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Bundesforschungsministerin Stark-Watzinger und ihre Kollegen wollen bei einer Sondersitzung Ende November die Fortsetzung des Programms besiegeln. Vorher kommt es auf die Ministerpräsidenten, den Bundeskanzler und die Finanzminister an.





EIGENTLICH HATTEN DIE Wissenschaftsminister von Bund und Ländern am Freitagmittag eine Einigung in Sachen HAW-Forschungsförderung verkünden wollen. Doch jetzt haben sie für den 27. November
eine Sondersitzung der Gemeinsamen Wissenschaftskonferenz (GWK) vereinbart. Erst dann soll die Fortsetzung des Ende 2023 auslaufenden Bund-Länder-Programms offiziell besiegelt werden. 



 



Bereits am Donnerstagabend traf man sich wie üblich zum vertraulichen GWK-Kamingespräch. Wie angespannt die Stimmung war, lässt sich daran ablesen, dass anschließend tatsächlich nur wenig aus der
Runde drang. Bis auf dass die Länder ein gemeinsames Angebot vorgelegt und beide Seiten sich weit aufeinander zubewegt hätten.



 



In der nach der offiziellen GWK-Sitzung am Freitagmittag versendeten, nur wenige Zeilen umfassenden Pressemitteilung hieß es dann knapp, Bund und Länder bekräftigten "das gemeinsame
Ziel, das Programm fortzusetzen und noch in diesem Jahr in einer Sondersitzung darüber zu entscheiden". 



 



In den vergangenen Wochen und Monaten hatten Bund und Länder über die künftige Aufteilung der Kosten des aktuell 60 Millionen Euro pro Jahr umfassenden Programms
gestritten. Bislang zahlte der Bund 100 Prozent, doch mit Verweis auf den entsprechenden Ampel-Kabinettsbeschluss forderte Bundesforschungsministerin Bettina Stark-Watzinger (FDP), dass bei
der Fortsetzung schon von 2024 an ein 50-50-Schlüssel gelten müsse. In ihrem Beschluss zum Bundeshaushalt 2024 hatte die Bundesregierung festgelegt, dass der Finanzierungsanteil des Bundes
bei neuen Maßnahmen, bei denen der Bund die Länder unterstützt, nur noch maximal 50 Prozent betragen dürfe.



 



Was passiert nun bis zum 27. November, auf das Stark-Watzinger und ihre Länderkollegen offenbar warten? Erstens: Schon am Montag treffen sich turnusgemäß die Ministerpräsidenten mit dem
Bundeskanzler. Es geht um viel Geld: Im Oktober hieß es, dann solle unter anderem auch die Finanzierung der Digitalpakt-Fortsetzung auf der Agenda stehen. Und da am Ende in den Bund-Länder-Beziehungen immer
irgendwie alles mit allem zusammenhängt, gibt es womöglich Rückwirkungen auf das HAW-Programm. 



 



Hinzu kommt: Gleich auf welche Kostenverteilung sich die Wissenschaftsminister von Bund und Ländern verständigen, nichts geht, so ist das in der GWK, ohne die Zustimmung der Finanzminister.
Auch diese dürften bis zum 27. November ihre Wörtchen mitgeredet haben. 



 



In ihrer Pressemitteilung schickten die Wissenschaftsminister bis dahin ein verbales Trostpflaster Richtung Hochschulen. Bund und Länder seien sich einig, dass die HAW eine wesentliche Rolle
im Wissenschafts- und Innovationssystem spielten. "Die Fortführung der Bund-Länder-Vereinbarung soll die HAW dabei unterstützen, ihre Stärke in der anwendungsorientierten Forschung weiter
auszubauen." 



 



Der Rest der GWK-Sitzung war von Routine geprägt. So beschlossen Bund und Länder, das Budget der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft für 2024 entsprechend dem im Pakt für Forschung und Innovation (PFI)
vereinbarten jährlichen Aufwuchs anzuheben. Das Plus für die übrigen PFI-Forschungsorganisationen und die DFG hatten die Minister schon in den vergangenen Monaten besiegelt. Analog zum PFI wurde
auch die Finanzierung des sogenannten Akademienprogramms für 2024 gesteigert, mit dem langfristige, vor allem geisteswissenschaftliche Forschungsvorhaben an den deutschen Akademien der
Wissenschaften gefördert werden. 




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Im November will das BMBF endlich sein Konzept zur Deutschen Agentur für Transfer und Innovation vorlegen. Eine interne Arbeitsversion
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Abstract
A pooled analysis of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) in population groups of workers has been performed using the results of a published meta-analysis as source material (Nilsson T, Wahlström J, Burström L. Hand-arm vibration and the risk of vascular and neurological diseases a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017:12(7):e0180795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180795). The methods of data selection follow those described previously by Scholz et al. (in Scholz MF, Brammer AJ, Marburg S. Exposure-response relation for vibration-induced white finger: inferences from a published meta-analysis of population groups. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2023a:96(5):757–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-023-01965-w) to enable comparison with the results of the present work. The analyzed epidemiologic studies contain different prevalences of VWF observed after different durations of employment involving exposure to the vibration of power tools and machines. These prevalences are transformed to 10% prevalence by either linear or polynomial (i.e. "S"-shaped curvilinear) interpolation in order to compare with the exposure–response relation contained in the relevant international standard (ISO 5349-1:2001). An exposure–response relation is constructed using regression analysis for the time (in years) to reach 10% prevalence in a population group, when subjected to a daily vibration exposure calculated according to the procedures specified in the standard, A(8). Good fits to the data are obtained when polynomial and linear prevalence interpolation is used. The 95-percentile confidence intervals (CIs) of the exposure–response relation predicted by polynomial prevalence interpolation lie at somewhat larger lifetime exposures than those obtained by linear prevalence interpolation. Uncertainty in the precision of polynomial prevalence interpolation is mitigated by giving equal weight to linear interpolation when interpreting the results. When the 95-percentile CIs of the exposure–response models obtained by linear and polynomial prevalence interpolation are used to define the most probable exposure–response relation, the resulting common range of values includes the ISO exposure–response relation. It is proposed that an exposure–response relation for the onset of VWF derived from a regression analysis is specified in terms of the lower limit of its CI. Hence, when exposure measures are constructed according to the ISO standard and equal weight is given to the results of the 2 methods for interpolating prevalence described here, the ISO exposure–response relation would be considered to provide a conservative estimate for a 10% prevalence of VWF to develop in a population group, at least for A(8) > 4 m/s2. It thus remains the relation to use for assessing exposure to hand-transmitted vibration in the workplace. Additional research is needed to resolve inconsistencies in the ISO method for calculating daily exposures.

Dans le cadre d'une recherche anthropologique, nous avons étudié au sein de plusieurs établissements médico-sociaux l'écosystème de la relation de communication avec les personnes atteintes du syndrome d'Angelman (SA), particularité génétique générant notamment un retard de développement physique et mental, ainsi qu'une altération profonde de la faculté de langage.
Au travers d'un corpus de vingt-cinq entretiens semi-directifs effectués dans huit établissements médico-sociaux français, ainsi que de quatre journées d'observation participante et partant du point de vue des professionnels de l'accompagnement quotidien, nous avons pu y analyser les enjeux des interactions en lien avec la communication.
Dans ce contexte, l'usage des outils de communication alternative améliorée (CAA) fait partie intégrante d'un co-apprentissage entre professionnel et usager. Ce mode de communication met en place des moyens de substitution quand la communication naturelle n'est pas suffisamment développée pour être opérationnelle. Outre cet aspect substitutif, la communication « améliorée » vient soutenir ou accroître le langage oral lorsqu'il est insuffisant pour établir une relation de communication (Élisabeth Cataix-Nègre, « Polyhandicap, communication et aides à la communication. Communiquer autrement », 2017). Pour exemple, la langue des signes, les expressions du visage et/ou la position du corps font partie de la CAA ainsi que les pictogrammes (images, dessins ou photos exprimant des mots ou des idées).
Cette élaboration respective s'inscrit dans une diachronie et s'appuie sur une intercompréhension, elle-même liée aux initiatives des professionnels qui doivent saisir les spécificités de leur expérience avec chaque personne atteinte du SA. L'accompagnement ne peut se faire sans une mutualisation des savoirs et des expériences des professionnels, prenant en compte la dimension subjective de leurs relations avec les personnes atteintes du SA. Plus spécifiquement, ces relations sont établies au long cours et elles se doivent d'être personnalisées, répétées et ritualisées en fonction des fluctuations des ressources de l'usager. Grâce à leur utilisation appropriée, les outils de CAA facilitent une compréhension mutuelle prenant en compte les singularités de chacun et le contexte relationnel et environnemental des individus dans le cadre d'un projet individualisé.
Ainsi analysé d'un point de vue anthropologique, l'usage de la CAA recouvre non seulement des techniques spécifiques à appliquer mais également une situation intersubjective qui suscite de mieux comprendre les représentations des professionnels à l'égard de ce handicap, les processus d'observation, d'interprétation et d'adaptation à l'autre. Ces différents niveaux d'analyse permettent, en définitive, la mise en exergue d'une posture éthique au centre de l'accompagnement de ces usagers. Ce faisant, on s'interrogera sur le rôle de la communication avec les personnes atteintes du SA : a-t-elle pour but de mieux « décoder » leurs besoins ou correspond-elle, in fine, à la recherche d'une intercompréhension plus générale qui, aussi imparfaite soit-elle, passe par le respect de l'intégrité d'un autre ? Ceci conduit plus largement à repenser la notion d'autonomie, objectif principal de l'accompagnement et du développement de la CAA, au prisme du plaisir et du bien-être, et non plus, exclusivement, sous l'angle des besoins élémentaires des personnes atteintes du SA.

O milho têm sido a planta mais usada para a produção de silagem de alto valor bromatológico, visando a alimentação de vacas leiteiras de média a alta produtividade. Várias técnicas têm sido propostas para aumentar a produtividade das lavouras e a qualidade bromatológica das silagens, incluindo novas práticas agrícolas na implantação e condução das lavouras e também novos procedimentos durante o corte e a ensilagem. No presente trabalho avaliou-se a fertilidade do solo, ao estado nutricional, a produção de matéria seca, a remoção de nutrientes e a qualidade bromatológica do milho destinado a ensilagem, em quatro lavouras de alta produtividade. As avaliações foram realizadas em propriedade rurais da Zona da Mata Mineira, que utilizam intensamente a produção de silagem de milho para a alimentação de vacas leiteiras. As amostragens para a avaliação da fertilidade do solo, do estado nutricional e da produção e acúmulo de nutrientes foram realizadas de forma sistemática. Na fase de emissão de inflorescência feminina o limbo foliar foi analisado quanto aos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, amostrando-se de forma sistemática, sete áreas de 3,5 m2 cada. Quando a biomassa aérea das plantas apresentou em média 33% de matéria seca, avaliou-se a produção de forragem da lavoura, amostrando-se novamente, nas mesmas áreas utilizadas para avaliação da fertilidade do solo e do estado nutricional das plantas. O milho foi cortado a cerca de 20 cm acima do solo e o material vegetal foi pesado e passado em picadeira de forragem. Subamostras desse material foram analisadas quanto aos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. A fertilidade do solo nas lavouras das pequenas propriedades rurais avaliadas foi de média a alta, com teores de fósforo variando de 10 a 20 mg dm-3, enquanto para o potássio esta variação foi de 40 a 89 mg dm-3. Nos solos das quatro lavouras analisadas não havia alumínio trocável na camada de 0 a 20 cm, e na camada de 20 a 40 cm, a saturação por alumínio, nas lavouras 1 e 3 também foi pequena, menos de 5%. Constatou-se que todas as a lavouras estavam com nutrição mineral adequada tanto para os macros quanto para os micronutrientes. A produção de matéria seca e acúmulo de nutrientes na biomassa aérea do milho nas lavouras foram altas. O valor médio de acúmulos de matéria seca foi próximo a 20,0 t por hectare, e a remoção média de nutrientes, pela colheita da parte aérea do milho para a ensilagem, foi de 247, 34, 245, 34, 23 e 22 kg por hectare para o N, P, K, Ca, Mg e o enxofre, respectivamente. Os valores médios de proteína bruta, FDN, FDA, lignina e amido foram respectivamente, em g kg-1, 78; 460; 258; 40 e 277, caracterizando forragem de boa qualidade bromatológica.

PurposeThe decision-making to outsource and select the most suitable global manufacturing outsourcing partner (MOP) is complex and uncertain due to multiple conflicting qualitative and quantitative criteria as well as multiple alternatives. Vagueness and variability exist in ratings of criteria and alternatives by group of decision-makers (DMs). The paper provides a novel Stochastic Fuzzy (SF) method for evaluation and selection of agile and sustainable global MOP in uncertain and volatile business environment.Design/methodology/approachFour main selection criteria for global MOP selection were identified such as economic, agile, environmental and social criteria. Total 16 sub-criteria were selected. To consider the vagueness and variability in ratings by group of DMs, SF method using t-distribution or z-distribution was adopted. The criteria weights were determined using the Stochastic Fuzzy-CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (SF-CRITIC), while MOP selection was carried out using Stochastic Fuzzy-VIseKriterijumskaOptimizacija I KompromisnoResenje (SF-VIKOR) in the case study of footwear industry. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the proposed model. A comparative analysis of SF-VIKOR and VIKOR was made.FindingsThe worker's wages and welfare, product price, product quality, green manufacturing process and collaboration with partners are the most important criteria for MOP selection. The MOP3 was found to be the best agile and sustainable global MOP for the footwear company. In sensitivity analysis, significance level is found to have important role in MOP ranking. Hence, the study concluded that integrated SF-CRITIC and SF-VIKOR is an improved method for MOP selection problem.Research limitations/implicationsIn a group decision-making, ambiguity, impreciseness and variability are found in relative ratings. Fuzzy variant Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods cover impreciseness in ratings but not the variability. On the other hand, deterministic models do not cover either. Hence, the stochastic method based on the probability theory combining fuzzy theory is proposed to deal with decision-making problems in imprecise and uncertain environments. Most notably, the proposed model has novelty as it captures and reveals both the stochastic perspective and the fuzziness perspective in rating by group of DMs.Practical implicationsThe proposed multi-criteria group decision-making model contributes to the sustainable and agile footwear supply chain management and will help the policymakers in selecting the best global MOP.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, SF method has not been used to select MOP in the existing literature. For the first time, integrated SF-CRITIC and SF-VIKOR method were applied to select the best agile and sustainable MOP under uncertainty. Unlike other studies, this study considered agile criteria along with triple bottom line sustainable criteria for MOP selection. The novel method of SF assessment contributes to the literature and put forward the managerial implication for improving agility and sustainability of global manufacturing outsourcing in footwear industry.

Знакомство иностранных обучающихся с русским языком начинается с изучения алфавита и произношения букв, параллельно усваиваются простейшие коммуникативные модели, необходимые в жизненных речевых ситуациях, и формируются навыки говорения и чтения. Формирование названных лингвистических компетенций начинается на вводно-фонетическом курсе, далее на сопроводительном и корректировочном курсах происходят коррекция и закрепление фонетических навыков. Теоретической и методической базой настоящего исследования являются труды в области фонетики современного русского языка (Р. И. Аванесов, Л. В. Бондарко, Е. А. Брызгунова, Л. А. Вербицкая, Л. Р. Зиндер, Л. Л. Касаткин и др.) и в области методики преподавания русского языка как иностранного (далее - РКИ) (А. Н. Щукин, О. В. Щукина, Н. Б. Битехтина, В. Н. Климов, Н. Л. Федотова, С. С. Хромов, Т. В. Шустикова и др.). Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что правильная постановка ударения имеет большое значение в курсе РКИ, является базой для формирования лингвистических компетенций иностранных обучающихся. В данной статье приводится описание лингвометодических особенностей формирования фонетических навыков при постановке ударения в словах русского языка. В работе были использованы описательный, сравнительно-сопоставительный, аналитический метод, метод обобщения и систематизации научных исследований и методических разработок. Рассмотрена специфика постановки ударения в русском языке, представлены примеры упражнений для преодоления описанных ошибок и для формирования акцентологических навыков.
Foreign students start their acquaintance with the Russian language by learning the alphabet and pronunciation of letters, at the same time acquiring the simplest communicative models needed in everyday speech situations and developing speaking and reading skills. The formation of these linguistic competences begins at the introductory phonetic course followed by correction and consolidation of phonetic skills in the follow-up and remedial courses. Theoretical and methodological basis of this study are works in the field of phonetics of the modern Russian language (R. I. Avanesov, L. V. Bondarko, E. A. Bryzgunova, L. A. Verbitskaya, L. R. Zinder, L. L. Kasatkin and others) and in the field of methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language (hereafter - RFL) (A. N. Schukin, O. V. Schukina, N. B. Bitekhtina, V. N. Klimov, N. L. Fedotova, S. S. Khromov, T. V. Shustikova, and others). The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the correct production of the stress is of great importance in the Russian as a Foreign Language course. This is the basis for the formation of linguistic competencies of foreign students. This study is devoted to the description of the linguistic and methodological features of the formation of phonetic skills when placing the stress in Russian words. The authors used a descriptive, comparative, analytical method, a method of generalization and systematization of scientific research and methodological developments. The paper considers the specific character of accentuation in the Russian language, provides the examples of exercises for overcoming the described mistakes and for the formation of accentological skills.

Relevance of the research topic. Crisis and rapidly changing conditions of the external environment create new challenges and tasks for enterprises. The competitiveness of the enterprise in any market directly depends on the resource provision of its activities and the created management system. Actualization of the problem of resource provision of the enterprise's activity is determined by the limitation of resources and their high cost. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of resource provision of the enterprise was studied by many scientists, in particular L. Abalkin, T. Bezverhnyuk, N. Bogatska, I. Vovk, R. Grant, Yu. Derevyanko, R. Kvasnytska, O. Kremin, K. Kuznetsova, A. Melnyk, L. Melnyk, V. Novytskyi, A. Polyanska, K. Prohalada, I. Stets, M. Frantzova, A. Chorna, O. Shamanskaand other. Highlighting unexplored parts of the general problem. Despite the large number of studies, the theoretical aspects of resource provision of the enterprise are debatable and require further research. In order to ensure the planned financial results, the enterprise must have the appropriate resource support for its activities. Therefore, enterprises fully use their own resources and, at the same time, look for alternative resources that will ultimately ensure the achievement of an economic, social, ecological, and innovative effect. Setting the task, the goal of the research. The tasks of the research are: to deepen the understanding of the theoretical foundations of resource provision of production; after summarizing the existing approaches, highlight the existing types of resources; after summarizing the existing approaches, propose a classification of types of resources; to propose a system for evaluating the effectiveness of the enterprise's provision of resources. Method or methodology of research. The article uses a set of scientific research methods: system approach, structuring, synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material. The article examines theoretical approaches to determining the resource potential of socio-economic systems. The evolution of scientific views on the category "resource potential" in relation to various research objects is presented. Summarizing the available approaches, we identified the following types of resources. A system for evaluating the effectiveness of management of enterprise resource provision is proposed. Field of application of results. The results of the research can be used in the process of formation and implementation of state policy in the field of health care. Conclusions according to the article. Having analyzed the scientific works of researchers, it can be concluded that the modern conditions of development of economic entities are largely determined by the state, level and scale of their resource provision, which ensures the necessary level of competitiveness and maintenance of business activity in the conditions of an uncertain external environment. It is important to pay attention to the provision of resources, which, according to scientists, is a set of internal and external resources and conditions necessary for the formation and continuous functioning of the innovative sphere and its constituent elements.

Introduction. The article is devoted to identifying and interpreting the reasons and forms of protest activity of representatives of the youth cohort in the context of the institutionalization of modern digital society and digital policy. The common and specific features of the protest activity of Russian and foreign youth in the context of the content and level of their digital culture are characterized. The attention is focused on the dominant trends in the transformation of the practices of protest behavior in online and offline formats, taking into account the restrictive measures caused by the spread of COVID-19. Methods. The work was prepared within the framework of political science discourse using modern scientific theories and concepts. The authors rely on the main provisions of the activity-activist approach (A. Giddens, V. Yadov), the concept of "traumatic changes" (P. Sztompka) and "network society" (M. Castells). At the same time, the characterization of digital transformations and innovations (society, politics, culture) is carried out in the context of the ideas of "digital counterculture" (C. Gere), domestic researchers analyzing the consumer behavior of youth in the digital environment (T. Beregovskaya, S. Grishaeva). The work uses theoretical and empirical methods for analyzing the results obtained by leading domestic and foreign research centers, as well as with the direct participation of the authors in the implementation of grant activities. Results. An attempt is made to conduct political science analysis of the modern approaches to understanding the phenomenon of youth protest activity, its dominant forms in the context of the institutionalization of digital policy and the transformation of value orientations in the new structure of "digital culture". The relationship between the protest activity of representatives of domestic and foreign youth, the practices of their destructive/constructive protest behavior using digital technologies in order to legitimize/ delegitimize the political regime is traced. Highlighted the real and potential resources of the authorities and administration, civil society institutions to minimize destructive factors that contribute to the strengthening of protest (civil, political, etc.) activity of various groups of young people in the context of the spread of the global pandemic. The results of theoretical and empirical studies that reveal the regional specifics of institutional forms of protest activity in modern Russia are interpreted. Discussion. The question of the forms and technologies of transformation of protest activity, taking into account the substantive characteristics of the digital culture of youth, its inclusion in the system for ensuring the stable and safe development of the Russian Federation, remains poorly studied. Authors' contributions. S.A. Pankratov developed the theoretical basis of the research and carried out the general scientific edition of the article. S.I. Morozov analyzed the dominant tendencies of youth protest activity. S.D. Gavrilov interpreted the results of theoretical and empirical studies characterizing the process of institutionalization of digital policy.

In 'Emergence and Incremental Impact', I argued (contra Kingston and Sinnott-Armstrong) that emergent properties do nothing to undermine the basic case for individual impact: they're just another kind of threshold case, and thresholds are compatible with difference-making increments.In that old post, I assumed counterfactual determinacy to make the case for there being some precise increment(s) that make a difference whenever a collection of increments together does.  But while revising my paper on collective harm, it occurred to me that the case becomes much more clear-cut when made in terms of probabilities.Consider.  Kingston & Sinnott-Armstrong object (p.179):[T]he expected disvalue approach requires that the probability of dangerous events can themselves be increased (minutely) by the addition of relatively tiny emissions. But why should we assume this? ... Emergence affects probability as it does other properties. While adding oil to an engine reduces the probability of a moving part failing, it is implausible that adding a molecule of oil reduces that probability of failure by 1/10^25.Why is this implausible? Suppose that adding a large drop of oil containing 10^23 molecules would reduce the probability of engine failure by at least 1/100. Now consider the sequence of possible futures M[n] that consist in adding precisely n molecules of oil to the engine. By our initial supposition, the probability of engine failure in M[10^23] is at least 1/100 less than in M[0]. But then it's logically impossible to assign probabilities of engine failure to each intermediate state in the sequence without some of those values in adjacent states differing by at least 1/10^25. ...Of course, it may well be that adding only the first molecule of oil would indeed have a much lower than average chance of making a difference. But even if so, this merely ensures that some other increments--namely, those in the threshold vicinity--have a correspondingly higher chance of making a difference. This is the familiar structure of expected-value reasoning in threshold cases. As previously argued [in my paper], if we've no idea where the thresholds lie, or no special reason to expect ourselves to be disproportionately likely to be distant from them, then the mere existence of such thresholds makes no difference to the expected value of our contribution: it remains equal to the average value of many such contributions. Nothing about emergent properties changes this basic reasoning. But it does help to emphasize a crucial dialectical point, that the important question is not whether a single increment in isolation makes a difference (it need not), but rather whether some increment in context does so (that is, given how many previous increments have already been made).

Cancer is the leading cause of premature death (0-69) in Spain and in the vast majority of countries in the European Union. Developing countries are less a ected but numbers are expected to rise over the next few decades as a consequence of population aging and lifestyle changes. Besides the human losses, cancer is responsible for large economic impact on healthcare systems and companies. It will come as no surprise to learn that many pharmaceutical companies and public funding agencies target cancer as their most funded research topic. Cancer is a complex set of diseases that are normally labeled using the tissue and/or cell type from which they originate. Each type is associated with very di erent prognosis and treatments but in most cases, patients would bene t from early detection, diagnosis and treatment since tumors tend to become more aggressive with time. In the United States, breast and colon cancer mortality rates have dropped 40% in the last 25 years in part as a consequence of achieving earlier diagnoses on average. ; El cáncer es la principal causa de muerte prematura (0-69) en España y en la mayoría de países de la Unión Europea. Los países en desarrollo se encuentran menos afectados, pero se espera que sus cifras aumenten en las próximas décadas como consecuencia del envejecimiento de la población y los cambios en el estilo de vida. Además de las pérdidas humanas, el cáncer es responsable de un gran impacto económico en los sistemas de salud y en las empresas. Por lo tanto, no es de sorprender que muchas farmacéuticas y agencias de investigación hayan hecho del cáncer la enfermedad cuya investigación mejor se financia. El cáncer es en realidad un conjunto heterogéneo de enfermedades que normalmente se denominan usando el tejido a partir del cual se originan. El pronóstico varía mucho en función del tipo de cáncer pero en la inmensa mayoría de casos, los pacientes se ven bene ficiados si se logra una detección precoz, ya que esto facilita también un tratamiento y diagnóstico tempranos, anticipándose así a una mayor progresión tumoral. En Estados Unidos, la mortalidad de cáncer de mama y colon ha disminuido en torno a un 40% en los últimos 25 años. Este descenso se ha logrado, entre otras cosas, como consecuencia de un aumento en los diagnósticos tempranos. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. ; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) [IFI16/00041] ; Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía [EF-0484-2017] ; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) [MV19/00058] ; Fulbright Program, Predoctoral Research 2020 Call, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, United States of America ; [PIE16/00045] Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; [PI-0533-2014] Fundación progreso y Salud /Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía)

Yuqing Song,1,* Huan Wang,2,* Yao Yin,3 Anliu Nie,4 Hui Yang,5 Ying Liu,1 Lin Tao,6 Hua Zhong,1 Liao Zhang,1 Hong Chen1 1West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Nursing, the Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Centre, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, 621000, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Neurology/Evidence-Based Nursing Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China; 4Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China; 5Nursing Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China; 6Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hong Chen, West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxuexiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China, Email 1366109878@qq.comPurpose: Previous studies revealed that informal caregivers for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) experience perceived caregiver burden. Although Liangshan prefecture is one of the areas with the fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemics in China, little is known about burden of informal caregivers for PLWHA. This study aimed to evaluate caregiver burden and these predictors among informal caregivers of PLWHA in Liangshan prefecture, China.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from August to December 2017. We used convenience sampling to recruit informal caregivers of PLWHA. A total of 222 participants completed questionnaires including demographic information, caregiving-related information, and caregiver burden (measured by Zarit Burden Interview, ZBI). SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Independent student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), Spearman rank correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed.Results: The mean ZBI score was 40.61 (SD = 14.47), and 199 (89.6%) informal caregivers had a mild or above caregiver burden. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that older age (P=0.003), caregivers with poor health (P=0.002), parent-caregivers (P=0.001), poorer ability in 'balancing caregiving needs and their own needs' (P< 0.001), and 'managing emotional needs' (P=0.014) were significantly associated with higher level of caregiver burden.Conclusion: The majority of informal caregivers had perceived caregiver burden in Liangshan prefecture of China. Findings emphasize that health-care providers, medical institutions and government should develop educational programs and policy to improve caregiver's ability to cope with caregiving for PLWHA, and take more attention to caregivers with health problem, at older age, parent-caregivers. These may contribute to reducing caregiver burden among informal caregivers of PLWHA.Keywords: caregiver burden, family caregiver, informal caregiver, persons living with HIV/AIDS

The relation between rainfall, runoff, erosion and sediment transport is highly variable in Mediterranean catchments. Their relation can be modified by land use changes and climate oscillations that, ultimately, will control water and sediment yields. This paper analyses rainfall, runoff and sediment transport relations in a meso-scale Mediterranean mountain catchment, the Ribera Salada (NE Iberian Peninsula). A total of 73 floods recorded between November 2005 and November 2008 at the Inglabaga Sediment Transport Station (114.5 km2) have been analysed. Suspended sediment transport and flow discharge were measured continuously. Rainfall data was obtained by means of direct rain gauges and daily rainfall reconstructions from radar information. Results indicate that the annual sediment yield (2.3 t km− 1 y− 1 on average) and the flood-based runoff coefficients (4.1% on average) are low. The Ribera Salada presents a low geomorphological and hydrological activity compared with other Mediterranean mountain catchments. Pearson correlations between rainfall, runoff and sediment transport variables were obtained. The hydrological response of the catchment is controlled by the base flows. The magnitude of suspended sediment concentrations is largely correlated with flood magnitude, while sediment load is correlated with the amount of direct runoff. Multivariate analysis shows that total suspended load can be predicted by integrating rainfall and runoff variables. The total direct runoff is the variable with more weight in the equation. Finally, three main hydro-sedimentary phases within the hydrological year are defined in this catchment: (a) Winter, where the catchment produces only water and very little sediment; (b) Spring, where the majority of water and sediment is produced; and (c) Summer–Autumn, when little runoff is produced but significant amount of sediments is exported out of the catchment. Results show as land use and climate change may have an important role in modifying the cycles of water and sediment yields in Mediterranean mountain catchments. ; This work was performed in the framework of research agreement between the Catalan Water Agency and the Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia to study 'Fluvial dynamics in river basins of the Segre-Ebro in Catalonia', and within the projects CGL2009-09770/BTE and Consolider Ingenio 2010 SCARCE CSD2009-00065, financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and SESAM-1&2 funded by the DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft BR 1731/11-1 & BR 1731/11-2. The study has benefited from data analysis methodology developed in the MORPHSED project, funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European FEDER funds (CGL2012-3639). The second author has a research contract funded by the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC-2010-06264) with Human Capital Attraction Programme funded by funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Authors acknowledge the support from the Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through the Consolidated Research Groups: RIUS -Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (2014-SGR-645).

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencia el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; Context. Carbon monosulphide (CS) is among the most abundant gas-phase S-bearing molecules in cold dark molecular clouds. It is easily observable with several transitions in the millimeter wavelength range, and has been widely used as a tracer of the gas density in the interstellar medium in our Galaxy and external galaxies. However, chemical models fail to account for the observed CS abundances when assuming the cosmic value for the elemental abundance of sulfur. Aims. The CS+O → CO + S reaction has been proposed as a relevant CS destruction mechanism at low temperatures, and could explain the discrepancy between models and observations. Its reaction rate has been experimentally measured at temperatures of 150-400 K, but the extrapolation to lower temperatures is doubtful. Our goal is to calculate the CS+O reaction rate at temperatures <150 K which are prevailing in the interstellar medium. Methods. We performed ab initio calculations to obtain the three lowest potential energy surfaces (PES) of the CS+O system. These PESs are used to study the reaction dynamics, using several methods (classical, quantum, and semiclassical) to eventually calculate the CS + O thermal reaction rates. In order to check the accuracy of our calculations, we compare the results of our theoretical calculations for T ~ 150-400 K with those obtained in the laboratory. Results. Our detailed theoretical study on the CS+O reaction, which is in agreement with the experimental data obtained at 150-400 K, demonstrates the reliability of our approach. After a careful analysis at lower temperatures, we find that the rate constant at 10 K is negligible, below 10-15 cm3 s-1, which is consistent with the extrapolation of experimental data using the Arrhenius expression. Conclusions. We use the updated chemical network to model the sulfur chemistry in Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC 1) based on molecular abundances determined from Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular CloudS (GEMS) project observations. In our model, we take into account the expected decrease of the cosmic ray ionization rate, ζH2, along the cloud. The abundance of CS is still overestimated when assuming the cosmic value for the sulfur abundance ; The research leading to these results has received funding from MICIU (Spain) under grants FIS2017-83473-C2, AYA2016-75066- C2-2-P, ESP2017-86582-C4-1-R, AYA2017-85111-P, PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2019-106235GB-I00. N.B. acknowledges the computing facilities by TUBITAK-TRUBA, and O.R. and A.A. acknowledge computing time at Finisterre (CESGA) and Marenostrum (BSC) under RES computational grants ACCT-2019-3-0004 and AECT-2020-1-0003. SPTM acknowledges the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program for funding support under agreement No 639459 (PROMISE)

Innovation is a basic and important element of economic success. Innovation is seen as a significant factor in boosting product competitiveness in both domestic and global markets, replacing outdated manufacturing equipment, and creating demand for highly skilled workers. It is commonly acknowledged that for the state to develop an effective scientific and technical policy, an information base that depicts the status, scale, and direction of innovation activities throughout the economy is required. Therefore, it is critical to consider both the decimal and descriptive aspects of the information. In short, creating the groundwork for an innovative economy is critical to achieving good outcomes in the country's socioeconomic growth. The study's major goal is to examine the economic effect of innovative development in Azerbaijan. The State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan provided the study with statistical information for the years 2000–2021. To begin, the study performed a literature review of various scholars on the issue, and the initiatives adopted by the state in different years to promote creative growth in Azerbaijan were analyzed. Furthermore, indicators such as GDP, the number of people employed in the economy, fixed assets, and innovation costs were utilized to estimate the impact of innovations on economic growth. When coefficients represented in individual variables in the generated model are compared, it is clear that the influence of innovation costs (0.877 or 87.7%) on the amount of activity in the economy is bigger than the effect of fixed assets (0.292 or 29.2%) and the number of employees (0.020 or 2%). At the 0.05 level of significance, the t-statistics and their probabilities associated with the coefficients show that the number of employees has a negative effect on GDP, whereas production funds and expenditure on innovations have statistically significant positive effects on GDP. The estimated F-Statistic and its probability imply that the cumulative result of innovation expenditure on GDP is statistically significant. The study claims a connection between innovation spending and GDP, and that the former has a major influence on the latter. The research also demonstrates that the model's explanatory variables account for about 98.4% of the changes in the explained variable. This suggests that, in the framework of the model, spending on innovation accounted for about 98.4% of the variation in GDP over the study period. This study, therefore, contributes to the expanding amount of evidence indicating that expenditure on innovation is related to and has a significant impact on GDP. The results of the model also show that an increase in production funds of 1% generates a rise in GDP of 29.3%, a rise in employee numbers of 1% causes a boost in GDP of 2%, and an expansion in innovation expenditures of 1% causes a GDP rise of 87.7%. In this regard, it is thought appropriate to raise innovation costs, particularly during the digital economy transition.

Relevance of the research topic. Based on the appropriate challenges of scientific and technological progress, there is a need to draw attention not only to the competitive advantages of automated and robotic enterprises over purely automated, but also to the inevitability of rapid replacement of human and robot personnel as specialists capable of solving complex specialized problems and complex practical problems characterized by uncertainty of socio-economic conditions in the field of industrial production at the international level. Formulation of the problem. There is a clear lack of understanding of the inevitability of the gradual replacement of human professions by artificial-intellectual-robotic and catastrophic unpreparedness for these changes in the field of management in general. Analysis of recent research and publications. More than 100 years ago, many scientists devoted their research to robotics. Among the latter are the scientific works of N. Morse, L. Varchenko-Trotsenko, O. Garkavenko, A. Vashkevich, T. Katkova, Y. Zhukov, etc., but there is no research on the management of robot personnel in the field of foreign economic activity. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. All components of the management of organizations and the management of foreign economic activity of enterprises are completely unexplored in the set of unresolved issues of management of robot-personnel with artificial intelligence, which in the very near future will almost completely replace human-personnel. Problem statement, research goals. Substantiation of the role of the updated management of organizations and management of foreign economic activity of enterprises in the management of robot personnel, as an inevitable subject of economic relations. Methodology of the study. Complex of scientific abstraction, theoretical comparative analysis and synthesis of own innovative ideas. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The competitive advantages of automated-robotic enterprises over purely automated ones in carrying out foreign economic activity are shown. Attention is drawn to the inevitability of replacing several dozen professions with human labor and human intelligence with robotic work with artificial intelligence. In the context of this study, we are talking about the management of foreign economic activity of enterprises to ensure their sustainable competitiveness in the global labor market in the field of management of foreign economic organizations at national and international levels through the generation of new knowledge and innovative ideas. Field of application of results. Training of applicants in the specialty 073 "Management" with medium and long-term strategic vision. Conclusions in accordance with the article. Understanding the inevitable rapid replacement of human resources by robot personnel is the key to ensuring the stability and competitiveness of all industries and services in world markets. It is proposed to draw not only the attention of the scientific community to robotics based on artificial intelligence, but also to invest in further research to develop new strategies for training management (educational process from kindergarten to graduation) and accompanying educational and methodological support - especially in the field of foreign economic activity.