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Digital technologies are changing our society in many ways. In addition to significant increases in productivity and new forms of value creation, the rapid digital change also brings with it a multitude of political and social challenges. While the digitization of the public sector in Germany is still facing challenges, other countries are already further. For example, Estonia has already largely digitized its administration. The federal government would also like to advance Germany with a targeted digitization strategy and strengthen public administration through the use of digital technologies. One of the focus technologies in this context is blockchain. Blockchain is a decentralized data structure, in which data in cryptographically linked blocks can be stored invariably and traceably. The essential concept of blockchain technology is to manage the data to be stored through a subscriber network instead of a central instance. In addition, new blockchain technologies make it possible to automate parts of the cross-agency process management. Due to its properties, blockchain technology offers a good opportunity for coordination in federal structures, as required by the German asylum process. In addition to one body primarily responsible, the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, other authorities at both federal and state level are involved in the asylum process. For example, initial reception centers and immigration authorities are subordinate to the respective federal states or part of the local government. This results in a large number of process variants, heterogeneous IT infrastructures and an incomplete digital exchange of information. A cross-agency data source already exists in the form of the Central Register of Foreigners (AZR). The AZR contains a large amount of data that may be recorded and stored by the authorized authorities in accordance with applicable law (especially AZRG). In addition, there is a need for IT-based support for cross-agency communication and cooperation. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees has now evaluated to what extent blockchain can contribute to overcoming these challenges and promote the establishment of digital identities in the asylum context as well as cross-agency communication and cooperation. A proof-of-concept project that the Federal Office carried out in the first half of 2018 serves as an essential reference point. The project began with the selection of the use case ("simplified asylum process") and a pre-evaluation of the suitability of the blockchain technology. After a positive pre-evaluation, a suitable system was developed by a mixed team from the Federal Office, the Fraunhofer FIT Business Informatics project group and a technology partner. The project was then evaluated according to a blockchain-specific evaluation framework. In addition to technical and professional aspects, the focus here was in particular on issues relating to data protection law. The proof-of-concept project has shown that the use of blockchain technology could support cross-agency communication and cooperation in the asylum process. In addition, blockchain could lay an important foundation for the establishment of digital identities and make the process flow of an asylum seeker traceable on the basis of such an identity. It is true that it has not yet been possible to fully implement all applicable data protection regulations in the developed proof-of-concept. However, the knowledge gained in the course of the project forms a promising basis for the development of a data protection-compliant blockchain-based solution for the asylum process. In addition, due to the federal structure taken into account, the developed concept could also be scaled beyond Germany's borders. A blockchain-based, transnational management of asylum processes could thus become a joint project of the European member states to strengthen cooperation while preserving federal structures. Blockchain technology could thus be the beginning of digital federalism in Europe (also in the asylum area).

Tesis descargada de Dialnet https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=1407 ; La tesis aborda el problema de la eficacia de los derechos fundamentales en las relaciones entre particulares (Drittwirkung). Expone la evolución de los derechos fundamentales, desde su concepción previa a su consideración exclusiva como derechos públicos subjetivos. Analiza qué ha de entenderse a estos efectos como derechos fundamentales, estudiando la incidencia de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales del Tratado por el que se establece una Constitución para Europa. Expone las diversas tesis sobre la eficacia horizontal de los derechos fundamentales (eficacia directa, indirecta y como deberes de protección), así como la crítica de estas teorías y su interrelación. Examina cómo se aborda esta cuestión en otros países, desde Alemania, cuna de esta teoría, hasta Iberoamérica o Sudáfrica, así como la teoría de la "state action" de los Estados Unidos de America, y en el espacio supranacional europeo. Aborda la cuestión del valor normativo de la Constitución, la reacción frente a la degradación de la ley y la reivindicación del desarrollo legislativo frente a la aplicabilidad directa de la Constitución, por cuanto que la "Drittwirkung" es considerada como la "última frontera" de la Constitución normativa. Se estudia de un modo extenso su protección en las relaciones privadas por los tribunales ordinarios y por el Tribunal Constitucional, con un estudio pormenorizado del sistema español de protección jurisdiccional de los derechos fundamentales a través de procesos especiales ordinarios, en las jurisdicciones civil y social y a través del recurso de amparo ante el Tribunal Constitucional. Aborda la alteración del equilibrio entre poderes a que ello puede dar lugar y el riesgo de potenciar un modelo de juez desvinculado, su interrelación con el carácter normativo de la Constitución, el valor del "contenido mínimo" en la protección de tales derechos fundamentales cuando falta el desarrollo legislativo, el juego del juicio de proporcionalidad en esta materia y la necesidad de una adecuada delimitación de los mismos cuando despliegan su eficacia en estas relaciones. ; Several questions are approached in this thesis: the problem of the efficacy of the constitutional rights in the relationship between individuals (Drittwirkung), the evolution of ground rights, their concept and their effect on the Bill of fundamental rights of the Treaty which establishes a Constitution for Europe, the various theories about the horizontal efficacy of the fundamental rights (direct efficacy, indirect efficacy and fundamental rights as duties of protection) and the criticism of these theories and their interrelationship, the approaching of this subject in several countries, from Germany, where the theory was born, to South America or South Africa, the theory of the "state action" in the United States of America, and the treatment of the subject in the supranational European space. Also is treated the subject of the normative character of the Constitution, the reaction against the degradation of the statute law and the vindication of the legislative development in opposition to the direct applicability of the Constitution, because the "Drittwirkung" is considered the "last border" of the normative Constitution. Is treated in detail the protection of constitutional rights in private relationships by the ordinary courts and the Constitutional Court, the alteration of the balance between powers and the risk of fomenting a model of judge unbound to the "rule of law", its interrelation with the normative character of the Constitution, the value of the "minimum content" in the protection of such fundamental rights when they are not yet legislatively developed, the game of the judgment of proportionality in this matter and the need of a suitable boundary of them when they spread their effectiveness in these relationships.

The purpose of this article. is to highlight theoretical principles of creating an Internet resource of the land fund in Stepnohirsk village council, Zaporizhzhia region for streamlining information about the structure and peculiarities of land use within it.The main material. The issue of land registration and monitoring does not apply to the land cadastre and is often presented on the isolated portals in the Internet resources of the leading European and American countries, connected with the land fund. At the same time, there is no specialized resource where all information about land would be collected. As such a resource, the most expedient way is to develop the Internet resource of a land fund for a separate village council (territorial community) as a territory corresponding to the primary collection of factual data on quantitative- qualitative land characteristics. Within our research, such internet resource was created for Stepnohirsk Village Council Vasylivsky District of Zaporizhzhia region. The interface menu includes the following components: main, administration, land fund, settlements, land monitoring, regulatory framework, announcements, photo gallery, as well as two personal cabinets – that of a user and a civil servant. The content part of the created Internet resource includes general information about settlements and adjoining territories, legislative acts, an interactive map showing the prevalent natural or man-made disadvantages and information about the land fund. One of the main internet resources is an Internet reception (a component of the user's personal cabinet), where the user can write a formal request to the village council and register for the reception. Its purpose is to establish communication between civil servants. The user can work with documents, save them, print, mark (but only copies that have been saved), emphasize markers, and forward them to other users. This will help the village council workers to put new points to monitor or verify, to mark a certain object on the map.Conclusions and further research. Creation of an Internet resource of the land fund of the village council will allow: a) to systematize information about the structure of the land fund and peculiarities of its use within the village council; b) implement an operational update of available data and monitor land resources in real time; c) to establish informational interaction between public services and local residents, including in relation to the issues of priority land use tasks that require urgent resolution. The perspective is realization of the opportunity for civil servants to have an electronic archive of documents and for local residents – to order information about the history of a separate land plot. ; В статье обоснована потребность в разработке Интернет-ресурса земельного фонда территории сельского совета (территориальной общины), где будут систематизированы текстовые, графические, картографической сведения о землях, а также предоставлена возможность оперативного обновления имеющихся данных как госслужащими, так и зарегистрированными пользователями в пределах отведённых полномочий. Приведены структура и содержание такого ресурса, разработанного для Степногорского поселкового совета Запорожской области. Информационное наполнение Интернет-ресурса включает общие сведения о сельсовете, данные о составе, использовании и мониторинге земель, выявления фактов их нерационального использования, а также ссылки на действующую нормативно-правовую базу в области земельных отношений. ; У статті обґрунтовано потребу у створенні Інтернет-ресурсу земельного фонду території сільради (територіальної громади), в якому будуть систематизовані текстові, графічні, картографічні відомості про землі, а також надано змогу оперативного оновлення наявних даних як держслужбовцями, так і зареєстрованими користувачами у межах відведених повноважень. Наведено структуру і зміст такого ресурсу, розробленого для Степногірської селищної ради Запорізької області. Інформаційне наповнення Інтернет-ресурсу включає загальні відомості про сільраду, дані про склад, використання та моніторинг земель, вияву фактів їх нераціонального використання, а також посилання на діючу нормативно-правову базу в галузі земельних відносин.

In recent decades many countries have taken actions to reduce toxic emissions from cars and, especially, reduce risks to public health. Research indicates a statistically significant relationship between carbon monoxide (CO) and respiratory diseases. Regulations were vital to set targets and standards that fostered the technological improvement of automobiles. The goal of this research was to analyze the role of regulation as an inductor to automotive environmental technologies in the reduction of toxic emissions from light vehicles manufactured in Brazil. A qualitative descriptive research with a documentary base was carried out. The diffusion of these technologies in Brazil shows a chronological gap between the implementation phases of the European regulations and Program for the Control of Air Pollution from Automotive Vehicle (PROCONVE). Research results show that regulation has fostered the diffusion of environmental technological innovation, with the introduction of electronic fuel injection, catalytic converter and engine improvement. According to the changes identified, legislation leads to a technological balancing process among car manufacturers with a scale gain, in order to promote the diffusion of environmental technologies to reduce emissions of toxic gases. ; En las últimas décadas muchos países han tomado medidas para mitigar las emisiones tóxicas de los automóviles y, sobre todo, reducir los riesgos para la salud pública. Las investigaciones indican una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el monóxido de carbono (CO) y las enfermedades respiratorias. La reglamentación tuvo un papel vital en el establecimiento de metas y estándares que fomentaran el desarrollo tecnológico de los automóviles. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el papel de la legislación como inductora de la innovación tecnológica ambiental en la reducción de emisiones tóxicas de los vehículos livianos fabricados en Brasil. Para lograr este objetivo, se realizó una investigación cualitativa descriptiva de base documental. La difusión de estas tecnologías en Brasil muestra el desfase cronológico entre las fases de implantación de la reglamentación en Europa y del Programa de Control de Contaminación del Aire por Vehículos Automotores (PROCONVE) en Brasil. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la reglamentación fomentó la difusión de la innovación tecnológica ambiental, con la introducción de inyección electrónica de combustible, conversión catalítica y mejora en los motores. Ante los cambios identificados, la legislación lleva a un proceso de equilibrio tecnológico entre los fabricantes de automóviles con economías de escala, con el fin de promover la difusión de tecnologías ambientales para mitigar las emisiones de gases tóxicos. ; Nas últimas décadas, diversos países adotaram ações para mitigar as emissões tóxicas dos automóveis e, principalmente, reduzir riscos à saúde pública. Pesquisas indicam uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre monóxido de carbono (CO) e doenças respiratórias. A regulamentação teve um papel vital na definição de metas e padrões que fomentaram o desenvolvimento tecnológico dos automóveis. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o papel da regulamentação como indutora da inovação tecnológica ambiental na redução de emissões tóxicas de veículos leves fabricados no Brasil. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva de base documental. A difusão dessas tecnologias no Brasil mostra defasagem cronológica entre a implementação das fases da legislação Euro e do Programa de Controle da Poluição do Ar por Veículos Automotores (PROCONVE). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a regulamentação fomentou a difusão da inovação tecnológica ambiental, com a introdução de injeção eletrônica de combustível, catalisador e melhoria da motorização. Diante das mudanças identificadas, a regulamentação leva a um processo de balanceamento tecnológico entre as montadoras com ganho de escala, de modo a favorecer a difusão de tecnologias ambientais para mitigar as emissões de gases tóxicos.

Después de la crisis mundial sanitaria y agroalimentaria originada por el síndrome de la Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina más conocida como la enfermedad de las "Vacas Locas", en los últimos 30 años, se creó y se implementó el sistema de Trazabilidad, como instrumento que garantiza la seguridad e inocuidad de los alimentos, que según el Parlamento Europeo, se define como la posibilidad de encontrar y seguir el rastro, a través de todas las etapas de producción, transformación y distribución, de un alimento (para uso humano o animal). Colombia, de acuerdo; a la ley 914 de 2004, la cual obliga la implementación del sistema de trazabilidad animal, aún no cuenta con un Sistema de Trazabilidad Animal completo, en este caso Bovino; es decir del total de su Hato Ganadero solo el 15,07%, se encuentra identificado y trazado desde ese entonces; a diferencia de otros países como Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brasil, Argentina que cuentan con un exitoso sistema de trazabilidad. El presente trabajo identifica los principales factores que afectan el desempeño del sistema de trazabilidad animal colombiano, mediante un referenciación competitiva que contribuya al fortalecimiento de la agroindustria de la carne bovina. De acuerdo a esto, se planteó un tipo de Investigación cualitativa de enfoque descriptivo, por medio de unos criterios de comparación entre el sistema colombiano y el sistema Uruguayo, considerado el caso Uruguayo exitoso, porque permitió al país salir de la crisis económica presentada a comienzos del siglo XXI. Una de las principales conclusiones es que el principal factor que afecta el desempeño del sistema de trazabilidad Colombiano, es la ausencia de una ley obligatoria, que exija la identificación de todo el hato ganadero. Además de la organización y la campaña de difusión y sensibilización del programa a nivel nacional ; After the global sanitary and agri-food crisis caused by the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy syndrome, known as the "Mad Cow disease", in the last 30 years, the Traceability system was created and implemented as an instrument that guarantees the Food safety and food safety, which according to the European Parliament is defined as the possibility of finding and tracing, through all stages of production, processing and distribution, of a food (for human or animal use). Colombia, agree; To Law 914 of 2004, which requires the implementation of the animal traceability system, does not yet have a complete Animal Traceability System, in this case Bovine; That is to say of the total of his Hato Ganadero only 15,07%, is identified and traced from that then; Unlike other countries like Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brazil, Argentina that have a successful system of traceability. The present work identifies the main factors that affect the performance of the Colombian animal traceability system, through a competitive benchmark that contributes to the strengthening of the beef industry. According to this, a type of Qualitative Research of a descriptive approach was proposed, through criteria of comparison between the Colombian system and the Uruguayan system, considered the successful Uruguayan case, because it allowed the country to leave the economic crisis presented at the beginning Of the 21st century. One of the main conclusions is that the main factor that affects the performance of the Colombian traceability system is the absence of a mandatory law that requires the identification of the entire cattle herd. Besides that, to the organization and the campaign of diffusion and sensitization of the program at national level

Meat foods matter very much in the feed of man and fold considerable part her food ration. In many countries of the world meat is the basic object of food industry. In our state that determines basic legal and organizational principles of providing of quality and safety of meat products, food products made from them for life and health of population and prevention of negative in fluence on an environment in case processing, packing and moving through the custom border of Ukraine. By the most effective method of providing of safety of food products presently the system НАССР, that is base on implementation of requirements of DSTU 4161–2003, sconfessed in the world, that included general principles of functioning of the system, and also requirements of Regulation of European Parliament and Advice №852/2004. In terms of safety and quality cooked sausages (manufacturer PE «Matviychuk A.V.» Zhytomyr region), sausages (manufacturer SPE «Argon» t. Vinnitsa), small sausages (manufacturer SPE «Marshalok», t. Belaya Tserkov Kiev region) meet the requirements laid down DSTU 4436:2005 and hygienic in the production of these types of meat products. Our country has the Law of Ukraine «On basis principles and requirements for safety and quality of food», which spelled out the need to carry out inspections on compliance with hygienic and sanitary requirements in the production of safe and quality of food. The highest protein content was found in cooked (by the standards according to DSTU 4436:2005 – 12%). Fat content, moisture, starch and sodium chloride were well within the norms set of regulations for there meat products. Also safety measure as sodium nitrite content in sausage products did not exceed permissible levels (less than 0,005 %). MAFAnM lowest content was found in cooked sausages and sausages – 1.21·102 ± 28.82 и 2.82·102±42.54 КUO/g. In small sausages MAFAnM content was increased slightly – 1.16·103±29.67 КUO/g. The content of toxic elements in the investigated samples of meat products was within acceptable levels in accordance with DSTU 4436:2005 and radionuclide 137Cs and 90Sr – did not exceed permissible levels set by GN 6.6.1.1–130–2006. ; За показателями безопасности и качества колбасы вареные (изготовитель ФОП «Матвийчук О.В.» Житомирской обл.), сосиски (изготовитель ООО НВП «Аргон» г. Винница»), сардельки (изготовитель ООО «Маршалок» г. Белая Церковь Киевской обл.) отвечали требованиям, установленым нормативныим документом – ДСТУ 4436:2005 и гигиеническим нормативам во время изготовления данных видов м'ясний продукции. Наименьшее количество МАФАнМ было виявлено в вареной колбасе и сосисках – 1,21·102 ± 28,82 и 2,82·10 2± 42,54 КОЕ/г. В сардельках количество МАФАнМ был немного увеличен – 1,16·103 ± 29,67 КОЕ/г. Количество токсических элементов в испытуемых пробах мясних продуктов был в прелелах допустимых уровней согласно ДСТУ 4436:2005, а радионуклидов 137Сs та 90Sr – не превышал допустимых уровней, которые установлены ГН 6.6.1.1–130–2006. ; За показниками безпечності та якості ковбаси варені (виробник ФОП «Матвійчук О.В.» Житомирської обл.), сосиски (виробник ТОВ НВП «Аргон» м. Вінниця»), сардельки (виробник ТОВ «Маршалок» м. Біла Церква Київської обл.) відповідали вимогам, що встановлені нормативним документом – ДСТУ 4436:2005 та гігієнічним нормативам під час виробництва даних видів м'ясної продукції. Найменший вміст КМАФАнМ було виявлено у вареній ковбасі та сосисках – 1,21·102 ± 28,82 та 2,82·102 ± 42,54 КУО/г. У сардельках вміст КМАФАнМ був дещо збільшеним – 1,16·103 ± 29,67 КУО/г. Уміст токсичних елементів у досліджуваних пробах м'ясних продуктів був у межах допустимих рівнів згідно з ДСТУ 4436:2005, а радіонуклідів 137Сs та 90Sr – не перевищував допустимих рівнів, установлених ГН 6.6.1.1–130–2006.

Retracted articleThis article is explored the concept of "project portfolio", defined the role and place of project portfolio management in the overall enterprise management structure, the formation of the project portfolio and its limitations. The aim of the article is to study the role and place of project management in the overall enterprise management system, and the relationship of the management processes at diff erent organizational levels.The formation of the strategic projects portfolio of the company – it is an urgent task which is associated with the strengthening of innovation and investment activity of the operating in Russia enterprises. Nowadays, transfer of enterprises activities to an innovative way of development is going on in the face of the deteriorating international situation, Russia's isolation from European countries and the United States, and the implementation of the sanctions policy, changes in the domestic economic and political course. These circumstances, of course, could not aff ect the adjustment of activities and strategic goals of the development of enterprises, at the level of their financial and economic stability. At the same time, the growth of innovation activity in a number of sectors, particularly in high-technology industries, it creates the need for the formation of the project portfolio, which allows to achieve the strategic objectives of enterprises and enhance their competitiveness.During the preparation of the article there were identified a core set of problems faced by the enterprises during the transition to a model of the project management, which is due, primarily, poor project management technologies in Russia, and it is complicated by the lack of a clear definition of objectives and vision benefits for enterprises. In addition, the reasons for the backlog are caused by the low level of project management maturity of the enterprise, which is caused by a lack of personnel with expertise in this field of knowledge.There are identified "bottlenecks" and complexity in the process of project portfolio management at the stage of its formation in this article ; Статья отозванаВ данной статье исследуется понятие «портфель проектов», определяются роль и место проектного управления в общей структуре управления предприятием, рассматривается процесс формирования портфеля и его ограничения.Целью статьи является исследование роли и места проектного управления в общей системе управления предприятием, а также взаимосвязь процессов управления на различных организационных уровнях.Формирование стратегического портфеля проектов предприятия – это актуальная задача, связанная с усилением инновационно-инвестиционной активности функционирующих в России предприятий. В настоящее время переход предприятий на инновационный путь развития происходит в условиях обострения международной ситуации, изоляции России со стороны европейских стран и США, и имплементации санкционной политики, изменения внутреннего экономического и политического курсов. Данные обстоятельства, несомненно, не могли не сказаться на корректировке деятельности и стратегических целей развития предприятий, на уровне их финансово-экономической устойчивости. В тоже время, рост инновационной активности в ряде секторов экономики, в особенности в высокотехнологичных отраслях, создает потребность в формировании портфеля проектов, позволяющего достичь стратегических целей развития предприятий и способствующих повышению их конкурентоспособности.В ходе подготовки статьи выявлен основной комплекс проблем, с которым сталкиваются предприятия при переходе на модель проектного управления, что обусловлено, в первую очередь, неразвитостью технологий проектного управления в России, а также осложняется отсутствием ясного целеполагания и видения преимуществ для предприятий. Кроме того, причины отставания обусловлены низким уровнем зрелости управления проектами на предприятии, что вызвано отсутствием кадров, обладающих квалификацией в данной области знаний.В результате исследования были выявлены «узкие места» и сложности в процессе управления портфелем проектов на этапе его формирования.

Abstract This paper reviews the trends in Earth observation (EO) and the possible impacts on markets of the new initiatives, launched either by existing providers of EO data or by new players, privately funded. After a presentation of the existing models, the paper discusses the new approaches, addressing both commercial and institutional markets. New concepts for the very high resolution markets, in Europe and in the US, are the main focus of this analysis. Two complementary perspectives are summarised: on the one hand, the type of system and its operational performance and, on the other, the related business models, concepts of operation and ownership schemes. Until now, Earth observation systems for the most critical institutional needs are mainly dedicated assets owned and operated by governments or public organisations, often at national level. Even in the case of dual use missions, the governmental and commercial operations are in general fully segregated for the very high resolution satellites. Recent evolutions could affect this paradigm. Firstly, the increased performance of commercial satellites has a high degree of convergence with defence needs: 25–30 cm resolution is now the benchmark or at least a very short term target for commercial missions. The second evolution is the development of hybrid procurement schemes, combining proprietary missions and data buy framework contracts, partly triggered by the budgetary constraints of public customers, some failures in the execution of large spy satellites contracts and by the willingness to foster the competitiveness of industry on the export market. New space is another trend, which is more disruptive. This trend begun in the Silicon Valley and spread worldwide, arousing our expectations, sometimes excessively. This new model involves not only start-ups but also big web actors with substantial investment capacity. Both aim to transforming space into a commodity, taking benefit from the convergence between Information technology and EO. Beside the massive constellations for broadband Internet access, some initiatives have been launched for Earth observation markets, targeting high resolution and high revisit. Last but not least, more and more countries, the newcomers, invest in their own EO capacity, confirming the soft power dimension of space but also opening new opportunities for international or regional cooperation. As many unpredictable events may occur, even in a short time frame, the last part of the paper has a prospective dimension. Based on market trends and industrial stakes, it discusses the realism and likelihood of possible scenarios and identifies their impacts on the EO landscape and the main stakeholders involved, in particular in Europe: – The governmental and institutional actors, using Earth observation data for their operational missions, with an evolving balance between sovereign assets and external services. – The commercial operators of very high resolution satellites, with the new market opportunities and the possible emergence of worldwide champions. – The satellite manufacturers and their competitiveness. – The role of nations and space agencies, including the non-dependence or national sovereignty and international cooperation dimensions. Based on the comparison of three "radical" scenarios, the conclusion shows that there are opportunities for service providers and satellite manufacturers. Even without clear answer to the future industrial, technical and political structure of EO systems, relevant indicators to be monitored during the next three-five years are identified. The last section focuses on Europe and the role of institutions in order to support European champions and small and medium companies in the new worldwide competition.

Appearance of new words is an indispensable part of any language functioning as new notions and realities occur due to political, economic and technological changes. Neologisms serve to denote either new notions or new meanings of the existing words which appear as the result of changes in perceptions of reality. The greatest influence is caused by spread of British and American pop culture in the form of films, videos, advertisements, shows and music. Political and economic development strategies contribute to collaboration with the European countries, communication of scientific information and experience sharing. Combination of all these factors causes the replenishment of vocabulary with borrowings and neologisms formed by means of word formation methods specific for the Ukrainian language. Much attention has been paid lately to the semantic, grammatical and phonetic aspects of neologisms occurrence as well as translation. In some cases they help to eliminate ambiguity and are more concise than the existing words. However, misunderstanding is sometimes inevitable without the appropriate translation which involves the structural analysis of new words. The article deals with neology and the notion of neologism, the classification of new coinages into thematic groups, the analysis of word formation methods and their role in perceiving the meaning, and descriptive translation of new words as the most effective means of conveying the meaning of new words. ; Появление новых слов является важной частью функционирования любого языка, поскольку они отражают появление новых понятий и реалий в результате политических, экономических и технологических изменений. Появлению новых слов значительно способствует британская и американская поп культуры в форме фильмов, видео, рекламы, телевизионных шоу и музыки. Стратегии экономического развития и расширение политических связей создают возможности для сотрудничества с европейскими странами и обмена научной информацией и опытом. Совокупность этих факторов позволяет пополнять словарный запас за счет заимствований и неологизмов, образованных словообразовательными способами, присущими украинскому языку. На сегодняшний день большое внимание уделяется семантическим, грамматическим и фонетическим аспектам появления новых слов, а также их переводу, который играет большую роль в правильной передаче значения неологизма. В статье рассматриваются понятие неологии и неологизма, классификация неологизмов по тематическим группам, анализ способов образования и их роль в понимании значения неологизма, а также описательный перевод новых слов как эффективный метод перевода для передачи значения неологизма. ; Поява нових слів є важливою частиною функціонування будь-якої мови, оскільки вони відображають появу нових понять і реалій у результаті політичних, економічних і технологічних змін. Неологізми позначають нові явища або нові значення уже існуючих слів, що можуть виникнути у результаті змін у сприйнятті певних реалій. Появі нових слів значно сприяє британська і американська поп культури у формі фільмів, відео, реклами, телевізійних шоу і музики. Стратегії економічного розвитку і розширення політичних зв'язків створюють можливості для співпраці з європейськими країнами і обміну науковою інформацією і досвідом. Сукупність цих факторів дає змогу поповнювати словниковий запас за рахунок запозичень і неологізмів, утворених словотворчими способами, притаманними українській мові. На сьогоднішній день багато уваги приділяється семантичним, граматичним і фонетичним аспектам появи нових слів, а також їх перекладу. У деяких випадках неологізми допомагають позбутися багатозначності існуючих слів і є більш лаконічними. Однак, без належного перекладу, який включає аналіз способів творення слів, може виникнути непорозуміння. У статті розглядається поняття неології, неологізми ХХІ століття, що входять у тематичні групи "Наука і техніка", "Комунікаційні технології", аналіз способів творення і їх роль у розумінні значення неологізму. Також проаналізовано переклад неологізмів описовим шляхом і його ефективність при передачі змісту. У висновках розглядаються позитивні і негативні сторони цього виду перекладу і наводяться перспективи подальших досліджень.

Incomplete land reform in the domestic agricultural sector, in particular the absence of the Law of Ukraine "On the Use of Agricultural Land" makes it impossible to organize the process of buying and selling privatized land. Essentially private land ownership as the process is not complete. The highest legislative body the Supreme Council of Ukraine prohibits privatization of agricultural land. Consequently, the purpose of the research is to investigate the reasons of conflicts, caused by the privatization of agricultural land of agro-industrial complex, and also to suggest specific mechanism and ways of solving this problem. In course of the research the authors have learned that the real number of effective land owners is 15-18 %. They provide using of privatized land in accordance with modern requirements. Exactly they should have a priority right for buying and selling a land. Secondly, use the experience of some European countries should be justified. Thirdly, the contradictions that exist between opponents and supporters of private ownership can be solved by applying new criteria for quality of land reproduction. Property rights should be guaranteed with regard to the interests of society and the collective. Then we have analyzed the principles of agrarian and land reforms in the domestic agricultural sector. The mistakes that were made during the event on deregulation, allotment and privatization of agricultural purposes land are investigated. Furthermore, the authors have shown the positive and negative aspects of land privatization process. The paper identifies major shortcomings and defects of using and protection by the land owners and by users that are caused by privatization. The need of re-privatization by using quality criteria and the new land legislation is substantiated. It is proved that reproduction of land resources at the domestic agricultural sector in according to newest market principles must requires the creation of a land market and really functioning mechanism of buying and selling land. The authors have concluded that particular attention should be paid to creating a transparent, fair, easy and affordable mechanism for the practical organization process of the land sale, constraints and preferences to be introduced at the same time. The preconditions of buying and selling land that would ensure equal access rights to all participants at the market of agricultural land are outlined. ; Проанализированы положения организации проведения аграрной и земельной реформ в отечественном сельскохозяйственном секторе экономики. Исследованы ошибки, которые были допущены в процессе проведения мероприятий по разгосударствлению, паеванию и приватизации земельных угодий сельскохозяйственного назначения. Приведены положительные и отрицательные стороны организации приватизационного процесса земельных участков. Указываются основные недостатки и пороки использования и охраны земельных участков собственниками и пользователями, что является следствием приватизации. Обоснована потребность проведения вторичной приватизации, используя при этом качественно новые критерии и земельное законодательство. Доведено, что воспроизводство земельных ресурсов у отечественном аграрном секторе на новейших, рыночных засадах обязательно требует создания рынка земель, а также реально функционирующего механизма купли-продажи земельных участков. ; Проаналізовано засади організації проведення аграрної та земельної реформ у вітчизняному сільськогосподарському секторі економіки. Досліджено помилки, що було допущено у процесі вжиття заходів із роздержавлення, паювання та приватизації земельних угідь сільськогосподарського призначення. Висвітлено позитивні та негативні сторони організації приватизаційного процесу земельних ділянок. Зазначено основні недоліки та пороки використання й охорони земельних ділянок власниками й користувачами, що завдані приватизацією. Обґрунтовано потребу проведення повторної приватизації, використовуючи при цьому якісно нові критерії та земельне законодавство. Доведено, що відтворення земельних ресурсів у вітчизняному аграрному секторі на новітніх, ринкових засадах обов'язково потребує створення ринку земель та реально функціонуючого механізму купівлі-продажу земельних ділянок.

Im Zuge der Energiewende steht die Industrie in NRW vor der substantiellen Herausforderung großer infrastruktureller Veränderungen. Dies bezieht sich auf den Energiebedarf, die Treibhausgasemissionen und den allgemeinen Ressourcenbedarf. Hierzu ist ein Zusammenspiel der industriellen mit den öffentlichen Akteuren vonnöten. Dies umfasst neben politischer Unterstützung und dem Nutzen von Marktmechanismen ist auch Regulierung, um diese Transformation zu unterstützen und voranzubringen. Die Steuerbarkeit solcher Prozesse hängt jedoch auch stark davon ab, in welchem Umfang die entlang der oftmals komplexen Wertschöpfungsketten ablaufenden industriellen Prozesse innerhalb NRWs angesiedelt sind. Hierzu muss neben dem technischen und wirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten einer solchen Veränderung der Grad der Geschlossenheit der entsprechenden Wertschöpfungsketten betrachtet werden. Hierzu werden hier exemplarisch drei Wertschöpfungsketten betrachtet: Eisen- und Stahlproduktion, Chemie mit dem Fokus auf polymere Faserverbundwerkstoffe, und der Anlagenbau für die erneuerbare Energiewirtschaft. Diese wurden so ausgewählt, dass sie sowohl eine große strategische, wirtschaftliche bzw. seitens des Energiebedarfs und der Treibhausgasemissionen quantitative Relevanz für die Energiewende speziell in NRW haben, als auch unterschiedliche Arten der äußeren Anbindung, der internationalen Konkurrenz und der internen Governancestruktur aufweisen. Alle drei betrachteten Wertschöpfungsketten weisen eine ungenügende Geschlossenheit auf. Dies impliziert die Notwendigkeit einer Einbindung weiterer Regionen und höherer politischer Ebenen in den Transformationsprozess. NRW kann somit als eine Schlüsselregion verstanden werden, die zum Gelingen der Energiewende entscheidende Beiträge leisten kann - jedoch ist eine enge Kooperation mit weiteren deutschen Bundesländern wie auch den umgebenden Industrieregionen des europäischen Auslands notwendig. ; The industrial landscape in North Rhine-Westphalia faces substantial challenges in the context of the German energy transition (Energiewende). To facilitate a successful transition, large parts of the industrial infrastructure need to be transformed. This is both about the overall energy consumption, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases. Further on, the general consumption of natural resources needs to be considered. For such a transition, the interplay between industry and public actors is important. Political support, as well as regulation, play crucial roles. This reaches from setting up an appropriate market frame to enable self-improving process via market forces, over public support via funding and pilot projects, up to tariffs and other regulatory means. In how far it is possible to influence and shape these processes depends to large extents upon the level up to which the frequently rather complex value chains are located in NRW. Together with the technical and economic options for such changes, the degree to which a value chain can be regarded as closed is therefore a crucial factor. In this study, three exemplary value chains from different industry sectors are considered. These were selected in such a way that they yield strategic, economic and ecologic (in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions) relevance for NRW. Further more, they display different ways how they are connected to the outside, face international competition and possess different kinds of internal governance structures. The selected value chains were those of iron and steel production, chemistry with a focus on fiber enforced polymers, and plant manufacturing for renewable energy generation with a focus on wind energy. A set of both quantitative and qualitative criteria was generated, yielding deeper insight into these value chains. This study rests on a meta analysis of already existing academic studies and sources from the respecting industries. The data from these sources was brought together to form a synthesis. Beyond this, potential ways to influence and support the desired transformation processes are sketched. All three value chains are only insufficiently closed. Therefore, further regions and political levels need to be part of the transformational process. NRW can be understood as a key region, with the potential to offer crucial support - but the challenges can only be met in close cooperation with other German states as well as with the surrounding industrial regions in the neighboring European countries. The results can help support the discussion for a competitive transformation of the industry in NRW toward a less unsustainable economic conduct. In this, it is not yet set whether such a necessary transition might simply align with the paradigm of so-called "green growth", or might also have the potential to help a transition toward a post growth economy, if appropriately combined with further concepts.

The definition of food security provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) includes the quality of agricultural products as a principal pillar, intended as the production of nutritious food to allow people to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. In a world that is undergoing major physical, social, and economic transitions, the achievement of global food security is undermined by the projected increase of human population to 9 billion people by 2050. Nowadays, even if the current total food production would be capable to provide humankind with enough calories, the latest FAO statistics estimate that hundreds of millions of people live in hunger or lack a suitable supply of food. This is why the world governments are acting to meet the need of higher quality diets as a main objective. The challenge to improve the quality and the nutritional value of crop productions is also threatened by the climate change issue, with agriculture representing the most vulnerable economic sector due to the deep influence of weather conditions on the performances of cropping system. The only viable solution to gain information on the future trends of the qualitative aspect of crop production and to provide farmers and stakeholders in agriculture with effective adaptation strategies is the use of process based simulation models, which are capable to reproduce the responses of biophysical systems to changing boundary conditions. This doctorate gives answers to these research questions, by developing a reference methodological framework to assess the quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) –the first staple food crop in the world – in current and future climatic conditions. The first chapter presents a software library of models to simulate the dynamics of the main aspects of rice grain quality as a function of agro-meteorological conditions. This research product is released as a framework independent component, fostering extension with new models and reuse by third parties intended as collaborations between research entities. In the second chapter the performances of the rice quality models in reproducing observed field data of milling quality and functional properties of grains are tested in a multi-site and multi-year evaluation, prior to be used to assess climate change impacts. The third chapter deals with the development of a forecasting system targeting the simulation of qualitative and quantitative rice productions in Northern Italy, the main European producing area. This pilot study is realized by coupling the WARM rice model with rice quality models, taking the head rice yield, i.e., the percentage of entire grains as a case study. The fourth chapter presents the complete workflow to assess the climate change impacts on crop productivity in the Lombardy plain via the application of process based models at a fine spatial resolution. An exploratory analysis of the impacts of climate change on giant reed crop is performed to illustrate the potentialities of the methodology. This work led the basis to the last chapter, where a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of climate change on rice milling quality and technological suitability is performed in Europe. The main sources of uncertainties in climate change projections were taken into account, i.e., General Circulation Models and emission scenarios, to give an ensemble of future weather scenarios as input data to the models. The implementation of remote sensing to detect rice sowing dates and the assimilation of local farmers management led to a tight adherence between simulated and real system. The main perspective of this work is the application of the methodological framework developed here in top producing rice countries, in order to allow moving a step forward the mere focus on the quantitative trends of crop production in a changing climate.

Barbaric, savage, horrific-these were terms to define the decision of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) to murder its captured Jordanian pilot by burning him alive inspired a thesaurus of horror and revulsion. The men who did it, the perpetrators were described by the media as mad men, thugs, monsters. To most of the people, the act itself seemed inexplicable and without sense. However, behind the choreographed and videotaped violence lies a calculated horrible cold logic. Although, ISIS is often portrait as a mighty force on the ground in Syria and Iraq, facts state that they control mainly communications between various provinces in both countries, and, as most guerrilla armies, are militarily weak by conventional measure. ISIS has little or almost none defense against the bombing campaign that is facing now, while US has formed a coalition that is confronting them on the ground as well, after President Barack Obama published the "New Security Doctrine" which includes degrading and finally destroying ISIS. ISIS, however, have proven to be very organized in promoting dramatic acts of violence against their enemies and promoting them two achieve two goals: use terror tactics as a psychological weapon against all those facing them and all those that are to face them in combat. Secondly, through usage of social network platforms to promote killings and executions, the aim of ISIS is to encourage recruits from out of Syria and Iraq, and elsewhere, to join them in their cause. Online operations of ISIS fall under a production group called the Al Hayat Media Center. The Center was created to seduce Westerners into joining the ranks of ISIS and also to distribute propaganda through social and media platforms. It is difficult to assess the success of this operation, but solid sources provided by US military and intelligence estimate that at least 300 Americans are fighting in the ranks of ISIS (at least two Americans have been killed fighting for ISIS in Iraq/Syria region) while the number of Europeans is in thousands. The US Response to this psychological kind of warfare came when President Barack Obama established the Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications (CSCC) aiming to combat terrorist propaganda. The main strategy of CSCC is not directly to confront ISIS operatives, but rather than that to deal with the people they are trying to recruit. Now, with almost entire international public opinion on their side, it is time for US to more actively respond to ISIS especially in the manner of psychological warfare since it is obvious that operations of "winning hearts and minds" of people in Iraq and Syria are not enough compared to ruthless tactics of ISIS which "winning hearts and minds" by brute force, terror, and vivid violent images. The online propaganda war is a new component to conflicts of 21st century that allows enemies to reach one another's home fronts directly. ISIS might seem not so strong on the ground but it has captured one fundamental flaw of the media of 21st century-the one that bad news is always good news and that televised violence will always have an audience. ISIS has proclaimed that its goal is to create a caliphate of 21st century but its psychological warfare and propaganda is inspiring individuals throughout the West to commit horrible terrorist crimes. Could this be another mind game set up by ISIS, it remains to be seen. However one thing is for certain, US and its allies must tackle ISIS not only by planes and other military means, but also by a strategy that would eliminate its influence in spreading their propaganda.

The article deals with the research of basic categories of the rights of national minorities that reside on the territory of Ukraine. Moreover, political and legal principles as well as legislative sources for securing these rights at the state level in accordance with the international legal standards are analyzed. The peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with international organisations and neighboring countries in the field of protection the rights of national minorities and regulation of interethnic relations are investigated. In Ukraine the guarantees and protection of the rights of national minorities at the legislative level comply with the world and European standards. The system of state administration bodies in the field of interethnic relations has been established but there are still some problems that need to be resolved on the Parliamentary level as well as on the level of executive agencies and local authorities. At the current stage it is necessary to adopt the law on «The Concept of National Ethnic Policy of Ukraine». Also, the political and legal status of indigenous peoples should be defined especially Crimean Tatars, deported ethnic minorities and some ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnos. In addition, it is important to establish an effective mechanism for realization of the rights of national minorities in Ukraine and to ensure monitoring of the observance of these rights. Implementation of the appropriate measures would facilitate the prevention of confrontation in the Ukrainian society on the ethnic and political as well as language grounds. It would also promote the prevention of aggravation of interethnic relations and would ensure the formation of public tolerance to persons belonging to national minorities. ; Розглянуто основні категорії прав національних меншин, що проживають на території України. Проаналізовано політико-правові засади та законодавчі джерела забезпечення цих прав на рівні держави у відповідності з міжнародно-правовими стандартами. Розкрито особливості співробітництва України з міжнародними організаціями та державами-сусідами в сфері захисту прав національних меншин та регулювання міжетнічних відносин. В Україні гарантії та захист прав національних меншин на законодавчому рівні відповідають світовим і європейським стандартам, створена система органів державного управління у сфері міжетнічних відносин, проте існує низка проблем, які необхідно розв'язувати на рівні парламенту, органів виконавчої влади та місцевого самоврядування. На сучасному етапі необхідно прийняти Закон про «Концепцію державної етнонаціональної політики України», визначити політико-правовий статус корінних народів, зокрема кримськотатарського, депортованих національних меншин і етнографічних груп українського етносу, налагодити ефективний механізм реалізації прав національних меншин в Україні та здійснювати моніторинг за дотриманням цих прав. Застосування відповідних заходів сприятиме запобіганню проявам конфронтації в українському суспільстві на етнополітичному та мовному підґрунті, недопущенню загострення міжетнічних відносин, забезпечить формування у громадян толерантного ставлення до осіб, що належать до національних меншин. ; Розглянуто основні категорії прав національних меншин, що проживають на території України. Проаналізовано політико-правові засади та законодавчі джерела забезпечення цих прав на рівні держави у відповідності з міжнародно-правовими стандартами. Розкрито особливості співробітництва України з міжнародними організаціями та державами-сусідами в сфері захисту прав національних меншин та регулювання міжетнічних відносин. В Україні гарантії та захист прав національних меншин на законодавчому рівні відповідають світовим і європейським стандартам, створена система органів державного управління у сфері міжетнічних відносин, проте існує низка проблем, які необхідно розв'язувати на рівні парламенту, органів виконавчої влади та місцевого самоврядування. На сучасному етапі необхідно прийняти Закон про «Концепцію державної етнонаціональної політики України», визначити політико-правовий статус корінних народів, зокрема кримськотатарського, депортованих національних меншин і етнографічних груп українського етносу, налагодити ефективний механізм реалізації прав національних меншин в Україні та здійснювати моніторинг за дотриманням цих прав. Застосування відповідних заходів сприятиме запобіганню проявам конфронтації в українському суспільстві на етнополітичному та мовному підґрунті, недопущенню загострення міжетнічних відносин, забезпечить формування у громадян толерантного ставлення до осіб, що належать до національних меншин.

BACKGROUND: Quinine or alternative artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT) is the recommended rescue treatment for uncomplicated malaria. However, patients are often re-treated with the same ACT though it is unclear whether this is the most suitable approach. We assessed the efficacy and safety of re-treating malaria patients with uncomplicated failures with the same ACT used for the primary episode, compared with other rescue treatments. METHODS: This was a bicentre, open-label, randomised, three-arm phase 3 trial done in Lisungi health centre in DR Congo, and Kazo health centre in Uganda in 2012-14. Children aged 12-60 months with recurrent malaria infection after treatment with the first-line ACT were randomly assigned to either re-treatment with the same first-line ACT, an alternative ACT, which were given for 3 days, or quinine-clindamycin (QnC), which was given for 5-7 days, following a 2:2:1 ratio. Randomisation was done by computer-generated randomisation list in a block design by country. The three treatment groups were assumed to have equivalent efficacy above 90%. Both the research team and parents or guardians were aware of treatment allocation. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with an adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) at day 28, in the per-protocol population. This trial was registered under the numbers NCT01374581 in ClinicalTrials.gov and PACTR201203000351114 in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry. FINDINGS: From May 22, 2012, to Jan 31, 2014, 571 children were included in the trial. 240 children were randomly assigned to the re-treatment ACT group, 233 to the alternative ACT group, and 98 to the QnC group. 500 children were assessed for the primary outcome. 71 others were not included because they did not complete the follow-up or PCR genotyping result was not conclusive. The ACPR response was similar in the three groups: 91·4% (95% CI 87·5-95·2) for the re-treatment ACT, 91·3% (95% CI 87·4-95·1) for the alternative ACT, and 89·5% (95% CI 83·0-96·0) for QnC. The estimates for rates of malaria recrudescence in the three treatment groups were similar (log-rank test: χ2=0·22, p=0·894). Artemether-lumefantrine was better tolerated than QnC (p=0·0005) and artesunate-amodiaquine (p<0·0001) in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. No serious adverse events were observed. The most common adverse events reported in the re-treatment ACT group were anorexia (31 [13%] of 240 patients), asthenia (20 [8%]), coughing (16 [7%]), abnormal behaviour (13 [5%]), and diarrhoea (12 [5%]). Anorexia (13 [6%] of 233 patients) was the most frequently reported adverse event in the alternative ACT group. The most commonly reported adverse events in the QnC group were anorexia (12 [12%] of 98 patients), abnormal behaviour (6 [6%]), asthenia (6 [6%]), and pruritus (5 [5%]). INTERPRETATION: Re-treatment with the same ACT shows similar efficacy as recommended rescue treatments and could be considered for rescue treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, the effect of this approach on the selection of resistant strains should be monitored to ensure that re-treatment with the same ACT does not contribute to P falciparum resistance. FUNDING: Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad-Universitaire Ontwikkelings Samenwerking, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, and the Belgian Technical Cooperation-Programme d'Etudes et d'Expertises-in the Democratic Republic of Congo.