Annexes disponibles sur demande ; Background. In the last years, an increasing number of students diagnosed with high functioning autistic spectrum disorders (HFASD) was able to attend mainstream high schools in both France and Quebec. Despite international studies and governmental recommendations to involve directly youth with HFASD in research, their own perspective is rarely taken into account in francophone research settings. Yet, their singular perception of the world and their difficulties with social understanding can be obstacles for their academic and social fulfillment, especially during adolescence. Objective. Grounded in an ecological approach where participants are acknowledged as experts and knowledge co producers, our work aims at understanding how they cope with mainstream education in high schools. Methods. 26 teenagers with HFASD (13-17) and their parents collaborated in this research, in France (n=17) and in Quebec (n=9). Both youth and parents took part in semi-structured in-depth interviews and completed questionnaires (Adolescents: Friendship Qualities Scale (FQS) and Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA); Parents: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and personal information sheet). Results. Questionnaire analysis. Cluster analysis identified three adolescent profiles for friendship representations, mainly distinguished regarding two dimensions: companionship and help/aid from the friend. Three dimensions (social acceptance, close friends and physical appearance) differentiate self-perception into a 4-group typology (SPPA). Moreover, the presence of a teaching assistant in class and the social skills training support (individual or group sessions) are correlated positive with self and friendship representations. Despite moderate to high scores of impact and parental burden (SDQ), results indicate that satisfying parental representations are positively correlated with adolescent' prosocial behaviors, full-time job for mothers and diagnosis of ASD in parents. Thematic analysis of teenagers' interviews. Managing school sensory aspects, perceived immature behaviors from their peers and tiredness resulting from to important workload are identified as the main obstacles for their wellbeing in high school. On the contrary, being included in an intensive or international academic program, being driven by a passion or a clear objective and having a friend in the school environment appear to be important enablers for inclusion success. Although strongly dependent of peers' representations, the autistic identity is generally well lived and accepted, especially outside of high school. Prospects. Transition from adolescence to adult life will constitute one of the major challenges for youth with HFASD in the next few years and has to be anticipated as soon as possible. This preparation would allow the adolescents to gain autonomy and practical skills to understand their needs and strengths and be able to speak for themselves in a professional environment. Finally, our work highlights the urge for moving from a deficit-led approach to a neurodiversity paradigm, promoting empowerment of individuals and considering ASD as a valuable contribution to human diversity. ; Contexte. Depuis dix ans, en France comme au Québec, le nombre d'adolescents présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme sans déficience intellectuelle [TSA SDI] en milieu secondaire ordinaire s'est considérablement accru. Alors que les études internationales et les plans d'action gouvernementaux soulignent la nécessité d'impliquer directement ces jeunes dans les protocoles de recherche, leur parole est très rarement prise en compte dans le milieu francophone. Or, leur appréhension du monde singulière et leurs difficultés de compréhension sociale peuvent constituer des obstacles à leur épanouissement social et scolaire, particulièrement à l'adolescence. Objectif général. Ancré dans une approche écologique où les participants sont reconnus comme experts et coproducteurs de la connaissance, ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre leur vécu de l'inclusion scolaire au secondaire. Méthodologie. 26 adolescents avec TSA (de 13 à 17 ans) et leurs parents ont collaboré à cette recherche, en France (n=17) et au Québec (n=9). Tous ont participé à un entretien semi-dirigé et complété des questionnaires (Échelle des qualités des relations amicale (EQRA) et Profil des perceptions de soi à l'adolescence (PPSA) pour les jeunes ; Questionnaire des forces et difficultés (SDQ) et fiche signalétique pour les parents). Résultats. Analyse des questionnaires. L'analyse par regroupements hiérarchiques a mis en évidence trois profils de représentations amicales (EQRA) se distinguant principalement au niveau de la camaraderie et de l'aide reçue par l'ami. Concernant la perception de soi (PPSA), ce sont majoritairement les dimensions sociale, amicale et corporelle qui différencient les 4 profils d'adolescents. De plus, la présence d'une aide humaine en classe et les accompagnements visant l'amélioration des compétences sociales (séances de groupe ou individuelles) apparaissent corrélés aux représentations de soi et des relations amicales. Malgré des scores d'impact et de fardeau parental jugés modérés à élevés, l'analyse des 4 profils parentaux (SDQ) montre que les comportements prosociaux du jeune, le fait pour la mère de travailler à temps plein et le fait d'avoir soi-même un diagnostic de TSA sont corrélés à des représentations parentales plus satisfaisantes. Analyse thématique des entretiens avec les adolescents. La gestion des aspects sensoriels, le comportement jugé immature de leurs pairs et la fatigue liée à charge de travail importante sont identifiés comme les principaux obstacles au bien vécu de l'inclusion. À l'inverse, la participation à un programme d'études internationales, le fait d'être guidé par une passion et la présence d'un ami dans l'établissement sont jugés particulièrement aidants. Bien que fortement dépendante du regard des pairs, leur identité autistique est généralement bien assumée, notamment en dehors du milieu scolaire. Perspectives. Ainsi, la transition des jeunes TSA vers la vie adulte constitue l'un des enjeux majeurs pour les années à venir et doit être anticipée très en amont. Il s'agit de permettre aux adolescents d'acquérir l'autonomie et les compétences nécessaires pour plaider leur propre cause dans l'environnement postsecondaire puis professionnel. Ce travail souligne enfin l'importance d'abandonner l'approche centrée sur les déficits au profit d'une approche capacitante, qui favorise l'empowerment des adolescents et aborde les TSA sous l'angle de la neurodiversité.
ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the question of the role of the press in the era of regional autonomy in the construction of the city of Pontianak In Review from the Perspective of Law No. 40 of 1999. From the results of research using normative juridical legal research is concluded, that Law Number 40 Year 1999 regarding the Press has implications positively to the life of the press in support of the Development in the town of Pontianak, ie the growth and development of the life of the press that gives legal protection for members of the press, the public and the government. Some indication of the implications are reflected in terms of: Press can carry out the role, namely to uphold the basic values of democracy, rule of law, and human rights and to function well as a medium of information, education, entertainment, and social control as well as economic institutions; The press is not subject to censorship and the banning or prohibition of broadcasting, so it can provide information, objective and neutral; Implementation of the rights of the press just as the right to refuse, the right of reply, and the right of correction by Media Release; Society can participate in activities to develop freedom of the press through the press monitoring agency. Efforts were made Press / media related planning and budgeting process of local development, among others: Increase insight into society in a way to socialize vision and mission development at national, regional (provincial), and local (district / city), as well as various basic policies contained in regional planning documents, Increase public awareness of the meaning and responsibilities of regional development, so as to encourage their participation in the planning / implementation / oversight of the development and maintenance of development outcomes, improve openness and transparency by disseminating information to the public regarding and the regional agenda related to the development planning process, as well as product planning and budgeting of public concern, increase the participation and contribution of people's minds through aspiration nets (pooling opinion) community with regard to regional strategic issues, people's expectations, and substansi- the substance of the regional development plan, Improving accountability planning process by publicizing the implementation of planning processes and outcomes material formulation of plans and policies for the areas scrutinized and addressed other community, Boost democratization and commitment to the reduction of regional disparities through evaluation, criticism, and the safeguarding of the issue -isu development-related interests of marginalized people and problems of the development gap, improve the rule of law through the investigation, assessment, and advocacy for public policy formulation processes and budgeting and Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of local governments in development planning and budgeting through monitoring and supervision, assessment and criticism / feedback, socialization / dissemination of information throughout the process of development planning and budgeting as well as outcomes achieved.Keywords: Role of the Press in the Era of Regional Autonomy In Pontianak City Development ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah peranan pers di era otonomi daerah dalam pembangunan Kota Pontianak Di Tinjau Dari Perspektif Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999. Dari hasil penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normative diperoleh kesimpulan, bahwa Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers mempunyai implikasi positif terhadap kehidupan pers dalam mendukung pembanguan di kota Pontianak, yaitu semakin tumbuh dan berkembangnya kehidupan pers yang memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi insan pers, masyarakat dan pemerintah. Beberapa indikasi implikasi tersebut tercermin dalam hal: Pers dapat melaksanakan peran, yaitu menegakkan nilai-nilai dasar demokrasi, supremasi hukum, dan hak azasi manusia dan menjalankan fungsinya secara baik sebagai media informasi, pendidikan, hiburan, dan kontrol sosial serta sebagai lembaga ekonomi; Pers tidak dikenakan penyensoran dan pembreidelan atau pelarangan penyiaran, sehingga dapat menyajikan informasi secara, obyektif dan netral; Terlaksananya hak pers sepertl hak tolak, hak jawab, dan hak koreksi oleh Media Pers; Masyarakat dapat melakukan peran serta dalam kegiatan mengembangkan kemerdekaan pers melalui lembaga pemantau pers.Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan Pers/media massa terkait proses perencanaan dan penganggaran pembangunan daerah, antara lain:Meningkatkan wawasan masyarakat dengan cara mensosialisasikan visi dan misi pembangunan baik di tingkat nasional, regional (provinsi), maupun lokal (kabupaten/kota), serta berbagai kebijakan pokok yang tertuang dalam dokumen perencanaan daerah,Meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap makna dan tanggung jawab pembangunan di daerahnya, sehingga mendorong partisipasi mereka dalam proses perencanaan/pelaksanaan/pengawasan pembangunan serta pemeliharaan hasil-hasil pembangunan, Meningkatkan keterbukaan dan transparansi dengan mensosialisasikan kepada masyarakat mengenai informasi dan agenda daerah berkaitan dengan proses perencanaan pembangunan, serta produk-produk perencanaan dan penganggaran yang menyangkut kepentingan publik, Meningkatkan partisipasi dan kontribusi pemikiran masyarakat melalui kegiatan jarring aspirasi (pooling pendapat) masyarakat berkaitan dengan isu-isu strategis daerah, harapan masyarakat, dan substansi-substansi rencana pembangunan daerah, Meningkatkan akuntabilitas proses perencanaan dengan mempublikasikan pelaksanaan proses-proses perencanaan serta hasil-hasil rumusan materi rencana dan kebijakan daerah untuk dikritisi dan ditanggapi masyarakat lainnya, Meningkatkan demokratisasi dan komitmen daerah terhadap pengurangan kesenjangan melalui evaluasi, kritik, dan pengawalan terhadap isu-isu pembangunan yang terkait kepentingan masyarakat marginal dan masalah kesenjangan pembangunan, Meningkatkan supremasi hukum melalui investigasi, pengkajian, dan advokasi terhadap proses perumusan kebijakan publik dan penganggaran daerah dan Meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektifitas pemerintah daerah dalam perencanaan dan penganggaran pembangunan melalui pemantauan dan pengawasan, kajian dan kritik/masukan, sosialisasi/penyebarluasan informasi seluruh proses perencanaan dan penganggaran pembangunan serta hasil-hasil yang dicapai.Kata Kunci: Peranan Pers Di Era Otonomi Daerah Dalam Pembangunan Kota Pontianak
UK: У статті актуалізується та обґрунтовується теза про те, що політичний плюралізм, як співіснування й конкуренція ідей, концепцій, теорій і систем, що дають різні відповіді на політичні питання, породжує важливі практичні проблеми: необхідність підтримки й зміцнення єдності суспільства, члени якого дотримуються різних світоглядів; забезпечення консенсусу щодо основних норм і цінностей, необхідних для його функціонування й розвитку; утвердження толерантності у відносинах між прибічниками різних світоглядів, розвиток діалогу між ними; запобігання гострих конфліктів на політичному підгрунті. Зазначені проблеми актуальні для українського суспільства, в якому представлений широкий спектр політично-ідеологічних орієнтацій. Крім того, в сучасній Україні гостро стоїть проблема подолання політичного протистояння. Це зумовлює необхідність розвитку толерантності й діалогу. Велика роль у розв'язанні цих проблем належить партійним лідерам. В цьому контексті підкреслюється, що партійні лідери, як важливі суб'єкти у системі політичної діяльності, виконують такі функції: артикуляція й агрегування інтересів певних соціальних груп; боротьба за здобуття політичної влади; використання політичної влади з метою здійснення суспільно значущих завдань; контроль за діяльністю державних органів або формування та здійснення прийнятого політичного курсу; політичне виховання й ідеологічна соціалізація виборців тощо. Важливою передумовою і водночас засобом їх досягнення в умовах конфліктного протиборства виступає політична толерантність. Політична толерантність розглядається як різновид взаємодії та взаємовідносин між різними соціальними групами, політичними партіями, лідерами, за якого сторони виявляють сприйняття і терпіння щодо різниці у поглядах, уявленнях, позиціях та діях. У статті аналізується політична толерантність як невід'ємний компонент та принцип діяльність партійних лідерів. Наголошується на тому, що у суспільствах із розмаїтістю культур і мов, численними каналами й інститутами вираження соціальних, національних, релігійних та інших інтересів, як правило, більше передумов для реалізації принципу толерантності у відносинах всередині багатопартійної системи. Водночас, на нашу думку, принцип толерантності на практиці поки що не є характерним для процесів партієтворення у нашій країні. Реальний формат взаємодії вітчизняних партійних сил подекуди, на жаль, виключає наявність будь-яких принципів, а тактика політичної боротьби та політичного протистояння відзначається відсутністю принципових засад толерантності. Робиться висновок, що партіям та їхнім лідерам необхідно опанувати науку й мистецтво політичного діалогу, взяти на озброєння певний набір правил політичної поведінки. Серед них, зокрема визначення правомірності протилежної позиції, відмова від претензії на монопольне володіння істиною в останній інстанції тощо. Розвиток політичного життя суспільства веде до розуміння й визнання того, що репрезентувати загальне, бути носіями суспільної сутності мають всі люди, а не якась окрема частина суспільства. Політична діяльність має спиратися на визнання того, що будь-яка суспільна проблема може бути розв'язана тільки на ґрунті загальної згоди. EN: The article is updated and argues that political pluralism, as a coexistence and competition of ideas, concepts, theories and systems that give different answers to political questions, raised important practical problems: the need to maintain and strengthen the unity society whose members have different ideologies; ensure consensus on the basic norms and values necessary for its functioning and development; the promotion of tolerance in relations between supporters of different ideologies, development of dialogue between them; conflict prevention political grounds. These problems are urgent for the Ukrainian society, which presents a wide spectrum of political and ideological orientations. In addition, in today's Ukraine, the acute problem of overcoming of political confrontation. This calls for the development of tolerance and dialogue. A big role in solution of these problems belongs to the party leaders. In this context, it is emphasized that the party leaders, as important actors in the system of political activity carry out the following functions: articulation and aggregation of interests of certain social groups; the struggle for the conquest of political power; the use of political power to implement socially important objectives; monitoring the activity of state bodies or the formation and implementation of the adopted political course; political education and ideological socialization of voters and the like. An important prerequisite and both the means to achieve them in conflict confrontation serves the political tolerance. Political tolerance is seen as the type of interaction and relationships between the various social groups, political parties, leaders, whose sides are of perception and patience in regard to difference in views, views, positions and actions. The article analyzes the political tolerance as an integral component and the principle of the activity of the party leaders. Stresses that, in societies with a variety of cultures and languages, numerous channels and institutions expression of social, national, religious and other interests, as a rule, more prerequisites for implementation of the principle of tolerance in the relations inside a multiparty system. At the same time, in our opinion, the principle of tolerance in practice is not yet indicative of the processes parton in our country. The actual format of interaction of domestic political forces somewhere on unfortunately excludes the existence of any of the principles and tactics of political struggle and political confrontation marked by a lack of fundamental principles of tolerance. It is concluded that the parties and their leaders need to master the science and art of political dialogue, to adopt a set of rules of political behavior. Among them, in particular for determining the appropriateness of the opposite position, giving up claims to exclusive possession of the truth in the last instance, etc. The development of the political life of the society leads to the understanding and recognition of what is to provide General, to be a carrier of a public entity, are all people, and not any particular part of society. Political activities should be based on the recognition that any social problem can be resolved only on the basis of mutual consent.
Ettevõtjad, eriti väike- ja keskmiste ettevõtjatena tegutsejad on piirkonna majandusliku arengu selgrooks, luues töökohti ning edendades kohalikku eluolu. Magistritöö teema on aktuaalne, kuna ettevõtlus on linna jätkusuutlikkuse alustala ning autori arvates on oluline teadvustada kohalikule omavalitsusele ettevõtjate tegevust mõjutavaid tegureid. Ettevõte ja keskkond omavad vastastikkuseid seoseid. Keskkond hõlmab aspekte, mida ettevõtja ise mõjutada suudab, kuid ka neid, mis otseselt temast ei sõltu, kuid mille muutustega peab kaasa minema ning oma tegevuse kohandama. Samuti kujundab ettevõte oma tegevusega ümbritsevat. Majanduspoliitilised institutsioonid omavad õigust majanduskorraldust kehtestada ja muuta: korrapoliitika tagab ettevõtjatele võimalikult võrdsed tegutsemistingimused, struktuuripoliitika ülesandeks on luua elujõuline ettevõtluskliima, tagades tingimused finantsvahendite kättesaadavuse parendamiseks, suunates ekspordi-impordi kujundamist, teadus- ja arendustegevust, pannes suurt rõhku innovatsioonile. Väike- ja keskmised ettevõtted moodustavad suurima osa ettevõtetest, omades seega olulist tähtsust majanduse kujundamisel. Selleks, et mainitud ettevõtete tüüp oleks selgesti ja üheselt mõistetav, on Euroopa Komisjon peale pikki arutelusid ja läbirääkimisi defineerinud väike- ja keskmiste ettevõtete mõiste. Nimelt lähtutakse eristamisel töötajate arvust, käibe suurusest või bilansimahust. Ühtne definitsioon soodustab ettevõtetevahelist koostööd ja eristab selgelt väike- ja keskmised ettevõtted teistest. Väike- ja keskmiste ettevõtete eduteguriteks (erinevalt suurettevõtetest) võib esmalt pidada nende kiiret kohanemisvõimet turu ja üldise majandusolukorra muutustega, samuti hea ülevaate omamist ettevõtte tööst ja seisust majanduslikus mõistes. Konkurentsis püsimise eelduseks on kindlasti uurimis- ja arendustegevuse alusel toimuv pidev innovatsioon toodetes/teenustes ja tootmisprotsessides. Samuti on oluline suurfirmade kõrval leida endale sobiv turuni . Lähtudes magistritöö raames läbiviidud küsitluse tulemustest Võru linna ettevõtjate seas, selgub, et ettevõtjate tegevust mõjutab enim kvalifitseeritud tööjõu puudus, seda nii oskustööliste, spetsialistide kui ka keskastmejuhtide puhul. Probleem ei esine ainult Võru linnas, vaid on üle-eestiline – nii selgus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxise läbiviidud uuringust. Siinkohal on oluline teha koostööd piirkonna kutsekoolidega, sõlmides praktikakoha lepinguid. Samuti on oluline koolitusinfo levik mitte-õpilaste seas, läbimaks täiendõppekursusi Eesti Töötukassa või Haridus- ja Teadusministeeriumi koolitusprogrammi toel. Küsitlusest selgus, et just koolitustest tunnevad ettevõtjad puudust. Valitseb infosulg kohaliku omavalitsuse, tugisüsteemide ja ettevõtjate vahel. Vajalik informatsioon nõustamisteenuste, toetussüsteemide ja koolituskavade kohta ei ole ettevõtjateni jõudnud või on seda ainult vähesel määral. Erinevalt Eesti VKEdest on Võru linna ettevõtjad tugisüsteemide teenustega kursis väga vähesel määral. Seega on tarvis suurendada koostööd nende vahel ning korraldada info levikut paremini. Ettevõtjate esitatud ettepanekud koostööks linnavalitsusega on igati põhjendatud. Nimelt soovitakse linnapoolset tuge näiteks äripindade rentimisel/ostmisel soodsamatel tingimustel. Hetkel seisab nii mõnigi Võru Linnavalitsuse valduses olev hoone müügis juba pikemat aega, ostjaid ei ole, arukas oleks pind hoopis välja üürida. Selgub, et huvilisi oleks. Samuti tuntakse puudust ettevõtjate-linna vahelisest ümarlauast, kus vastastikku suheldes jõuaks oluliste probleemide leevenduseni. Finantsvahendite puudus mõjutab oluliselt nii Eesti kui ka Võru linna ettevõtteid. Tõsiseid probleeme valmistavad suured maksud ja tööjõukulud. Ühtset lahendust siinkohal leida pole võimalik. Suurim osakaal maksukoormuses on sotsiaalmaksul, mis on ühtlasi ka riigi eelarve suur tuluallikas. Võimalik oleks vähendada makse madalapalgalistel töötajatel ja pensioniikka jõudvatel töötajatel - just nemad on varmad liikuma palgatöölt hüvitistele. On heameel tõdeda, et nii Võru linna kui ka Eesti ettevõtjad hindavad oma tooteid kõrgelt ja peavad esmajoones oma toodete/teenuste eelisteks teiste ees just nende kvaliteeti. Tarbijate silmis tõstab kvaliteetne toode ettevõtte usaldusväärsust ning suurendab nende lojaalsust. Samamoodi positiivset tagasisidet anti ka ettevõtte asutamise bürokraatia kohta, kus nii Eesti kui ka Võru linna ettevõtjad leidsid, et asutamine ei olnud aeganõudev ega ülemäära keeruline. Autor leiab, et magistritöö on täitnud oma eesmärgi ning selgitanud välja Võru linna ettevõtlust mõjutavad tegurid. Tulemused on linna jaoks olulise tähtsusega, sest sarnaseid uuringuid varasemalt läbi viidud ei ole. Seetõttu on käesolev töö aluseks ettevõtluskeskkonna kaardistamisele ja esilekerkinud probleemide leevendamisele. ; The objective of the Master's thesis is to assess the situation of businesses in the town of Võru and to identify the main factors influencing business activities by conducting a survey. The objects of the study were businesses that were included in the commercial register during the period of 2009-2011: self-employed persons, private limited companies and public limited companies. In total, the author of the thesis sent 443 questionnaires to the companies by e-mail, to which 90 companies responded. The thesis is focused on small and medium-sized businesses, since small and medium-sized businesses make up the largest part of businesses, and consequently have an important role in shaping the economy. The analysis of the results revealed that the companies of the town of Võru are to a great extent influenced by a lack of qualified workforce, high taxes, labour costs, lack of information and the need for training. The author believes that the lack of qualified workforce could be alleviated through the cooperation of educational institutions (e.g. Võru County Vocational Training Centre) and the companies, as well as by informing people of the trainings organised by the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. It is also possible that the local government would organise trainings. The establishment of a tax system, which would yield sufficient amounts to the treasury but would not burden the businesses, is a challenging task for the government. One of the options is to reduce the taxes of workers who are low-paid or close to the retirement age. They are more likely to abandon paid employment for receiving benefits. There is also a tendency to replace low-paid workers with machines. Local government and business support systems need to bring themselves closer to the companies (e.g. spread information in the local paper of Võru, in mailing lists) by providing them with necessary advice and support. The Master's thesis has been written in Estonian, on 87 pages. It contains 5 tables, 24 drawings and 1 appendix. In writing the thesis, 59 sources were used, 24 of which are in English.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balachakra-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 530 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 489 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 15 ha (3%) covered by rock outcrops and 28 ha (5%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 488 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 - 150 cm) 25 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 41 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 20 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 percent soils are medium (51-100), 18 per cent soils are low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 81 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 11 percent soils are low (337kg/ha), about 57 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) and 34 percent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75(14) 102(19) Guava - 75(14) Maize 75(14) 102(19) Sapota - 75(14) Bajra 75(14) 102(19) Pomegranate - 75(14) Groundnut - 157(30) Musambi - 75(14) Sunflower - 75(14) Lime - 75(14) Redgram - 95(18) Amla 75(14) 82(15) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 75(14) Jackfruit - 75(14) Chilli 75(14) 82(15) Jamun - - Tomato 75(14) 82(15) Custard apple - 157(30) Brinjal 75(14) 82(15) Tamarind - - Onion 75(14) 82(15) Mulberry - 75(14) Bhendi 75(14) 82(15) Marigold 75(14) 82(15) Drumstick - 75(14) Chrysanthemum 75(14) 82(15) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Balachakra-1 is located at North latitude 160 41' 8.752" and 160 39' 29.062" and East longitude 770 17' 8.217'' and 770 15' 52.036" covering an area of about 529.94 ha coming unde Balichakra village of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Balachakra-1 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Balachakra-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 19 (54.29%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (61.15%) men and 61 (38.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.7, marginal farmers were were 3, small farmers were 4.7, semi medium farmers were 4.6 and medium farmers were 4.5. Majority of the respondents (49.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.69 per cent illiterates, 34.38 per cent pre university education and 1.27 per cent attained graduation. About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.60 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 17.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, women available in the micro watershed was 1.94, hired labour (men) available was 11.38 and hired labour (women) available was 11.22. 2 Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.00 per cent (59.45 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.00 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.45 per cent. Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account and 20.00 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 57.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.26436.56, 46397.95, 29260.31 and 109143.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.34 and 1: 0.90 respectively. Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94894.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57180.00 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 113 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 77.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 65.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households. In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3 Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (68.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), Less rainfall (22.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagalapur-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 381 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 345 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha (10%) covered by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 345 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 23 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 - 150 cm), 6 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 36 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 26 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 46 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 51 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 40 percent soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 171(45) Guava - 24(6) Maize - 171(45) Sapota - 24(6) Bajra 24(6) 146(38) Pomegranate - 24(6) Groundnut 24(6) 57(15) Musambi - 24(6) Sunflower - 24(6) Lime - 24(6) Redgram - 112(29) Amla 24(6) 58(15) Bengal gram - 35(9) Cashew - 24(6) Cotton - 2(<1) Jackfruit - 24(6) Chilli - 82(22) Jamun - - Tomato - 82(22) Custard apple 24(6) 58(15) Brinjal - 82(22) Tamarind - - Onion - 82(22) Mulberry - 24(6) Bhendi - 82(22) Marigold - 82(22) Drumstick - 24(6) Chrysanthemum - 82(22) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Nagalapur-3 is located at North latitude 160 42' 1.077" and 160 41' 6.695" and East longitude 770 17' 58.57" and 770 16' 3.19" covering an area of about 381.22 ha coming under Nagalapur, Balichakra and Yaleri Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Nagalapur-3 micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nagalapur-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium, 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (59.12%) men and 65 (40.88 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.4, marginal farmers were 4.12, small farmers were 5.1, semi medium farmers were 4.72 and medium farmers were 6.Majority of the respondents (38.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 59.12 per cent illiterates, 0.63 percent were functional literates, 35.84 per cent pre university education and 1.26 per cent attained graduation. About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 65.41 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 14.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 62.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 31.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.9, women available in the micro watershed was 1.53, hired labour (men) available was 6.63 and hired labour (women) available was 5.97. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 77.57 per cent (43.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 22.43 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 6.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households. 2 The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Paddy, Cotton, Groundnut and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. Out of the sample households 5.71 percent possessed bank account. About 5.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Paddy, Cotton, Groundnut and Greengram was Rs.25452.48, 54657.14, 36773.50, 73025.03 and 29118.75 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.10 and 1:1.10 respectively. Further, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 96734.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 42734.29 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 142 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 17.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (22.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 22.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (71.43%) and oilseeds (8.57%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (45.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (51.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.00%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (40.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (0.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%), Less rainfall (37.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (22.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Laksmanpura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 561 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils. About 38 per cent of the soils are loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 50 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 35 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 17 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 3 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 14 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 33 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 -7.3), 37 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%). Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 28 per cent area of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 99(18) 350(62) Sapota 128(23) 233(42) Maize 84(15) 364(65) Pomegranate 128(23) 327(58) Bajra 146(26) 347(62) Guava 128(23) 233(42) Redgram 99(18) 331(59) Jackfruit 128(23) 233(42) Bengal gram - 94(17) Jamun 42(8) 157(28) Groundnut 14(2) 343(61) Musambi 128(23) 327(58) Sunflower 99(18) 331(59) Lime 128(23) 327(58) Cotton - 418(75) Cashew 115(20) 233(42) Chilli 113(20) 336(60) Custard apple 146(26) 347(62) Tomato 113(20) 242(43) Amla 146(26) 253(45) Brinjal 113(20) 242(43) Tamarind 42(8) 157(28) Onion 84(15) 270(48) Marigold 113(20) 336(60) Bhendi 113(20) 336(60) Chrysanthemum 113(20) 336 (60) Drumstick 128(23) 272(48) Jasmine 113(20) 242(43) Mulberry 100 (18) 261(47) Crossandra 113(20) 242(43) Mango 42(8) 157(28) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Lakshmapura-1 is located at North latitude 150 23' 58.806" and 150 21' 48.269" and East longitude 760 2' 59.1'' and 760 1' 14.906" covering an area of about 547.08 ha coming under Lakmapura, Bhanapur and Tadakal Villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Lakshmapura-1 micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 15 (42.86 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%)were small, 5 (14.29 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 64 (55.65%) men and 51 (44.35 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (24.35%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.39 per cent illiterates, 53.92 per cent pre university education and 7.83 per cent attained graduation. About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.83 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.37, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 6.53 and hired labour (women) available was 6.58. Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 93.97 per cent (38.25 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 6.03 per cent area is irrigated land. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.28 per cent. Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 6.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2 Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram, Sorghum and 0 was Rs.37903.31, 50648.32, 27556.91 and 17388.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 2.70, 1: 3.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively. Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 71825.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58968.57 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 34 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 228.57 for land development. Source of funds raised from asset selling for land development was 2.86 per cent and soft loan for land development was and improved crop production was 2.86 per cent. Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (48.57%), Less rainfall (42.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 783 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 270 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 375 ha is covered by rock outcrops, 9 ha is covered by mining industry and 129 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 3 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 270 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 28 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm). About 28 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils and 6 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 28 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil. About 13 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content, 337 kg/ha). Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 25 per cent and deficient in an area of 10 per cent in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc content is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 24 per cent of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 1 (<1) Guava - - Maize - 1 (<1) Sapota - - Bajra - 1 (<1) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 1 (<1) Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-3 is located at North latitude 160 53' 50.107" and 160 52' 9.624" and East longitude 770 11' 26.349" and 770 9' 1.192" covering an area of about 782.52 ha coming under Motanahalli, Hattikuni and Yakkihalli villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-3 micro watersheds of Yadgir RF subwatershed, yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 30 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rf-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 16 (53.33%) were marginal, 11 (36.67%) were small and 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 65 (54.62%) men and 54 (45.38 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.33, marginal farmers were 3.81 and small farmers were 4.36. Majority of the respondents (41.18%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 56.30 per cent illiterates, 38.65 per cent pre university education and 5.04 per cent attained graduation. About, 86.67 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture. Agriculture was the major occupation for 67.23 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 93.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 3.33 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 96.67 per cent possess TV, 86.67 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.33 per cent possess tractor, 13.33 per cent possess bullock cart and 10.00 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 6.67 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.33, women available in the micro watershed was 1.37, hired labour (men) available was 7.83 and hired labour (women) available was 6.83. Further, 6.67 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.91 per cent (24.31 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 9.09 per cent area is irrigated land. 2 There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 16.67 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Redgram, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. Out of the sample households 90.00 percent possessed bank account and 83.33 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 86.67 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 23.08 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 30.77 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Redgram, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.171591.87, 46601.38, 59159.89, 18201.65 and 44055.61 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.80 and 1:1.30 respectively. Further, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 23.33 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 90756.67 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 42590.00 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 73 horticulture trees and 3053 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 43.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 46.67 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 60.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (53.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 90.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 30.00 per cent of the households and 70.00 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 103.33 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 103.33 per cent of the households. In the study area, 26.67 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 3.33 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3 Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (96.67%), pulses (96.67%) and oilseeds (50.00%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (90.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (90.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (90.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (90.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (93.33%), high rate of interest on credit (90.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (90.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (40.00%), inadequate extension services (90.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (86.67%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dantapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 602 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 578 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 24 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 50 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm). About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 44 per cent area loamy and 44 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Maximum of 59 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 65 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon. 51 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 45 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha). Entire area of the microwatershed is medium (145-337%) in available potassium. Entire area of the microwatershed is medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur. About 4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. About 4 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm). The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 7(1) Guava - 0.4(<1) Maize - 7(1) Sapota - 0.4(<1) Bajra 0.4(<1) 7(1) Pomegranate - 0.4(<1) Groundnut - 0.5(<1) Musambi - 0.4(<1) Sunflower - - Lime - 0.4(<1) Redgram - 5(<1) Amla - 0.4(<1) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 2(<1) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 3(<1) Jamun - 0.4(<1) Tomato 0.4(<1) 2(<1) Custard apple - 2(<1) Brinjal 0.4(<1) 2(<1) Tamarind - 0.4(<1) Onion 0.4(<1) 2(<1) Mulberry - - Bhendi 0.4(<1) 2(<1) Marigold 0.4(<1) 2(<1) Drumstick - 0.4(<1) Chrysanthemum 0.4(<1) 2(<1) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Dantapur is located at North latitude 160 50' 35.043" and 160 48' 35.24" and East longitude 770 26' 41.028'' and 770 25' 11.374" covering an area of about 602.08 ha coming under Keshawara, Danthapura and Javaharnagara villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Dantapur micro watersheds of Chandaraki subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 18 (51.43 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 3 (8.57 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (60.14%) men and 57 (39.86 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (44.76%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.94 per cent illiterates, 46.15 per cent pre university education and 2.80 per cent attained graduation. About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 25.87 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 34.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 62.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.64, women available in the micro watershed was 1.31, hired labour (men) available was 7.42 and hired labour (women) available was 7.22. Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.80 per cent (23.31 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.20 per cent area is irrigated land. 2 There were 10.00 live bore wells and 7.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 31.43 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Red gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 109.68 per cent. Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 80.00 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 31.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Red gram and Groundnut was Rs.28015.74, 108215.22, 34878.17, 28015.74 and 47885.10 with benefit cost ratio of 1:4.10, 1: 1.50, 1: 5.40, 1: 4.10 and 1:2.34 respectively. Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 134550.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77450.00 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 7 horticulture trees and 59 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2857.14 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 14.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 71.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (80.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households. In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3 Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (5.71%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (71.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (51.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit (17.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (37.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (31.43%), Less rainfall (31.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (25.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundragi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 834 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 579 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 28 ha by rock outcrops and about 227 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 50 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 34 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 35 per cent clayey soils. About 69 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 19 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area very low (0.75). About 12 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha). About an area of 337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 245(29) 253(30) Guava - 125(15) Maize - 497(60) Sapota - 125(15) Bajra - 497(60) Pomegranate - 415(50) Groundnut - 125(15) Musambi 127(15) 288(35) Sunflower 35(4) 379(46) Lime 127(15) 288(35) Redgram - 415(50) Amla 201(24) 297(36) Bengal gram 290(35) 129(15) Cashew - - Cotton 235(28) 184(22) Jackfruit - 125(15) Chilli - 453(54) Jamun - 336(40) Tomato - 243(29) Custard apple 415(50) 83(10) Brinjal 256(31) 242(29) Tamarind - 336(40) Onion 180(22) 238(29) Mulberry - 125(15) Bhendi 335(40) 163(20) Marigold - 498(60) Drumstick - 415(50) Chrysanthemum - 498(60) Mango - 46(6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Mundragi-2 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 16 (45.71%) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 97 (59.88 %) men and 65 (40.12 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.75, small farmers' was 3.87, semi medium farmers' was 5.66 and medium farmers' was 4.66. The data indicated that, 32 (19.75 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (41.36 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (29.63 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.26 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Mundragi-2 had 49.38 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent of them had functional illiterate, 20.99 per cent of them had primary school, 2.47 per cent of them had middle school and degree education, 15.43 per cent of them had high school education and 4.94 per cent of them had PUC and Degree education. The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 40 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were general labour and housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.72 per cent of the household members, 26.54 per cent were agricultural labourers, 4.32 per cent were in general labour, 1.85 per cent were private service, 24.07 per cent were students, 15.08 per cent were housewives and 1.23 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 80 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer/grinder was Rs.2000, bicycle was Rs. 2,071, motor cycle was Rs. 42,437 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,197. About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough and 31.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 1,625, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500 and the average value of Tractor was Rs. 300,000. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, Buffalo and Goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.30, average hired labour (men) available was 11.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Mundragi-2 micro-watershed possess 25.37 ha (69.13 %) of dry land and 11.33 ha (30.87 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.38 ha (87.35 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (12.65 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.58 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.41 ha (81.66 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.34 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.90 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 543,723.16 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 405,785.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,144,022.94 for dry land, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 6,175,000.14 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land and Rs. 1,146,413.50 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 350,643.78 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed and 6 De-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.68 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.21 ha, 1.21 ha and 8.91 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Cotton (15.55 ha), red gram (6.7 ha), groundnut (6.15 ha), Sorghum (3.79 ha) and paddy (1.62 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Cotton, Sorghum, red gram, Groundnut, paddy and green gram. Small farmers have grown Cotton, red gram and green gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Cotton, Sorghum and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown Cotton, paddy and groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Mundragi-2 micro-watershed was found to be 84.26 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 58150.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60100.99. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1950.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.03. 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 19673.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45449. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 25775.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.31. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 106251.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44707. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -61544.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.42. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 90743.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58269.75. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -32474.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.64. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 71750.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43499.44. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -28250.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.61. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 31515.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53887.66. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 22372.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.71. The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 75,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 94,615, for small farmers it was Rs. 88,225, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 94,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 182,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,431.85. For landless households it was Rs. 13,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,043.62, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,687.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 24,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 47,222.22. The results indicate that, households have planted 65 neem and 5 Acacia and 2 Banyan trees in their field and also 10 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,857.14 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,085.71 for Irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,885.71 for improved crop production, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,428.57 for Improved livestock management and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 857.14 for Orchard development/ maintenance. The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 25.71 per cent each for land development and improved crop production, for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 2.86 per cent each for improved livestock management and orchard development or maintenance. Own funds was the source of additional 4 investment for 2.86 per cent each for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production. The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 98.3 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 92.94 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 98.7 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 90.48 per cent and red gram to the extent of 94.74 per cent. The results indicated that, about 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 5.71 per cent, Vegetables were adequate for 37.14 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent and Meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent. The results indicated that, Vegetables were inadequate for 62.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 91.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households and Egg were inadequate for 2.86 per cent. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were the constraints experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water and High rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households and Low price for the agricultural commodities (2.86 %) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 490 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 440 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 24 ha by rock outcrops and about 25 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm), 55 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and 8 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 39 per cent area very low (9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75). About 62 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 28 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha). About 15 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium and 75 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 112(23) 136(28) Guava - - Maize - 248(51) Sapota - - Bajra - 270(55) Pomegranate - 112(23) Groundnut - 126(26) Musambi - 112(23) Sunflower 89(18) 23(5) Lime - 112(23) Redgram - 53(11) Amla 59(12) 211(43) Bengal gram 112(23) 136(28) Cashew - - Cotton 59 (12) 189(39) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 248(51) Jamun - 112(23) Tomato - 136(28) Custard apple 112(23) 158(32) Brinjal 76(16) 194(39) Tamarind - 112(23) Onion 53(11) 194(39) Mulberry - 22(4) Bhendi 76(16) 194(39) Marigold - 248(51) Drumstick - 134(27) Chrysanthemum - 248(51) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 37 farmers were sampled in Haligeri-1 micro-watershed among them 2 (5.41 %) were landless, 10 (27.03 %) were marginal farmers, 19 (51.35 %) were small farmers, 2 (5.41 %) were semi medium farmers and 4 (10.81 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 129 (69.35 %) men and 57 (30.65 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 5.2, small farmers' was 4.89, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 5.75. The data indicated that, 38 (20.43 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (39.78 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 59 (31.72 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.06 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Haligeri-1had 49.46 per cent illiterates, 0.54 per cent of them were Functional Literate, 22.04 per cent of them had primary school, 5.91 per cent of them had middle school, 4.84 per cent of them had high school education, 3.23 per cent of them had PUC, 2.15 per cent of them had Diploma, 5.91 per cent of them had Degree education and 2.15 per cent of them had Masters education. The results indicate that, 91.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.41 cent of the household heads were General labourers and 2.70 cent of the household heads were in Government Service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 65.05 per cent of the household members, 2.15 per cent were general labour and Government Service, 23.66 per cent were Student, 3.23 per cent were housewives and 3.76 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 16.22 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 81.08 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.41 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house. The results show that 54.05 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.70 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 40.54 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 8.11 per cent of the households possess Auto, 2.70 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone, 21.62 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,375, DVD/VCD Player was Rs. 2,000, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,846, Auto was Rs. 73,333, motor 2 cycle was Rs. 43,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,417. About 29.73 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 2.70 per cent of the households possess Thresher and Tractor, 48.65 per cent of the households possess plough, 18.92 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 54.05 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,909, plough was Rs. 2,927, Thresher was Rs. 200, Tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,071 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 77. The results indicate that, 18.92 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow and 2.70 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.06, average own labour (women) available was 1.26, average hired labour (men) available was 12.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.03. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.80, average own labour (women) was 1.30, average hired labour (men) was 7.80 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.20. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.16, average own labour (women) was 1.26, average hired labour (men) was 13.16 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.84. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 14 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.50. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.25 and average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 21.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 21.25. The results indicate that, 94.59 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-1 micro-watershed possess 43.93 ha (80.67 %) of dry land, 10.52 ha (19.33 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.26 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.90 ha (90.41 %) of dry land and 2.43 ha (9.59 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (100 %) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (50 %) of dry land and irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 329,970.52 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 313,500. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 632,980.51 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 340,448.84 for dry land and Rs. 782,166.67 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 3 158,785.71 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 148,200 for dry land and Rs. 172,900 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 6 De-functioning and 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 10.81 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 14 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.85 ha, 1.62 ha and 7.29 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (33.74 ha), Groundnut (9.76 ha), green gram (4.93 ha), Paddy (3.24 ha) and red gram (7.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-1 micro-watershed was found to be 89.57 per cent. The results indicate that, 29.73 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 29.73 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 23721.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78871.70. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 55150.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.32. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 26273.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 77296.12. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 51022.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.94. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 30209.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71469.91. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 41260.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.37. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 41480.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55931.78. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 14450.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.35. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34435.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 64788.33. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 30352.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.88. 4 The results indicate that, 37.84 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 35.14 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 98,000 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 178,578.95, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 140,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 331,750. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,201.35. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,640.01, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,827.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,250.00 and medium farmers it was Rs. 33,708.33. The results indicate that, households have planted 6 Coconut, 1 Lemon and sapota and 24 Mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 11 Eucalyptus, 1 Cashew, 87 Neem, 4 Acacia, 4 Banyan and 1 Peepul Tree in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,324.32 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,756.76 for Improved crop production. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 97.45 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 92.86 per cent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 96.19 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 95.58 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 10.81 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Regulated Market, 5.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Cooperative marketing Society and 86.49 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 64.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 64.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.41 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.59 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 5.41 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 40.54 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 5 The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 5.41 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed. The results indicated that, 94.59 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Pulses were adequate for 89.19 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 62.16 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 56.76 per cent, Egg were adequate for 27.03 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.70 per cent, Milk was adequate for 97.30 per cent and Meat were adequate for 5.41 per cent. The results indicated that, Pulses were inadequate for 8.11 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 35.14 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 40.54 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.59 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 70.27 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 89.19 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 64.86 per cent of the households, Frequent incidence of pest and diseases were the constraint experienced by 75.68 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (91.89 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (78.38 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.78 %), High rate of interest on credit (72.97 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (8.11 %), Inadequate extension services (8.11 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (54.05 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (78.38 %), Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/ Mobile) (27.03 %) and Less Rainfall (29.73 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Hintergrund: Internationale und nationale Rahmenwerke und Initiativen fordern die Stärkung der Ausbildung von Gesundheitsprofessionen im Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) durch Kooperationen mit Hochschulen. Die Ärztliche Approbationsordnung (ÄApprO) vom 21.09.2021 sieht für Medizinstudierende in Deutschland seit dem 1. Mai 2022 eine Integration des ÖGD in die medizinische Ausbildung im Praktischen Jahr (PJ) vor. Der Projektbericht stellt die Vorgehensweise und Ergebnisse der Implementierung des PJ-Wahlfaches Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen (ÖGW) für Medizinstudierende der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG) in Kooperation mit dem örtlichen Gesundheitsamt vor. Methoden: In dem zwölfmonatigen Projekt UNITE (07/21-06/22) wurde das PJ-Wahlfach ÖGW in sieben Schritten etabliert: Analyse der Rahmenbedingungen, Konzeption des Wahlfaches, Erstellung eines Logbuches, Pilotphase mit fünf Studierenden in einwöchigen Rotationen, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit für Studierende, Einführung einer medizindidaktischen Schulung für Mitarbeitende des Gesundheitsamtes und Umsetzung des Wahlfaches ÖGW mit PJ-Studierenden. Ergebnisse: Ein Kooperationsvertrag für die UMG und das Gesundheitsamt für Stadt und Landkreis Göttingen regelt die Zusammenarbeit zur Ausbildung Medizinstudierender im PJ. Die Studierenden absolvieren vierwöchige Rotationen in die Bereiche Amtsärztlicher Dienst und Bestattungswesen, Kinder- und Jugendmedizinischer Dienst, Infektionsschutz und Sozialpsychiatrischer Dienst. Das Logbuch für Studierende enthält Lernziele für die einzelnen Fachdienste zur Selbsteinschätzung der erlangten Kompetenzen. Die Didaktikschulung wurde mit hohem Lernerfolg der teilnehmenden Mitarbeitenden umgesetzt. Drei Studierende haben das PJ-Wahlfach erfolgreich absolviert. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Etablierung des PJ-Wahlfaches ÖGW stärkt die Verankerung öffentlicher Gesundheitsthemen in der Ausbildung Medizinstudierender am Standort Göttingen und macht das ÖGW als berufliche Perspektive sichtbarer. Wesentlich für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung waren der Aufbau einer kontinuierlichen Kooperation zwischen Universität und Gesundheitsamt, eine studierendenorientierte Ausrichtung des Lehr- Lernkonzeptes mit einem standortpassenden Logbuch, ein geschultes multiprofessionelles Team im Gesundheitsamt und die Evaluation des PJ-Wahlfachs zur Qualitätssicherung und Weiterentwicklung der PJ-Ausbildung. Das dargelegte Konzept kann andere Standorten bei der Etablierung des PJs im ÖDG unterstützen und auf spezifische Vorortbedingungen angepasst werden. Background: International and national frameworks and initiatives call for strengthening the training of health professionals in the public health service (PHS) through cooperation with universities. The german Medical Licensing Regulations of 21st Sep 2021 provides for an integration of the PHS into undergraduate medical training in the final year since 1st May 2022. The project report presents the procedure and results of the final year elective Public Health (PH) implementation for medical students at University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) in cooperation with the local PHS. Methods: In the twelve-month project UNITE (07/21-06/22), the final year elective PH was implemented in seven steps: analysis of the framework conditions, conception of the elective, preparation of a logbook, pilot phase with five students in one-week rotations, public relations for students, introduction of a medical didactic training for staff of the health department and implementation of the elective PHS with students. Results: A cooperation agreement between UMG and Health Department regulates the cooperation for the training of medical students. The students complete four-week rotations in the areas of public health service and funeral services, paediatric and adolescent medical service, infection control and social psychiatric service. The logbook for students contains learning objectives for individuals specialised in services for self-assessment of the acquired competences. The didactics training was implemented with high learning success of the participating staff. So far three final year students successfully completed the elective. Conclusions: The implementation of final year elective PHS strengthens the anchoring of public health topics in the education of medical students at the Göttingen location and makes PHS more visible as a professional perspective. Essential for the successful implementation were the establishment of a continuous cooperation between the university and the health department, a student-oriented orientation of the teaching-learning concept with a logbook suitable for the location, a trained multiprofessional team in the health department, and the evaluation of the elective for quality assurance and further development of the training. The presented concept can support other locations in establishing the final year elective in PH and can be adapted to specific local conditions.
O pensamento complexo abrange e perpassa diversos campos de conhecimento e tem sido discutido em diversas áreas, há várias décadas. Nas ciências humanas a complexidade tem suas raízes no pensamento de Gaston Bachelard, mas tem sido essencialmente desenvolvida por Edgar Morin há pelo menos trinta anos. No Brasil, seu acolhimento tem ocorrido em áreas tais como a educação, enfermagem e psicologia, mas tem sido sistematicamente ignorado pelas ciências sociais e em especial pela ciência política. Por esta razão, este trabalho visa fornecer elementos preliminares para sua utilização, e demonstrar a importância de um olhar menos fragmentado e mais solidário e transdisciplinar dentro dos estudos políticos, abraçando a teoria complexa como uma forma de desenvolver conhecimento no universo político.
Palavras-chave: complexidade, política, Edgar Morin, ética da solidariedade.
Abstract: Complex thinking encompasses and permeates various fields of knowledge and has been discussed in several areas for several decades. In the human sciences complexity has its roots in the thinking of Gaston Bachelard, but has been essentially developed by Edgar Morin for at least thirty years. In Brazil, its acceptance has occurred in areas such as education, nursing and psychology, but has been systematically ignored by the social sciences and especially by political science. For this reason, this paper aims to provide preliminary elements for its use, and demonstrate the importance of a less fragmented and more sympathetic and transdisciplinary view within political studies, embracing complex theory as a way of developing knowledge in the political universe.
Keywords: complexity, politics, Edgar Morin, ethics of solidarity.
Résumé: La pensée complexe englobe et imprègne différents domaines de connaissances et fait l'objet de débats dans différents domaines depuis plusieurs décennies. Dans les sciences humaines, la complexité trouve ses racines dans la pensée de Gaston Bachelard, mais elle a été développée essentiellement par Edgar Morin depuis au moins trente ans. Au Brésil, son acceptation s'est produite dans des domaines tels que l'éducation, les soins infirmiers et la psychologie, mais elle a été systématiquement ignorée par les sciences sociales et en particulier par la science politique. Pour cette raison, ce travail vise à fournir des éléments préliminaires pour son utilisation et à démontrer l'importance d'une perspective moins fragmentée et plus solidaire et transdisciplinaire au sein des études politiques, embrassant la théorie complexe comme moyen de développer des connaissances dans l'univers politique.
Mots-clés: complexité, politique, Edgar Morin, éthique de la solidarité.
Resumen: El pensamiento complejo abarca y atravesa diversos campos de conocimiento y ha sido discutido en diversas áreas, desde hace varias décadas. En las ciencias humanas la complejidad tiene sus raíces en el pensamiento de Gastón Bachelard, pero ha sido esencialmente desarrollada por Edgar Morin por lo menos treinta años. En Brasil, su acogida se ha dado en áreas tales como la educación, enfermería y psicología, pero ha sido sistemáticamente ignorado por las ciencias sociales y en especial por la ciencia política. Por esta razón, este trabajo pretende proporcionar elementos preliminares para su utilización, y demostrar la importancia de una mirada menos fragmentada y más solidaria y transdisciplinaria dentro de los estudios políticos, abrazando la teoría compleja como una forma de desarrollar conocimiento en el universo político.
Palabras clave: complejidad, política, Edgar Morin, ética de la solidaridad.
We are delighted to include articles on the data controllers' role in Artificial Intelligence training under the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, the data protection issues raised by the Covid-19 Pandemic, the level of protection offered by cyberspace laws in Pakistan, the use of algorithmic intervention in public interest decision-making in Colombia, the use of electronic media in the production of investigative actions in Russia, the role of media coverage in armed conflicts, the use of information and communication technologies in Kazakh Civil Law, the correlation between internet access and education access in Colombia, the differences between the evaluation of electronic and documentary evidence, and the different types and applications of the Internet of Things. ; En este número se insertaron artículos sobre el papel de los responsables del tratamiento de datos en la Inteligencia Artificial de acuerdo con el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos de la Unión Europea, las cuestiones de protección de datos planteadas por la Pandemia Covid-19, el nivel de protección en Internet en el sistema jurídico en Pakistán, el uso de la intervención algorítmica en la toma de decisiones de interés público en Colombia, el uso de medios electrónicos en acciones de investigación en Rusia, el papel de la cobertura mediática en conflictos armados, el uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en el Derecho Civil en Kazajstán, la correlación entre el acceso a Internet y el derecho a la educación en Colombia, las diferencias en la valoración de las pruebas electrónicas y documentales y los diferentes tipos y aplicaciones de Internet de las Cosas. ; Neste número, foram inseridos artigos sobre a função dos controladores de dados no treinamento de Inteligência Artificial de acordo com o Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados da União Europeia, as questões de proteção de dados levantadas pela Pandemia da Covid-19, o nível de proteção oferecido pelas leis voltadas à internet no Paquistão, o uso da intervenção algorítmica na tomada de decisão de interesse público na Colômbia, o uso de meios eletrônicos em ações investigativas na Rússia, o papel da cobertura da mídia em conflitos armados, o uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação no Direito Civil do Cazaquistão, a correlação entre o acesso à internet e o direito à educação na Colômbia, as diferenças na valoração de provas eletrônicas e documentais e os diferentes tipos e aplicações da Internet das Coisas. ; Neste número, foram inseridos artigos sobre a função dos controladores de dados no treinamento de Inteligência Artificial de acordo com o Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados da União Europeia, as questões de proteção de dados levantadas pela Pandemia da Covid-19, o nível de proteção oferecido pelas leis voltadas à internet no Paquistão, o uso da intervenção algorítmica na tomada de decisão de interesse público na Colômbia, o uso de meios eletrônicos em ações investigativas na Rússia, o papel da cobertura da mídia em conflitos armados, o uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação no Direito Civil do Cazaquistão, a correlação entre o acesso à internet e o direito à educação na Colômbia, as diferenças na valoração de provas eletrônicas e documentais e os diferentes tipos e aplicações da Internet das Coisas.
The current context of standards-based reform has positioned regional service centers (RSCs), intermediary governmental agencies that support state policy implementation in local districts, as a critical source of professional development (PD). In this article, we ask how a governing body that districts often interact with during challenging reform processes manages maintain strong relationships with district and school staff, and thus maintain their image as trustworthy experts on standards implementation. We explore these questions using data from 108 interviews of state, district, and regional administrators in education agencies in Ohio, Texas, and California over a three-year period. We illustrate that by providing districts with (a) differentiated support specific to their unique needs, (b) materials and tools consistent with state content standards, and (c) expertise in supporting students with disabilities and English learners in standards-based environments, RSC staff become, in the words of one state leader, the state's trusted "boots on the ground." ; El contexto actual de reforma basada en estándares ha posicionado a los centros de servicios regionales, agencias gubernamentales intermedias que apoyan la implementación de la política estatal en los distritos locales, como una fuente esencial de desarrollo profesional. En este artículo, preguntamos cómo agencias del gobierno con las que los distritos interactúan a menudo durante los desafiantes procesos de reforma educacional logra mantener relaciones fuertes con el personal de distritos y escuelas y, por lo tanto, mantienen su imagen como expertos confiables en la implementación de estándares. Exploramos estas preguntas utilizando el análisis de 108 entrevistas de administradores educativos a niveles del estado, distrito y agencias regionales en los estados de Ohio, Texas y California durante un periodo de tres años. Ilustramos que al proporcionar a los distritos con (a) apoyo diferenciado específicamente para sus necesidades, (b) materiales y herramientas consistentes con los estándares de contenido del estado, y (c) pericia en el apoyo a estudiantes con discapacidades y estudiantes de inglés en entornos basados en estándares, el personal de los centros regionales se convierte, en palabras de un líder estatal, en las "botas sobre el terreno" de confianza del estado. ; O contexto atual de reforma baseada em padrões posicionou os centros de serviços regionais, agências governamentais intermediárias que apóiam a implementação de políticas estaduais em distritos locais, como uma fonte essencial de desenvolvimento profissional. Neste artigo, perguntamos como as agências governamentais com as quais os distritos costumam interagir durante os desafiadores processos de reforma educacional conseguem manter relacionamentos sólidos com os funcionários distritais e escolares e, portanto, sua imagem como especialistas confiáveis na implementação de políticas. Exploramos essas questões usando uma análise de 108 acompanhantes de administradores de educação nos níveis estadual, distrital e de agência regional nos estados de Ohio, Texas e Califórnia durante um período de três anos. Nós ilustramos isso fornecendo aos distritos (a) suporte diferenciado especificamente para suas necessidades, (b) materiais e ferramentas consistentes com os padrões de conteúdo estaduais e (c) experiência no suporte a alunos com deficiência e alunos de inglês em ambientes baseados em padrões, ou pessoas de centros regionais tornam-se, nas palavras de um líder de estado, as "botas no terreno" da confiança do estado.
