800 Inventurpunkten in Waldgebieten beruht. Einzelne Bauminformationen, wie der Brusthöhendurchmesser (BHD) und Baumhöhen, die Stammzahl (Bäume/ha) der Bestände und die Baumarteninformationen sind verfügbar. Es gibt mehr als 80,000 BHD-Sätze und mehr als 2,000 BHD- und Höhenzuwächse aus Wiederholungsinventuren. Darüber hinaus sind die Informationen des Standorts sowie die Seehöhe, die Hangneigung, die Hangrichtung, die Bodenart und die Bodentiefe auch verfügbar. Für die Teilregionen sind sogar Klimadaten vorhanden, wie die jährliche Durchschnittstemperatur, der jährliche Niederschlag, die Evaporation und die Sonnenstrahlung. Entwicklung eines positionsunabhängigen Einzelbaummodelles: Außer dem Hauptziel, ein Waldwachstumsmodell für die Provinz Yunnan zu entwickeln, sind einige Unterziele zu nennen. Erstens sollen die Datensätze, die bei den forstlichen Wiederholungsinventuren für die Provinz Yunnan erfasst worden sind, zu einer zuverlässigen Datenbasis aufbereitet werden. Zweitens soll diese Datenbasis mit Hilfe von statistischen Methoden auswertet werden, um Einblicke in die Verteilung wichtigen Variablen des Waldwachstums zu gewinnen. Drittens soll das Wachstumsmodell für Simulationszwecke verwendet werden, insbesondere für Wachstumsprognosen der Bestände der Inventurpunkte. Die Baumartenvielfalt der Provinz Yunnan wird für das Modell auf vier Baumartengruppen reduziert. Dies Gruppen sind Kiefernarten, Eiche, Weichlaubholz und Hartlaubholz. Die Hartlaubholz-Gruppe hat die größte Anzahl an Stichprobenpunkten, und die Weichlaubholzgruppe hat den kleinsten Stichprobenumfang. Zum Aufbau eines positionsunabhängigen Einzelbaummodelles werden einige Untermodelle entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Untermodelle sind: - ein Stammzahl-BHD-Verteilungsmodell, basierend auf einer Weibull-Funktion, - eine Einheitshöhenkurve, basierend auf einer Michailoff-Funktion, - ein Oberhöhenwachstum-Modell abhängig vom Standort, wobei die Asymptote A der Chapman-Richards-Funktion als Funktion der Standortvariablen modelliert ist, - ein Durchmesserzuwachs-Modell aufgrund der Chapman-Richards-Zuwachsfunktion, wobei der Zuwachs abhängt von dem Brusthöhendurchmesser, der Konkurrenzvariablen und den Standortvariablen, - ein Höhenzuwachsmodell, das dem Durchmesserzuwachs-Modell funktional sehr ähnlich ist, - ein Stamzahl-dg-Modell für den Waldbestand als ein einfaches Erntemodell, mit dem man die Dichte von Beständen steuern kann. Alle Modelle beruhen statistisch auf linearen und nicht linearen Regressionen, um die Modellparameter zu schätzen. Das Resultat, das bei der Regression erzielt wird, wird validiert durch das Bestimmtheitsmaß, die Standardfehler der Parameterschätzungen, den mittleren quadratischen Fehler der Residuale und dem grafischen Trend der Residuale, um Bias und Modellfehler zu identifizieren. Außerdem werden die Resultate mit Ergebnissen aus der wissenschaftlichen Literatur vergleichen, besonders in Bezug auf eine Interpretation der Modellfunktionen, der Parameterwerte und der biologischen Plausibilität. Alle Untermodelle zusammen bilden das Gesamt-Waldwachstumsmodell. Damit kann das Waldwachstum für die gegebenen Baumarten oder Baumartengruppen auf verschiedenen Standorten und bei unterschiedlichen Dichten der Bestände analysiert werden. Das Gesamt-Modell erlaubt die Simulation und die Prognose des Waldwachstums direkt gestützt auf die Eingangswerte, die von vorhandenen Stichproben-Inventuren gekommen sind.

For today there is a far of the publications sanctified to soviet history of 1930th. However basic attention in them is spared there are 1937-1939 to strengthening of the totalitarian mode and repressions. And the problems of combating crime have received little attention.Research aim. Taking into account insufficient worked out of theme, an author put an aim to itself to light up the role of militia in counteraction to some types of criminality in the second half 1930th. This range of problems is wide enough, that is why we specially did not investigate some of directions of activity of militia at this time, in particular fight against gangsterism, counteract to economic criminality and role of militia in repressions 1937-1938, as it is an object other our scientific researches.Research methodology. The fundamental methodological principle of the study for the author was historicism. We tried to study the processes, events and facts in chronological order, taking into account the then socio-political situation. The method of comparison allowed to consider the general and special in activity of militia of different regions of the republic and differences in counteraction to different types of crimes.The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in the historical literature it reveals the activities of the police in combating crime in the second half of the 1930s., related to improving the work of investigators, district inspectors.In the article basic directions of activity of militia are exposed in relation to counteraction to some types of crimes in Ukraine, in the second half of 1930th. In this time a "liberal" period made off relatively in history of soviet legislation.It was considered that in connection from completion of building of socialism in the USSR the main causations of crime, related to the inheritance of, are czarism on the whole removed, and the pore of the most rapid liquidation of criminality came, although at this time appeared and new types of crimes : 1. crimes related to the passport system (imitation, sale and purchase, theft of passports); 2. violation of charter of agricultural artel, violation of soviet and of a collective farm democracy; 3.sabotage of Stakhanovsky motion, pursuit ofStakhanov' s men.New Constitution of the USSR was accepted in 1936, and in 1937 is new Constitution of Ukraine. For them wide rights for soviet citizens were proclaimed, but in reality they were not realized, becoming illustration to neglect of law and law and order.However would be an overstatement to consider that there was complete legal anarchy and raging of criminality in the state .Conclusions. In the second half 1930th a militia, without regard to mass repressions and certain vagueness of fate of many workers, continued counteraction to criminality. Certain attention was spared to the improvement of work of investigators, district inspectors, secret-service-informative work, bringing in of public to counteraction to criminality. In the total it was succeeded to attain some reduction of general level to criminality. ; На сегодняшний день имеется значительное количество публикаций, посвященных советской истории 1930-х годов, однако основное внимание в них уделяется усилению тоталитарного режима и репрессиям 1937-1939 гг., а проблемы борьбы с преступностью занимают незначительное место. Цель исследования. Учитывая недостаточную разработанность темы, автор поставил своей целью раскрыть роль милиции в противодействии некоторым видам преступности во второй половине 1930-х гг. Эта проблематика является достаточно широкой, потому мы специально не исследовали некоторые из направлений деятельности милиции в это время, в частности борьбу против бандитизма, противодействие экономической преступности и роль милиции в репрессиях 1937-1938 гг., поскольку это является предметом других наших научных разведок. Методология исследования. Основополагающим методологическим принципом исследования для автора был историзм. Мы пытались исследовать процессы, события и факты в хронологической последовательности, с учетом тогдашней общественно-политической ситуации. Метод сравнения позволил рассмотреть общее и особенное в деятельности милиции разных регионов республики и отличия в противодействии разным видам преступлений. Научная новизна статьи заключается в том, что в ней впервые в исторической литературе раскрыта деятельность милиции относительно противодействия преступности во второй половине 1930х гг. Дальнейшее развитие получили вопросы, которые касаются уголовно-правовой доктрины советского государства этого времени, методов работы милиции, дополнены материалы, связанные с усовершенствованием работы следователей, участковых инспекторов. В статье раскрыты основные направления деятельности милиции относительно противодействия некоторым видам преступлений в УССР во второй половине 1930-х годов. В это время закончился относительно "либеральный" период в истории советского законодательства. Считалось, что в связи с завершением строительства социализма в СССР главные причины преступности, связанные с наследием царизма, в целом устранены, и пришла пора быстрейшей ликвидации самой преступности, хотя в это время появились и новые виды преступлений: 1. преступления, связанные с паспортизацией (подделка, продажа и покупка, кража паспортов); 2. нарушение устава сельскохозяйственной артели, нарушения советской и колхозной демократии; 3.саботаж стахановского движения, преследования стахановцев. В статье показано, как осуществлялось противодействие хулиганству, наркомании, кражам, как менялось отношение к преступности несовершеннолетних и методы борьбы с ней. В1936 году была принята новая Конституция СССР, а в 1937 г. новая Конституция УССР. В них провозглашались широкие права советских граждан, но в действительности они не реализовывались, став иллюстрацией к пренебрежению закона и правопорядка. Однако было бы преувеличением считать, что в государстве была полная правовая анархия и разгул преступности. Выводы. Во второй половине 1930-х гг.милиция, невзирая на массовые репрессии и некоторую неопределенность судьбы многих своих сотрудников, продолжала противодействие преступности. Определенное внимание уделялось улучшению работы следователей, участковых инспекторов, агентурно-информационной работе, привлечению общественности к противодействию преступности. В итоге удалось достичь некоторого уменьшения общего уровня преступности. ; Сьогодні є значна кількість публікацій, присвячених радянській історії 1930-х років, проте основна увага в них приділяється посиленню тоталітарного режиму та репресіям 1937-1938 років, а проблеми боротьби зі злочинністю посідають незначне місце. Мета дослідження.Враховуючи недостатню розробленість теми, автор поставив собі за мету висвітлити роль міліції в протидії деяким видам злочинності у другій половині 1930-х рр.Ця проблематика є достатньо широкою, тому ми спеціально не досліджували деякі з напрямів діяльності міліції в цей час, зокрема боротьбу проти бандитизму, протидію економічній злочинності та роль міліції в репресіях 1937-1938 рр., оскільки це є предметом інших наших наукових розвідок. Методологія дослідження.Засадничим методологічним принципом дослідження для автора був історизм.Ми намагалися відстежувати процеси, події і факти у хронологічній послідовності з урахування тогочасної суспільно-політичної ситуації. Метод порівняння дозволив розглянути загальне й особливе в діяльності міліції різних регіонів республіки та відмінності у протидії різним видам злочинів. Наукова новизна статті полягає в тому, що в ній уперше в історичній літературі розкрито діяльність міліції щодо протидії злочинності у другій половині 1930х рр. Набули подальшого розвитку питання, які стосувалися кримінально-правової доктрини радянської держави цього часу, методів роботи міліції, доповнено матеріали, пов'язані з удосконаленням роботи слідчих, дільничних інспекторів.У статті розкрито основні напрями діяльності міліції щодо протидії деяким видам злочинів в УРСР у другій половині 1930-х років. У цей час закінчився відносно «ліберальний» період в історії радянського законодавства. Вважалося, що у зв'язку із завершенням будівництва соціалізму в СРСР головні причини злочинності, пов'язані зі спадщиною царизму, в цілому усунені і настав час якнайшвидшої ліквідації самої злочинності, хоча саме тоді з'явилися і нові види злочинів: 1. злочини, пов'язані з паспортизацією (підробка, продаж і купівля, крадіжка паспортів); 2. порушення статуту сільськогосподарської артілі, порушення радянської і колгоспної демократії; 3.саботаж стаханівського руху, переслідування стаханівців. У статті показано, як здійснювалася протидія хуліганству, наркоманії, крадіжкам, як змінювалося ставлення до злочинності неповнолітніх і методи боротьби з нею. 1936 року була прийнята нова Конституція СРСР, а 1937 р. – нова Конституція УРСР. У них проголошувалися широкі права радянських громадян, але насправді вони не реалізовувалися, ставши ілюстрацією до зневажання закону і правопорядку. Проте було б перебільшенням вважати, що в державі була повна правова анархія та розгул злочинності. Висновки. У другій половині 1930-х рр.міліція, незважаючи на масові репресії та певну невизначеність долі багатьох своїх працівників, продовжувала протидію злочинності. Певна увага приділялася поліпшенню роботи слідчих, дільничних інспекторів, агентурно-інформаційній роботі, залученню громадськості до протидії злочинності. У результаті вдалося досягти певного зменшення загального рівня злочинності.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to bridge gaps in Ukrainian music history, including unfairly forgotten names of musicians.The main objective of the study is to investigate Constantine von Feist's stages of life and fields of creative activity as little known composer, teacher and pianist.Methodology of the article is complex. It includes: a method of historical and systemic analysis which helps to consider C. von Feist's activity under certain historical conditions and to define his role in formation of Ukrainian music culture; a method of search and generalization of archive documentation which helps to use reliable and trustworthy information in exposition of fact-based material; a method of musically-theoretical analysis — aimed to thorough study of music compositions along with their content and form, to reveal imagery by means of the system of music expression means used by composer; a method of systematization and generalization which makes it possible to summarize all available data and to make a grounded conclusion.The article pays attention to the fact that C. von Feist's activity was not studied by Ukrainian musicology before. However, culturally educated part of the society of the 19 century knew his works very well, as C. von Feist was a concert-giving pianist, composer and teacher.The musician was born in Poland. He was educated in Warsaw conservatory. In 1842 he moved to Kharkiv. The newspapers of that time said that the musician`s talent development took place exactly in Kharkiv ground. Here he became known as a composer, experienced and conscientious piano teacher and pianist-performer whose concerts always attracted the audience. C. von Feist's name was also well known abroad. Exemplary remarks about musician's activity were published in "The Warsaw courier" and in Vienna's newspapers.During Kharkiv period C. von Feist paid the most attention to composing. He wrote mainly salon pieces and military marches which were popular at that time and which he often dedicated and presented to emperor's family representatives. C. von Feist was repeatedly granted Supreme favour and was awarded with valuable gifts. Among such compositions are the marches: "The Horse trot" (1845), "The Infanterian March" (1850), "The Triumphant March" (1852), "The march in remembrance of Sacred Crowning of His Imperial Highness" (1857), and also large pieces for piano: "Cecilia Mazurka" (1855), "Nocturne" (1858), dedicated to Grand duchess Olga Fyodorovna (ne Cecilia Augusta), "Grand valse" ("The Bridal Fiery Waltz"), dedicated to Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich on the occasion of the wedding of His Imperial Highness (1856).In 1860-ties C. von Feist moved to Moscow. He continued to compose and the tradition to dedicate his works. Two marches: "The Ceremonial March" (1862) and "The Millennial Festive March" (1862) written on the occasion of Their Imperial Highness's "general happy arrival" in Moscow and of "millennial reign of Russian government" respectively, were traditionally addressed to members of imperial family. Today the manuscripts of these compositions are kept in The National Russian Library.The musician's further life was connected mainly with pedagogical activity: the pianist bent every effort to foundation of music schools in towns and cities of the Russian Empire.In 1873 C. von Feist opened a private music school in Voronezh which was considerably popular among townspeople. In the middle of 1870-ties the musician moved to Ukraine and founded music schools in Sumy (1874) and in Nizhyn (1876).In 1881 he created vocal-instrumental school in Kyiv. Most researchers consider it to be among the first private educational establishments in Ukraine. The school was approved by Ministry of the Interior. Playing the piano, singing and music theory were taught there.In due course C. von Feist set himself the task to transfer Kyiv school to another town. He turned to the governor of Kamianets-Podilskyi with this idea but the first was refused. In 1885 the musician addressed a petition to the mayor of Mykolaiv, in which he suggested his assistance in transferring the educational establishment to the town entrusted to him. One of the schools head's conditions was: a subvention of 1200 rubles a year for teaching children from low-income families. But this time the musician did not obtain the consent as well.Having cancelled his plans to move to another town, C. von Feist continued teaching in Kyiv, where his creative activity was at last appreciated. In 1889 the Shah of Persia granted the school head of Kyiv music school the highest badge of honor of his country — "The Order of the Lion and the Sun". Having received this precious reward, intended for foreigners, C. von Feist, a famous musician, became fairly recognized for his talent and hard work.Results and conclusions. C. von Feist's fruitful creativity is a major contribution to development of Ukrainian music culture. His pedagogical achievements in formation of domestic musical education are especially important. Opened music schools, in particular for teaching children from low-income families, caused the growth of music level of the inhabitants, formation of the system of primary music education. C. von Feist's creative legacy as composer, the bulk of which have not survived, reflects aesthetic tendencies and genre priorities of Russian music of the 19 century. ; Охарактеризовано творчество композитора, педагога, пианиста Константина Францевича фон Фейста, рассмотрены отдельные этапы его жизненного пути и направления творческой деятельности, воссоздан творческий портрет художника, раскрыта его роль в культурно-художественной жизни Украины середины XIX века. К. фон Фейст был талантливым концертирующим пианистом. Как композитор, он писал преимущественно популярные в то время салонные пьесы и военные марши, которые щедро посвящал членам императорской семьи по случаю юбилеев, государственных праздников и различных жизненных событий. Воплощая свой замысел, К. фон Фейст внимателен к каждой детали: он каллиграфически чётко вносил все знаки акцентуации, педализаци, разные штрихи, динамические градации. Его автографы производили впечатление утончённой графической работы. Кроме того, он активно проявил себя на педагогическом поприще, в частности, его считают одним из основателей частных музыкальных школ в Украине. В учебных заведениях, открытых музыкантом в Воронеже, Сумах, Киеве, Нежине, учились дети из семей состоятельных и бедных горожан. По воспоминаниям современников, он был добросовестным и опытным преподавателем. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста преимущественно утеряно, однако отдельные материалы, сохранившиеся в фондах библиотек, свидетельствуют о его высоком профессионализме и мастерстве. Опусы художника неоднократно благосклонно принимали представители императорской семьи, вознаграждая его ценными подарками. Плодотворная деятельность К. фон Фейста является весомым вкладом в развитие украинской культуры, особенно музыкального образования. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста отражает эстетические тенденции развития русской музыки во второй половине XIX века. ; Розглянуто постать композитора, педагога, піаніста Костянтина Францовича фон Фейста. Охарактеризовано окремі етапи його життєвого шляху та напрями творчої діяльності, змальовано творчий портрет митця, розкрито його роль у культурно-мистецькому житті України середини XIX століття. З'ясовано, що К. фон Фейст був талановитим концертуючим піаністом. Композитор К. фон Фейст писав переважно популярні на той час салонні п'єси і військові марші, які щедро присвячував членам імператорської родини, даруючи з нагоди ювілеїв, державних свят і різних життєвих подій. Утілюючи свій задум, К. фон Фейст уважний до кожної деталі: він каліграфічно чітко виписував усі знаки акцентуації, педалізації, різноманітні штрихи, динамічні градації. Його автографи справляють враження витонченої графічної роботи. Він активно виявив себе на педагогічній ниві, зокрема його вважають одним із фундаторів приватних музичних шкіл в Україні. У закладах, які відкрив музикант у Воронежі, Сумах, Києві, Ніжині, навчалися діти з родин заможних і бідних городян. За спогадами сучасників, він був сумлінним і досвідченим викладачем. Композиторська спадщина К. фон Фейста здебільшого втрачена, проте окремі матеріали, які збереглися у фондах бібліотек, свідчать про його високий професіоналізм і майстерність. Опуси митця неодноразово прихильно сприймали представники імператорської родини, нагороджуючи його коштовними подарунками. Плідна діяльність К. фон Фейста становить вагомий внесок у розвиток української культури, особливо музичної освіти. Композиторський доробок К. фон Фейста відбиває естетичні тенденції розвитку російської музики у другій половині ХІХ століття.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to bridge gaps in Ukrainian music history, including unfairly forgotten names of musicians.The main objective of the study is to investigate Constantine von Feist's stages of life and fields of creative activity as little known composer, teacher and pianist.Methodology of the article is complex. It includes: a method of historical and systemic analysis which helps to consider C. von Feist's activity under certain historical conditions and to define his role in formation of Ukrainian music culture; a method of search and generalization of archive documentation which helps to use reliable and trustworthy information in exposition of fact-based material; a method of musically-theoretical analysis — aimed to thorough study of music compositions along with their content and form, to reveal imagery by means of the system of music expression means used by composer; a method of systematization and generalization which makes it possible to summarize all available data and to make a grounded conclusion.The article pays attention to the fact that C. von Feist's activity was not studied by Ukrainian musicology before. However, culturally educated part of the society of the 19 century knew his works very well, as C. von Feist was a concert-giving pianist, composer and teacher.The musician was born in Poland. He was educated in Warsaw conservatory. In 1842 he moved to Kharkiv. The newspapers of that time said that the musician`s talent development took place exactly in Kharkiv ground. Here he became known as a composer, experienced and conscientious piano teacher and pianist-performer whose concerts always attracted the audience. C. von Feist's name was also well known abroad. Exemplary remarks about musician's activity were published in "The Warsaw courier" and in Vienna's newspapers.During Kharkiv period C. von Feist paid the most attention to composing. He wrote mainly salon pieces and military marches which were popular at that time and which he often dedicated and presented to emperor's family representatives. C. von Feist was repeatedly granted Supreme favour and was awarded with valuable gifts. Among such compositions are the marches: "The Horse trot" (1845), "The Infanterian March" (1850), "The Triumphant March" (1852), "The march in remembrance of Sacred Crowning of His Imperial Highness" (1857), and also large pieces for piano: "Cecilia Mazurka" (1855), "Nocturne" (1858), dedicated to Grand duchess Olga Fyodorovna (ne Cecilia Augusta), "Grand valse" ("The Bridal Fiery Waltz"), dedicated to Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich on the occasion of the wedding of His Imperial Highness (1856).In 1860-ties C. von Feist moved to Moscow. He continued to compose and the tradition to dedicate his works. Two marches: "The Ceremonial March" (1862) and "The Millennial Festive March" (1862) written on the occasion of Their Imperial Highness's "general happy arrival" in Moscow and of "millennial reign of Russian government" respectively, were traditionally addressed to members of imperial family. Today the manuscripts of these compositions are kept in The National Russian Library.The musician's further life was connected mainly with pedagogical activity: the pianist bent every effort to foundation of music schools in towns and cities of the Russian Empire.In 1873 C. von Feist opened a private music school in Voronezh which was considerably popular among townspeople. In the middle of 1870-ties the musician moved to Ukraine and founded music schools in Sumy (1874) and in Nizhyn (1876).In 1881 he created vocal-instrumental school in Kyiv. Most researchers consider it to be among the first private educational establishments in Ukraine. The school was approved by Ministry of the Interior. Playing the piano, singing and music theory were taught there.In due course C. von Feist set himself the task to transfer Kyiv school to another town. He turned to the governor of Kamianets-Podilskyi with this idea but the first was refused. In 1885 the musician addressed a petition to the mayor of Mykolaiv, in which he suggested his assistance in transferring the educational establishment to the town entrusted to him. One of the schools head's conditions was: a subvention of 1200 rubles a year for teaching children from low-income families. But this time the musician did not obtain the consent as well.Having cancelled his plans to move to another town, C. von Feist continued teaching in Kyiv, where his creative activity was at last appreciated. In 1889 the Shah of Persia granted the school head of Kyiv music school the highest badge of honor of his country — "The Order of the Lion and the Sun". Having received this precious reward, intended for foreigners, C. von Feist, a famous musician, became fairly recognized for his talent and hard work.Results and conclusions. C. von Feist's fruitful creativity is a major contribution to development of Ukrainian music culture. His pedagogical achievements in formation of domestic musical education are especially important. Opened music schools, in particular for teaching children from low-income families, caused the growth of music level of the inhabitants, formation of the system of primary music education. C. von Feist's creative legacy as composer, the bulk of which have not survived, reflects aesthetic tendencies and genre priorities of Russian music of the 19 century. ; Охарактеризовано творчество композитора, педагога, пианиста Константина Францевича фон Фейста, рассмотрены отдельные этапы его жизненного пути и направления творческой деятельности, воссоздан творческий портрет художника, раскрыта его роль в культурно-художественной жизни Украины середины XIX века. К. фон Фейст был талантливым концертирующим пианистом. Как композитор, он писал преимущественно популярные в то время салонные пьесы и военные марши, которые щедро посвящал членам императорской семьи по случаю юбилеев, государственных праздников и различных жизненных событий. Воплощая свой замысел, К. фон Фейст внимателен к каждой детали: он каллиграфически чётко вносил все знаки акцентуации, педализаци, разные штрихи, динамические градации. Его автографы производили впечатление утончённой графической работы. Кроме того, он активно проявил себя на педагогическом поприще, в частности, его считают одним из основателей частных музыкальных школ в Украине. В учебных заведениях, открытых музыкантом в Воронеже, Сумах, Киеве, Нежине, учились дети из семей состоятельных и бедных горожан. По воспоминаниям современников, он был добросовестным и опытным преподавателем. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста преимущественно утеряно, однако отдельные материалы, сохранившиеся в фондах библиотек, свидетельствуют о его высоком профессионализме и мастерстве. Опусы художника неоднократно благосклонно принимали представители императорской семьи, вознаграждая его ценными подарками. Плодотворная деятельность К. фон Фейста является весомым вкладом в развитие украинской культуры, особенно музыкального образования. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста отражает эстетические тенденции развития русской музыки во второй половине XIX века. ; Розглянуто постать композитора, педагога, піаніста Костянтина Францовича фон Фейста. Охарактеризовано окремі етапи його життєвого шляху та напрями творчої діяльності, змальовано творчий портрет митця, розкрито його роль у культурно-мистецькому житті України середини XIX століття. З'ясовано, що К. фон Фейст був талановитим концертуючим піаністом. Композитор К. фон Фейст писав переважно популярні на той час салонні п'єси і військові марші, які щедро присвячував членам імператорської родини, даруючи з нагоди ювілеїв, державних свят і різних життєвих подій. Утілюючи свій задум, К. фон Фейст уважний до кожної деталі: він каліграфічно чітко виписував усі знаки акцентуації, педалізації, різноманітні штрихи, динамічні градації. Його автографи справляють враження витонченої графічної роботи. Він активно виявив себе на педагогічній ниві, зокрема його вважають одним із фундаторів приватних музичних шкіл в Україні. У закладах, які відкрив музикант у Воронежі, Сумах, Києві, Ніжині, навчалися діти з родин заможних і бідних городян. За спогадами сучасників, він був сумлінним і досвідченим викладачем. Композиторська спадщина К. фон Фейста здебільшого втрачена, проте окремі матеріали, які збереглися у фондах бібліотек, свідчать про його високий професіоналізм і майстерність. Опуси митця неодноразово прихильно сприймали представники імператорської родини, нагороджуючи його коштовними подарунками. Плідна діяльність К. фон Фейста становить вагомий внесок у розвиток української культури, особливо музичної освіти. Композиторський доробок К. фон Фейста відбиває естетичні тенденції розвитку російської музики у другій половині ХІХ століття.

WOS:000489251000001 ; The results of two searches for pair production of vectorlike T or B quarks in fully hadronic final states are presented, using data from the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were collected at the LHC during 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). A cut-based analysis specifically targets the bW decay mode of the T quark and allows for the reconstruction of the T quark candidates. In a second analysis, a multiclassification algorithm, the "boosted event shape tagger," is deployed to label candidate jets as originating from top quarks, and W, Z, and H. Candidate events are categorized according to the multiplicities of identified jets, and the scalar sum of all observed jet momenta is used to discriminate signal events from the quantum chromodynamics multijet background. Both analyses probe all possible branching fraction combinations of the T and B quarks and set limits at 95% confidence level on their masses, ranging from 740 to 1370 GeV. These results represent a significant improvement relative to existing searches in the fully hadronic final state. ; FWFAustrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRSFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; CNPqNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPESCAPES; FAPERJCarlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGSFoundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); MoST; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; CSF (Croatia); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland; MEC; CEAFrench Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBFFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAEDepartment of Atomic Energy (DAE); DSTDepartment of Science & Technology (India); IPM; SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOEMinistry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR); UM (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYTConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); RosAtom; RFBRRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI; FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEKMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU; SFFR; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF); Marie Curie programEuropean Union (EU); European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 765710]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation `a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F. R. S.-FNRSFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Beijing Municipal Science and Technology CommissionBeijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z181100004218003]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungarian Academy of Sciences; NKFIA Research [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, 129058]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis and Aristeia programs; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University; Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); 'Universitat Zuric; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contracts No. 675440 and No. 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation `a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F. R. S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under "Excellence of Science-EOS" be.h Project No. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Grant No. Z181100004218003; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, NKFIA Research Grants No. 123842, No. 123959, No. 124845, No. 124850, No. 125105, No. 128713, No. 128786, and No. 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of theMinistry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), Contracts Harmonia No. 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus No. 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, No. 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, No. 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, and Sonata-bis No. 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, Grant No.; MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).'Universitat Zuric

WOS:000468897800001 ; PubMed:31265003 ; A search for supersymmetry is presented based on events with at least one photon, jets, and large missing transverse momentum produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb -1 and were recorded at the LHC with the CMS detector in 2016. The analysis characterizes signal-like events by categorizing the data into various signal regions based on the number of jets, the number of b-tagged jets, and the missing transverse momentum. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the expectations from standard model processes. Limits are placed on the gluino and top squark pair production cross sections using several simplified models of supersymmetric particle production with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. Depending on the model and the mass of the nextto-lightest supersymmetric particle, the production of gluinos with masses as large as 2120 GeV and the production of top squarks with masses as large as 1230 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. ; FWFAustrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRSFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPqNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPESCAPES; FAPERJCarlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGSFoundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); MoST; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; CSF (Croatia); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of FinlandAcademy of Finland; MEC; CEAFrench Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBFFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAEDepartment of Atomic Energy (DAE); DSTDepartment of Science & Technology (India); IPM; SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOE (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYTConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); UASLPFAI (Mexico); MSHE; FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); RosAtom; RFBRRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI; FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEKMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU; SFFR; NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programEuropean Union (EU); European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie doorWetenschap en Technologie (IWTBelgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOSFWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungarian Academy of Sciences [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU) [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861]; Sonata-bis [2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis and Aristeia programs; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University [C-1845]; UM (Malaysia); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of theWorldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLPFAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie doorWetenschap en Technologie (IWTBelgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be. h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research Grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, Grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); theWelch Foundation, contract C-1845; and theWeston Havens Foundation (USA).

<p><strong><em>Resumo: </em></strong>O presente texto discute a relação campo-cidade no Ensino de Geografia, a partir do debate da Educação do Campo, tomando como eixo de análise o trabalho pedagógico com estudantes do Ensino Fundamental II, no município de Irará, Bahia. Tal análise foi realizada na Escola Municipal Maria Bacelar (EMMB), localizada na zona rural, a Sudoeste do município supracitado. As reflexões aqui trazidas, representam um recorte dos estudos e pesquisas desenvolvidas no curso de Pós-Graduação em Educação, a nível de mestrado acadêmico na Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), no período entre 2014-2016. Em se tratando de uma pesquisa que envolve a educação escolar, buscou-se compreendê-la como um processo dialético e histórico e, para tanto, fez-se a opção pela pesquisa qualitativa, adotando uma concepção de totalidade, como possibilidade de compreender a realidade educacional em suas múltiplas relações. Os dados apontaram que o trabalho pedagógico do professor de Geografia, orientado por práticas que priorizam documentos oficiais e livros didáticos, tende a reforçar valores urbanos, em detrimento das singularidades dos sujeitos do campo. Assim, ao não problematizar o debate das relações de poder na sociedade, o mesmo tende a reforçar a visão de inferioridade construída pelos estudantes sobre o espaço rural e, consequentemente, sobre si mesmos, uma vez que o espaço é resultado das relações sociais, mas também condiciona essas relações existentes. Desse modo, um caminho para a transformação dessa realidade, pode ser identificado a partir do debate da Educação do Campo enquanto proposta pedagógica contra hegemônica, que ao considerar as contradições que permeiam a sociedade, identifica possibilidades de se pensar uma educação escolar que contribua para a emancipação dos sujeitos do campo.<strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>Palavras-chave:</em></strong> Campo-cidade; Ensino de Geografia; Trabalho Pedagógico. </p><p><strong><em>Resumen: </em></strong>El presente texto discute la relación campo- ciudad en el Enseño de Geografía, a partir del debate de la Educación del Campo, tomando como eixo de análise el trabajo pedagógico con estudiantes del Eseño Fundamental II, en el município de Irará Bahia. Tal análise que realizada en la Escuela Municipal Maria Bacelar ( EMMB), localizada en la zona rural, Sudoeste del município supracitado. Las reflexiones aqui trazidas, representan un recorte de los estudios y pesquisas desarolladas en el curso de Pós- Graduación en Educación, a nivel de mestrado académico en la Universidad Estadual de Feira de Santana(UEFS) en el período entre 2014 – 2016. En se tratando de una pesquisa que envuelve la educación escolar se buscó compreenderla con proceso dialético y histórico y, para tanto se hizo la opción por la pesquisa cualitativa, adotando una concepción de totalidad como posilidad de compreender la realidad educacional en sus múltiplas relaciones. Los dados apontaron que el trabajo pedagógico del profesor de Geografía, orientado por practicas que priorizan documentos oficiales y libros didacticos tiende a reforzar valores urbanos, en detrimento de las singularidades de los sujetos del campo. Así, al no problematizar el debate de las relaciones de poder en la sociedad, el mismo tiende a reforzar la visión de inferioridad construída por los estudiantes sobre el espacio rural y, consecuentemente sobre si mismos, una vez que el espacio es resultado de las relaciones sociales, pero también condiciona esas relaciones existentes. De ese modo, un camino para la transformación de esa realidad, puede ser identificado a partir del debate de la Educación del Campo mientras propuestas pedagógicas contra-hegemónica, que al considerar las contradicciones que permeian la sociedad, identifica posibilidad de se pensar una educación escolar que contribua para la emancipación de los sujetos del campo.<strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Palabras-llave:</em></strong> Campo- ciudad; Enseño de Geografía; Trabajo Pedagógico. </p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Abstrat: </em></strong>This paper discusses the countryside to the city relationship in Geography Teaching from the Countryside Education debate, taking as the axis of the pedagogical work with students from Elementary School II in the town of Irará, Bahia. This analysis was performed at the Maria Bacelar Municipal School (EMMB), located in the field, south-west of the above municipality. These reflections brought represent a cut of the studies and research carried out in the course of Postgraduate Education, the academic level of master's degree at the State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS) in the period 2014-2016. In the case of research that involves education, it sought to understand it as a dialectical and historical process and, therefore, there was the option for qualitative research, adopting a totality of design, as a possibility to understand reality education in its multiple relationships. The data showed that the pedagogical work of the Geography teacher, guided by practices that prioritize official documents and textbooks, tends to reinforce urban values, to the detriment of the singularities of the subject countryside. So, to not question the discussion of power relations in society, it tends to reinforce the inferiority of vision built by the students of the countryside areas and, consequently, about themselves, since space is a result of social relations, but also affects these relationships. Thus, a way for the transformation of this reality, can be identified from the countryside education debate as pedagogical proposal counterhegemonic that when considering the contradictions that pervade society, identifies opportunities to think a school education that contributes to the emancipation of the subject countryside.<strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> Countryside-City; Geography Teaching; Pedagogical work.</p><p> </p><p> </p><br /><p> </p><p> </p>

Abstract: The needs of low income families hasn't been fulfilled as it should be. Even poverty issues hasn't been solved yet. Therefore, the writer willing to involve in solving the issue by presenting the results of Tarjih from Ulama who's mastered in so many religious disciplines. He lives in Imam Syafi'ie and imam Ahmad's era. He is famous with his ability in Arabic language. He is Qasim bin Salaam, which commonly known as Abu Ubaid. He states on his book (Kitabul Amwal) Varieties of sources of public wealth managed by the government. Some of them are taxes, Ghanimah, Fa'i, Zakat and so many more. Meanwhile the writer only picks Zakat as his research object. This is because all Muslims have the ability and freewill to manage it at the maximum level. The writer limits his research into two points: first: what is the results of Abu Ubaid's Tarjih. Second: what is the method of Abu Ubaid in his Tarjih. The main purpose of this research is to know his tarjeh and the basis of it. While providing benefits to Amil zakat, fatwa institutions, and alike. So that the result of this research serve as a reference in regulating the wealth allocation on Zakat and in issuing fatwa. The conclusions of the research is: That in general Abu ubaid uses the method (manhaj) of the majority of ulama in interact with Dalils that looks contradictive. First, he tried to colaborate (jam'u) two Dalils that contradictive. Then if it can't be collaborated, he chooses (tarjih) one of the two Dalils without using the others. He wasn't do Naskh because he was able to Tarjih the whole problem of zakat in his book. If there is two Dalils that contradictive, he'll choose the Shohih one. He put Dalil first rather than Atsar and Qiyas. However if the Dalil is Dhoif he will choose Atsar and Qiyas. He put Atsar of the shohabat first rather than the words of ulama after them. If there is two Qiyas that contradictive, he'll choose Qiyas that supported with Dalils or in accordance with the general rules of the religions. Abstrak: Kebutuhan orang-orang yang berkekurangan belum terpenuhi sebagaimana mestinya. Bahkan kefakiran dan kemiskinan juga belum teratasi. penelitian ini sebagai wujud dari andil kami dalam menuntaskan masalah tersebut dengan cara mempersembahkan hasil Tarjih seorang ulama yang menguasai banyak disiplin ilmu Agama, hidup di masa imam Syafi'i dan imam Ahmad dan terkenal sebagai ahli bahasa Arab. Dia adalah Qosim bin Sallam yang biasa disebut Abu Ubaid. Dalam bukunya (Kitabul Amwal) ia menulis bermacam-macam sumber kekayaan umum yang dikelola olah Negara. Seperti pajak, Ghonimah, Fa'i', Zakat dan lain sebagainya. Permasalahan Zakatlah yang kami pilih sebagai obyek penelitian karena umat Islam memiliki kemampuan dan kebebasan untuk mengelolanya secara maksimal. Penelitihan ini kami batasi pada dua point saja: Pertama : Apa saja hasil Tarjeh Abu Ubaid. Kedua : Sebab atau landasan beliau dalam mentarjih. Tujuan utama dari penelitihan ini adalah mengetahui hasil Tarjeh Abu Ubaid serta landasannya dan memberikannya kepada lembaga-lembaga amil Zakat, lembaga-lembaga fatwa, dan yang serupa dengan itu. Agar hasil penelitihan ini dijadikan sebagai bahan rujukan dan pertimbangan dalam mengatur harta Zakat dan mengeluarkan fatwa. Kesimpulan dari penelitihan ini bahwa secara umum Abu Ubaid menggunakan methode (Manhaj) mayoritas Ulama dalam berinteraksi dengan dalil-dalil yang kelihatannya bertentangan. Yaitu pertama-tama ia berusaha mengkolaborasi (Jam'u) dalil-dalil yang bertentangan. Jika tidak dapat dikolaborasikan, maka ia memilih (mentarjih) salah satu dari dalil-dalil tersebut. Ia tidak melakukan Naskh karena sanggup mentarjih seluruh permasalahan Zakat dalam bukunya. Jika ada dalil-dalil yang bertentangan, maka ia memilih (mentarjih) salah satu yang ia anggap Shohih. Jika ada Hadits, Atsar dan Qiyas saling bertentangan, maka ia mendahulukan Hadits dari pada Atsar dan Qiyas, jika Hadits tersebut Shohih. Jika Haditsnya Dhoif, ia lebih memilih Atsar dan Qiyas. Jika hanya terdapat satu Hadits dalam suatu masalah, jika Hadits tersebut dikuatkan oleh Atsar atau Qiyas, maka ia tetap mengambilnya meskipun Dhoif. Ia mengutamakan Atsar Sabahat dari pada perkataan ulama setelah mereka. Jika ada dua Qiyas yang bertentangan beliau memilih Qiyas yang didukung oleh dalil atau sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah umum Agama. الملخص: إن مما يدفع الباحث إلى اختيار هذا الموضوع ما يجري في واقع الحياة بمحتمعنا أن حوائج المحتاجين لم تسد على الوجه المطلوب والفقر والحرمان لم يمحا من الوجود . فأراد الباحث إسهام ما استطاع لأجل المشاركة في حل هذه القضية بتقديم ترجيحات أبي عبيد القاسم بن سلاّم الهروي في مسائل الزكاة . لأنه عالم متقن في كثير من الفنون الإسلامية ومن معاصري الإمامين الشافعي وأحمد وممن يقبله الناس. اختار الباحث مسائل الزكاة من كتابه لتكون موضوعا لبحثه لأن المسلمين لايزالون في سعة وقدرة في تنفيذها بخلاف المسائل الأخرى . وحدد الباحث نقطتين لبحثه . الأولى ترجيحاته والثانية أسباب ترجيحاته وتعليلاتها . مستهدفا معرفة ترجيحات أبي عبيد وأسبابها ، لتكون مرجعا للقائمين بجمع الزكاة وصرفها في مواضعها ، وليسترشدوا بها في تطبيقاتهم لأحكام الزكاة . كما استهدف إبراز جانب الفقه في شخصية أبي عبيد . والمنهج الذي أسير عليه في كتابة هذا البحث هو ذكر أقوال الفقهاء التي ذكرها أبو عبيد وأدلة كل قول بإيجاز ، ثم أذكر ترجيحاته مع بيان أسبابها وتعليلاتها . ثم أذكر موقفي من ترجيحاته موافقة أو مخالفة مع بيان أسباب ذلك. وقد توصل الباحث إلى التنيجة التي تتلخص فيما يلي : إن أبا عبيد قد نهج منهج الجمهور في التعامل بين النصوص الشرعية التي ظاهرها التعارض . حيث إنه حاول الجمع بينها أولا ، وإذا لم يمكنه ذلك قام بترجيحها . ولم يدخل أبو عبيد في النسخ لأنه استطاع ترجيح جميع مسائل الزكاة في كتابه . وعند التعارض بين النصوص قام بترجيح النص الصحيح . وعند التعارض بين النص والآثار والقياس فإنه رجح النص عليها إن كان صحيحا ، وإذا كان ضعيفا فإنه رجح الآثار والقياس عليه . وإذا لم يوجد في المسألة إلا حديث واحد فإنه أخذه بشرط أن تكون هناك آثار وقياس تشهد له وتؤيده ، وإن لم تكن هناك آثار وقياس تشهد له وتؤيده فإنه لا يأخذه . قدم أبو عبيد آثار الصحابة على أقوال من بعدهم . وعند التعارض بين الأقيسة رجح أبو عبيد قياسا صحيحا مؤيَّدا بالنص أو بالقواعد العامة في الدين على قياس فاسد عير معتبر . وقد يرجح بين أقوال الفقهاء بناء على مهارته في تفسير ألفاظ النصوص الشرعية.الكلمات الرئيسة: ترجيح، أبو عبيد، الزكاة، كتاب الأموال.

Through their purchase choices and political representatives, consumers are putting an increasing pressure on fruit growers to reduce the negative environmental and sanitary impacts of their agricultural practices. Agroecological practices enhancing natural processes can help reducing synthetic inputs use. However, proceeding to an agroecological transition is a complex management challenge for farmers who often combine diverse activities. Moreover, policy support for agroecological transitions remains to be improved. In this context, our study focused on agroecological transition processes in diversified citrus farms in La Réunion Island in order to understand the diversity of their dynamics and improve their support through public incentives.The first step of the study aimed at describing and explaining the diversity of agroecological transitions on 31 diversified farms. A farm typology sorting this diversity was built in order to be communicated to policy makers. The second step used this diagnosis to design an ex-ante evaluation tool of public policies linked to fluctuating market at the productive system scale. The tool, named ENTICIP (Territorial Evaluation of Interactions between Consumption, Public grants and agricultural Production), is a bioeconomic optimization model combining farm and productive system scales. ENTICIP can run exploratory scenarios of policies supporting agroecological transition under various market conditions. It estimates farmers' choices and economic, environmental and social consequences at the productive system scale. Agroecological practices adoption depended on numerous internal and external factors at farm scale, the most significant being the marketing channel, the farmer eco-friendliness and the economic role of the production for the farm. Beneficial interactions for agroecology occurred within diversified farms, such as synergetic exchanges of biomass and knowledge, or alternative input and equipment sharing. Some cases of radical trajectories leading rapidly to a strong ecologization level were identified, but most of the trajectories were really progressive, eventually with back steps. The ecologization speeds differed depending on productions in diversified farms. This process helped minimizing risks induced while adopting agroecological practices.Based on this knowledge ENTICIP was used on the cases of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) and tangor (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) productive systems in La Réunion. Conditions for a massive development of organic farming were explored in scenarios with increased organic farming subsidies and favorable organic market context. Subsidies rates to trigger organic conversion are variable regarding the kind of production and the farm type, according to their bioclimatic conditions and their marketing channels. Moving to organic production required the highest amounts of subsidies when high prices for conventional products were available, such as in export markets. Local policy makers were presented these scenarios and involved in a participatory process to use the model and evaluate the results of scenarios.The research process enabled to gather knowledge on productive systems functioning, and to suggest orientations to improve agricultural policies with an environmental perspective. Prospects could be to strengthen the partnership between policy makers and scientists in La Réunion, to provide local stakeholders with tools to manage the agroecological transition in their territory. Research efforts could target the development of a multi-scale and interdisciplinary program on the issue of farmers' changes. ; Les consommateurs demandent aux producteurs de fruits, via leurs achats ou leurs représentants politiques, de réduire les impacts négatifs des pratiques agricoles sur l'environnement et la santé. Les pratiques agroécologiques, mobilisant des processus ou produits naturels, permettent de réduire l'utilisation problématique des produits de synthèse. Mais les agriculteurs font face à des décisions complexes pour organiser la transition agroécologique dans leurs exploitations, souvent diversifiées, et l'accompagnement politique de ces transitions est encore hésitant. Face à ces défis, notre étude s'est intéressée aux processus de transition agroécologique dans les exploitations agrumicoles de La Réunion pour comprendre la diversité de leurs dynamiques et mieux les accompagner via des politiques d'aides. La diversité des transitions agroécologiques au sein de 31 exploitations diversifiées a été analysée dans une première étape. Une typologie d'exploitations a été formalisée, sur laquelle s'est appuyée la deuxième phase de la démarche basée sur la conception d'un outil opérationnel d'évaluation ex-ante des politiques publiques. L'outil ENTICIP (EvaluatioN Territoriale des Interactions entre Consommation, Interventions publiques et Production agricole) est un modèle bioéconomique d'optimisation couplant les échelles exploitation et bassin de production. ENTICIP permet de simuler les choix des agriculteurs et leurs conséquences économiques, environnementales et sociales pour des scénarios exploratoires de politiques d'aides sous divers contextes de marché.De nombreux facteurs internes et externes à l'exploitation interviennent dans l'adoption de pratiques agroécologiques, les principaux étant le circuit de vente, la sensibilité environnementale de l'agriculteur et le rôle économique de la production dans l'exploitation. Au sein des exploitations diversifiées, des interactions entre productions favorisant les pratiques agroécologiques apparaissent : échanges de biomasse et de connaissances, ou mutualisations d'intrants alternatifs. L'étude a mis en évidence quelques trajectoires « en rupture » conduisant rapidement à une forte écologisation, mais la majorité des trajectoires est beaucoup plus progressive, avec parfois des retours en arrière. Les vitesses d'écologisation des productions peuvent être hétérogènes au sein de l'exploitation, permettant notamment de minimiser les risques liés à l'adoption de pratiques agroécologiques. ENTICIP a été appliqué au cas de l'ananas et du tangor à La Réunion (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. et Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.). Des scénarios d'augmentation des aides pour l'Agriculture Biologique (AB) dans un contexte de marché favorable ont permis d'identifier les conditions d'un développement massif de l'AB. Les montants d'aides déclenchant la conversion à l'AB sont variables selon la production et le type d'exploitation, en fonction de leurs conditions bioclimatiques et de leurs circuits de vente. Plus les produits conventionnels sont bien valorisés, comme sur le marché export, plus le montant d'aides nécessaire pour passer à l'AB est élevé. Ces scénarios ont été présentés à des décideurs politiques réunionnais, avec qui le modèle a été utilisé de manière participative. La démarche permet de rassembler des connaissances sur le fonctionnement des systèmes productifs et de proposer des pistes d'améliorations pour les politiques agricoles à visée environnementale. Ce travail devrait contribuer à renforcer le partenariat chercheurs-décideur politiques initié à La Réunion, afin de doter les acteurs locaux d'outils pour d'organiser la transition agroécologique de leur territoire. Dans cette perspective, les efforts de recherche pourraient s'orienter vers le développement d'un dispositif multi-échelles et interdisciplinaire autour de l'analyse et de l'accompagnement des changements des agriculteurs.