Suchergebnisse

RESUMEN: El presente informe de investigación da cuenta del proceso de análisis de los componentes del Proyecto Educativo Institucional (PEI) en la Institución Educativa Alfonso López Pumarejo del municipio de Puerto Berrío. La investigación se realiza desde el paradigma cualitativo, enfatizando sobre dos componentes que son esenciales y de raigambre del PEI: directivo y académico, en relación con su influencia en la convivencia escolar. El análisis de los componentes que plantea la Ley 115/94 en el PEI que fueron seleccionados para la investigación, comprende una descripción autobiográfica de la transformación institucional en torno a la convivencia escolar, develando el modelo de gestión directiva que asume el rector en la institución, la pertinencia las prácticas pedagógicas y del manual de convivencia, del currículo, su sistema de evaluación institucional, la implementación de los proyectos pedagógicos y de la participación democrática de la comunidad educativa, en la coadministración de la institución educativa. El resultado de esta investigación, permite determinar la ruta de resignificación del PEI, conforme a las recomendaciones que se presentan, y el diseño de una propuesta pedagógica que permita se actualice el PEI en perspectiva de derechos para la transformación educativa reivindicando, el sentido de lo humano, de la convivencia escolar y su proyección social en el contexto local. Esta investigación parte del sentido de responsabilidad social que tiene la educación de contribuir a la paz en el territorio. El aporte a la convivencia ciudadana se propone desde la relación Escuela-Sociedad a través de la gestión educativa. La resignificación del PEI depende de los resultados que arroje la interpretación de los mismos en la investigación y de la propuesta que para el efecto se formula en el presente informe. La investigación contribuye a la comprensión de la importancia que tiene la convivencia escolar como eje facilitador del aprendizaje, de la influencia que se ejerce positiva o negativamente, desde los componentes de gestión directiva y académicas, desarrollando competencias ciudadanas para la convivencia familiar y en la colectividad del municipio. Igualmente se propone que el PEI potencie el desarrollo humano integral de los estudiantes, facilitando el aprendizaje de la convivencia pacífica, educando en el respeto de las diferencias, en medio de las controversias que se presentan en la cotidianidad del contexto escolar y social. La educación debe proponer desde la escuela una verdadera y efectiva formación de seres humanos para la convivencia democrática en atención a la diversidad cultural de la población y sus territorios, dejando capacidad instalada para el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las actuales y nuevas generaciones en tiempos de violencia y postconflicto en Colombia. ; ABSTRACT: This research report realizes the process of analysis of the components of the institutional education project (PEI) in the Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo educational institution of the municipality of Puerto Berrío. Research is conducted from the qualitative paradigm, emphasizing on two components that are essential and the PEI roots: managerial and academic, in relation to their influence on school coexistence. Analysis of components that raises the law 115/94 in PEI that were selected for the investigation, includes an autobiographical description of the institutional transformation around the co-existence in school, revealing the model of management which assumes the rector in the institution, the relevance practices teaching and the coexistence of the curriculum, its institutional evaluation system manual , the implementation of educational projects with the democratic participation of the educational community in the co-management of the educational institution. The result of this research enables you to determine the path of resignification of the IEP in accordance with the recommendations that are presented and the design of a pedagogical proposal that upgrade rights perspective in the PEI for educational transformation that the is revindique human sense of school coexistence and social projection in the municipality. This research is based on the sense of social responsibility which has the education to contribute to peace in the territory. Contribution to coexistence is proposed from relationship school through educational management. The resignification of the PEI depends on the results that the interpretation of the results in the research and proposal which is formulated by the researcher for the purpose. The research contributes to the understanding of the importance that represents the school coexistence as a center of learning and the influence that it's from the components management and academic that it is peaceful, and to develop citizenship for family life and the Community competencies. Also intends to PEI to promote integral human development of students, facilitating the learning of peaceful coexistence, educating in respect of differences, in the midst of disputes that arise in the everyday life of the school and social context. Education should be proposed from the school a true and effective formation of human beings for democratic coexistence in attention to the cultural diversity of the population and their territories, leaving capacity for the improvement of the living conditions of the current and new generations in times of violence and post-conflict in Colombia.

Composite materials are widely used in engineering, especially in constructions working under simultaneous intensive mechanical and thermal loads. In the industry the main requirements for materials are restrictions on the elastic characteristics, such as bulk modulus and shear modulus.Composite materials consist of a base material, a so-called binder (matrix), and reinforcing inclusions. The composite matrix defines a method for the composite manufacturing and must meet a set of operational and technological requirements. The most commonly used types are a metal matrix and a polymer one, because of the relative ease of manufacture, good wettability, and chemical resistance.Reinforcing inclusions can be of different nature (boron, crystalline, etc.) and shape (spherical, lamellar, fiber). Lately, active researches have been conducted with the nanostructural elements (fullerenes, single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) plates, nanoclusters) used as the filler.There are various ways of modeling the elastic properties of the composites. The most common are numerical methods using a finite element method and analytical methods.In simulation of composite characteristics, in addition to the properties of its components, a reinforcing structure plays an important role.The paper considers an obtained isotropic composite with a metal matrix reinforced by the spherical nanoclusters of randomly oriented SWNTs with a reinforcement scheme similar to the cubic crystal lattice. Numerical modeling and analytical methods were used.For the numerical solution two types of periodic structure of the material were obtained: a cube with eight parts of the ball in the corners of a cube and a sphere in the center. For each of the periodic cells a representative volume is selected in which, using the kinematic and force boundary conditions, have been implemented two types of stress-strain state, namely stretching along one axis and shear. For numerical implementation was used a ANSYS software complex coupled with a specially designed software module that allows creating tensors of elastic coefficient and pliability of the composite, as well as averaging its elastic characteristics to have values of bulk and shear moduli of the material.The results of numerical simulations have been compared with the analytical estimates obtained by the self-consistent method and the dual formulation of the elasticity problem in a heterogeneous solid. It is found that in numerical implementation a choice of the composite periodic cell has a significant impact on the values of the shear modulus as opposed to the bulk modulus of elasticity. It is also shown that the numerical simulation results are between the estimates obtained using the analytical models. These results allow predicting the elastic properties of composites, reinforced by spherical inclusions, including advanced materials, i.e. nanocomposites reinforced by spherical nanoclusters of randomly oriented SWCNTs.The paper is done within the framework of implementing basic part of the Governmental task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Project 9.7784.2017/БЧ). ; Композиционные материалы получили широкое распространение в технике, особенно в конструкциях, работающих при одновременном интенсивном воздействии механических и тепловых нагрузок. Одними из основных требований, предъявляемых к материалам в той или иной отрасли, являются ограничения на упругие характеристики, например, объемный модуль упругости и модуль сдвига.Композиционные материалы состоят из основного материала, так называемого связующего (матрицы), и армирующих включений. Матрица композита определяет способ изготовления композита и должна удовлетворять набору эксплуатационных и технологических требований. Наиболее часто применяемыми в силу относительной простоты изготовления, хорошей смачиваемости и химической устойчивости являются металлическая и полимерная матрицы.Армирующие включения могут иметь различную природу (борные, кристаллические и т.д.) и форму (шаровые, пластинчатые, волокно). В последнее время активно проводят исследования, направленные на использование в качестве наполнителя наноструктурных элементов (фуллерены, однослойные и многослойные углеродные нанотрубки (ОУНТ и МУНТ), пластинки, нанокластеры).Существуют различные способы моделирования упругих свойств композитов. Наиболее распространенными являются численные методы с использованием метода конечных элементов и аналитические.Для моделирования характеристик композита важную роль, помимо свойств его составляющих, имеет структура армирования.В данной работе рассмотрен композит с изотропной металлической матрицей, упрочненный шаровыми нанокластерами из хаотично ориентированных ОУНТ, со схемой армирования, аналогичной кубической кристаллической решетке. В качестве способов моделирования рассмотрены и численный, и аналитические методы.Для численного решения рассмотрено два типа периодической структуры такого материала: куб с восьмыми частями шара в углах и куб с шаром в центре. Для каждой из периодических ячеек выбран представительный объем, на котором с помощью кинематических и силовых граничных условий (ГУ) были реализованы два типа напряженно-деформированного состояния: растяжение вдоль одной оси и сдвиг. Численная реализация была проведена с помощью программного комплекса ANSYS совместно со специально разработанным программным модулем, позволяющем формировать тензоры коэффициентов упругости и податливости композита, а также осреднять его упругие характеристики для получения значений объемного модуля упругости и модуля сдвига материала. Проведено сравнение результатов численного моделирования с аналитическими оценками, полученными методом самосогласования и с помощью двойственной формулировки задачи упругости в неоднородном твердом теле. Установлено, что при численной реализации на значения модуля сдвига, в отличие от объемного модуля упругости, значительно влияет выбор периодической ячейки композита. Также показано, что результаты численного моделирования лежат между оценками, полученными с помощью аналитических моделей. Приведенные результаты позволят прогнозировать упругие характеристики композитов, армированных шаровыми включениями, в том числе перспективных материалов – нанокомпозитов, упрочненных шаровыми нанокластерами из хаотично ориентированных ОУНТ.Работа выполнена в рамках реализации базовой части государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ (проект 9.7784.2017/БЧ).

Die Strafverfolgung der Piraterie ist auch drei Jahre nach Beginn der internationalen Marineoperationen am Horn von Afrika ein ungelöstes Problem. Die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig. Oft wird das Fehlen eines entsprechenden nationalen Piraterierechts als Grund genannt. Fehlender politischer Wille ist der Hauptgrund für einen Verzicht auf Strafverfolgung. Die Verfahren gegen mutmaßliche Piraten sind teuer und langwierig und stellen eine erhebliche logistische Belastung für den anklagenden Staat dar. Die Lasten und Risiken der Strafverfolgung der Piraterie werden von den Staaten nicht altruistisch auf sich genommen, sondern nur, wenn die eigenen Interessen unmittelbar betroffen sind. Die gegenwärtig verfolgte Strategie, das Problem der Strafverfolgung der Piraterie vor Somalia durch Überstellungen in Drittstaaten zu lösen, könnte für die überstellenden Staaten zu einem juristischen Bumerang werden. Art. 105 des Seerechtsübereinkommens stellt keine Grundlage für eine Gerichtsbarkeit von Drittstaaten dar. Eine möglicherweise früher völkergewohnheitsrechtlich bestehende unbeschränkte universelle Gerichtsbarkeit ist jedenfalls spätestens seit der Kodifikation durch das Übereinkommen über die Hohe See und das Seerechtsübereinkommen untergegangen. Ferner stellt sich auch die Frage nach der nationalrechtlichen Strafbefugnis der Drittstaaten. Hiervon unabhängig werden Überstellungen in Drittstaaten, wie die Kündigung des Übernahmeabkommens durch Kenia zeigt, immer nur eine kurzfristige Verschiebung des Problems bedeuten Bereits zu Beginn der Operation ATALANTA hat es national und international Forderungen nach einem internationalen Gerichtshof für Piraterie gegeben. Denkbare Modelle für ein international(-isiert)es Piraterie-Gericht für Somalia wären ein extraterritoriales somalisches Gericht in einem sicheren Drittstaat, spezialisierte Kammern innerhalb der nationalen Gerichtsbarkeit Somalias oder regionaler Staaten, ein regionales Tribunal auf multilateraler Basis, ein internationales Tribunal auf bilateraler Basis oder ein ad hoc Tribunal auf Grundlager einer Resolution des UN-Sicherheitsrates nach Kapitel VII UNC. Letzteres ist vor dem Hintergrund zeitlicher und fachlicher Anforderungen an ein internatio¬nal(-isiert)es Gericht die einzig realistische Alternative. Trotz der hohen Fallzahlen macht die Piraterie vor Somalia aber nur etwa die Hälfte aller Fälle aus. Das Beispiel Somalia zeigt, dass jederzeit irgendwo auf der Welt neue Brennpunkte der Piraterie entstehen können. Auch in Asien nimmt die Piraterie trotz anfänglicher Erfolge bei deren Bekämpfung wieder zu. Das Beispiel Somalia zeigt auch, wie schwer sich die Staaten mit der Strafverfolgung der Piraterie tun. Es läge daher im Interesse der Schifffahrtsnationen über ein ad hoc Tribunal für Somalia hinaus eine ständige Einrichtung zu schaffen, die bei Bedarf unverzüglich die Strafverfolgung aufnehmen kann, wenn ein Staat nicht willens oder in der Lage dazu ist. Hierfür bietet sich die Einrichtung einer Abteilung für Piraterie am Internationalen Seegerichtshof an. Für eine effektive Bekämpfung und Strafverfolgung der Piraterie darf die Reform hier aber nicht stehenbleiben. Insbesondere muss die begriffliche Erfassung strafbarer Handlungen durch Einbeziehung der Küstengewässer erweitert und die Durchlässigkeit der Gewässerzonen durch die Einführung eines Rechts der umgekehrten Nacheile verbessert werden. Daneben müssen das Finanzieren und Organisieren von Piraterie und die Absicht, Piraterie zu begehen, unter Strafe gestellt werden. Die Deklarierung zur völkerrechtlichen Straftat und die Einführung einer Strafverpflichtung sind keine Garantie gegen Straflosigkeit, können aber dazu beitragen, dass sich die Staaten einer Strafverfolgung der Piraterie stärker als bisher verpflichtet fühlen. Mit einem Strafgewaltsgerichtshof gibt es auch eine "kleine Lösung". Dieser könnte die Zuständigkeit zur Strafverfolgung einem der beteiligten Staaten verbindlich zuweisen. ; Three years after the international navy operations have begun at the Horn of Africa; criminal prosecution of piracy is still an unsolved problem. For that there are various reasons. Often it is justified by a missing corresponding international piracy law. A missing political will is the main reason to forbear criminal prosecution. The procedures against alleged pirates are expensive and long-winded and are a considerable logistical burden for the indicting country. The countries do not carry the burdens and risks of a piracy criminal prosecution out of altruistic interest, but only if the own interest are directly affected. The current pursued strategy to solve the problem of piracy criminal prosecution of Somalia by extraditing to a third country could become a judicial boomerang for the extraditing country. Article 105 of UNCLOS does not constitute a basis for jurisdiction of third countries. A possibly unlimited universal jurisdiction of an earlier customary existing international law has certainly gone down ever since the codification of the Convention on the High Seas and UNCLOS. Additionally the question regarding the national legal power to impose sanctions by third countries arises. Regardless of which, an extradition to third countries only imply a short-term remedy for the problem, as the termination of the transfer agreement of Kenya shows. Already at the beginning of the operation ATALANTA there were national and international demands of an International Court of Justice for piracy. Possible models for an international or internationalized piracy court for Somalia could be an extraterritorial Somali court in a safe third country, specialized chambers within Somalia's national jurisdiction or regional country, a regional tribunal on a multilateral base, an international tribunal on a bilateral basis or an ad hoc tribunal based on a resolution of the UN Security Council according to chapter VII UNC. The latter is the only realistic alternative in context of timely and specialized requirements of an international (internationalized) court. Despite the high number of cases, piracy of Somalia only consist of about half of all cases. The example Somalia shows that at any time and anywhere in the world, new piracy burning points can establish. The cases in Asia are again increasing despite the initial success. The example Somalia also shows how difficult it is for the countries to prosecute pirates. Therefore it would be of great interest to the shipping nations to establish additionally to an ad hoc tribunal for Somalia, a constant authority, which when needed can start prosecution immediately when a country is not willing or able to. Here it would be useful to establish a department for piracy at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. In order to enable an effective fight against piracy and criminal prosecution, the reform cannot not stop here. Especially the used terms of criminal acts has to be extended by including the coastal waters and the permeability of the water zones has to be improved by introducing the right of reversed pursuit. In addition to that, piracy financing and organization and the intention to commit piracy must impose penalties. A declaration of international criminal acts and introduction of a prosecution obligation however can contribute to the countries feeling more obligated towards piracy prosecution, stronger than before. However a penal power tribunal offers a "small solution". This could assign bindingly one of the concerned countries the jurisdiction of prosecution.

[deu] Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die eingehende Beschäftigung des katalanischen Dichters Joan Maragall i Gorina (1860-1911) mit Goethe, Nietzsche und Novalis. Diese Rezeption prägt in großem Maße auch seine Überlegungen zu Fragen individueller und nationaler Identität und reflektiert insgesamt einen Prozess der Selbstfindung und Positionierung im Identitätsdiskurs der europäischen Moderne um 1900. Dementsprechend entfaltet Maragall einen Diskurs, der sich zum einen auf das kulturelle und gesellschaftspolitische Feld Kataloniens bezieht und zeitkritische Themen (Phänomen der Masse, Naturalismus- und Dekadenzkritik etc.) aufgreift, zum anderen aber auch Raum für Identitätsentwürfe schafft, die seine persönlichen Lebensprojektionen und sein Dichtungskonzept betreffen. Darüberhinaus impliziert sein Identitätsdiskurs eine zivilisationskritische Perspektive, da seine Reflexionen immer auch Aspekte der Menschheitsentwicklung allgemein berühren. – Die vorliegende Untersuchung erörtert Maragalls Lektüre deutscher Schriften nicht nur im Hinblick auf sein dichterisches Schaffen, sondern insgesamt als bestimmenden Faktor seiner intellektuellen Tätigkeit, und fragt nach Bedeutung und Funktion seiner produktiven Rezeption im kulturellen Neuerungsprozess Kataloniens. Die Arbeit fokussiert in diesem Zusammenhang sowohl die von Maragall rezipierten Primärtexte als auch seine Lektüre von Sekundärtexten (Rezensionen, Einleitungen, zeitgenössische Literaturkritik) zu deutschen Autoren und Werken, denen er vor allem in französischen Zeitschriften begegnete. Der Rückgriff auf diese Quellen erlaubt, Maragalls Identitätsdiskurs mit einem in der Maragall-Forschung bisher wenig beachteten intellektuellen Feld in Verbindung zu bringen. Dazu zählen einflussreiche Chronisten und Literaturkritiker der Epoche, die mit Nietzsche, Goethe und Novalis ihre eigenen weltanschaulichen Überzeugungen exponierten. Sie brachten Maragall nicht nur mit den irrationalen Strömungen einer neuen Spiritualität und dem zeitgenössischen Monismus, sondern auch mit dem Goethekult des Kaiserreichs in Berührung. – Dabei ist festzustellen, dass Maragalls Nietzsche-Rezeption, ungeachtet des viel zitierten Artikels von Ludwig Stein (Deutsche Rundschau, 1893), in großem Maße von den Nietzsche- Bildern der französischen Kritiker Henri Albert, Theodor de Wyzewa und Georges Valbert sowie von den Kommentaren des Zarathustra-Herausgebers Peter Gast (d.i. Heinrich Köselitz) beeinflusst wurde. Auch die von Maragall verfassten Artikel zu Goethe und Novalis tragen Spuren der zeitgenössischen Rezeption dieser Autoren: Einerseits bezieht sich Maragall auf den Goethe-Philologen Herman Grimm und den Nietzscheaner Heinrich von Stein, dessen Studie über Goethe und Schiller er besonders schätzte, andererseits zitiert er längere Textabschnitte aus Bruno Willes Einleitung zu Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1898). – Diese erweiterte Rezeptionsperspektive führt zu einer kritischen Betrachtung des »direkten« Vergleichs zwischen Maragall und den rezipierten Autoren (vgl. Titelformulierungen wie z.B. »Maragall und Novalis«), da dieses Verfahren Maragalls Rezeptionshabitus vorwiegend im Rahmen persönlicher Entwicklungsphasen fokussiert und den offensichtlichen Einfluss der Rezeptionstendenzen um 1900, insbesondere die thematischen Verschränkungen von Nietzsches Zarathustra, Goethes bzw. Emersons Persönlichkeitskult und Novalis' Dichterimago, unberücksichtigt lässt. Diese spezifische Themenkonfiguration prägte jedoch auch Maragalls Vorstellungen von einem dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert entsprechenden Katalonien, von einer dem Leben gehorchenden Literatur, sowie von einem ethisch und ästhetisch gelungenen Leben. – Die eigene Kultur diagnostiziert der katalanische Dichter im Spiegel des Fremden und Universalen. Seine entschiedene Hinwendung zu deutschen Autoren und sein großes Interesse an der deutschen Bildungkultur impliziert aber nicht uneingeschränkte Empathie. Aus der Perspektive des Mediterranen distanziert er sich von ausgeprägt deutschen Eigentümlichkeiten, bewundert allerdings die im Kaiserreich gewonnene Dimension kultureller Repräsentation. Als Intellektueller bemüht er sich, die katalanische Kultur an der Schwelle zum 20. Jahrhundert für ein neues Selbstverständnis zu öffnen und einer kosmopolitischen Dimension zuzuführen, genauso wie er versucht, im subtilen inneren Ich-Diskurs das Paradigma der Moderne zu durchleuchten und – ähnlich wie andere Zeitgenossen der europäischen Moderne – seine innere persönliche und poetische Bildung an Nietzsche, Goethe und Novalis auszurichten, um den Unbestimmtheiten des neuen Jahrhunderts sowie dem unaufhaltsamen materiellen Fortschritt mit einer entschiedenen geistigen Haltung begegnen zu können, denn der menschliche Fortschritt ist nach Maragall nur in der unendlichen Vergeistigung der Materie zu verorten. In seiner Dichtkunst treten Gefühl und Intuition (»paraula viva«) an die Stelle der ästhetischen Konstruktion. ; [eng] "Joan Maragall's Reception of German Literature within the Discourse of Identity of the Modern Age" This dissertation addresses the Catalan author Joan Maragall i Gorina's (1860-1911) extensive preoccupation with Goethe, Nietzsche and Novalis. His reception of their works greatly shapes his reflections on questions of individual and national identity and generally reflects a process of self-discovery and positioning that was taking place in the discourse of identity in European modernism around 1900. Accordingly, Maragall develops a discourse that relates, on the one hand, to the cultural and socio-political concerns of Catalonia and to contemporary issues (the phenomenon of crowds, criticism of naturalism and decadence, etc.), while, on the other hand, creating room for models of identity which affect his personal life as well as his concept of literature. Furthermore, his discourse on identity implies a perspective that is critical of civilization, since his reflections always touch upon aspects of the development of humanity. This study discusses Maragall's reception of German texts not only with respect to his literary output, but also as a determining factor in his intellectual activity in general, and it searches for the meaning and function of his productive reception in the cultural regeneration of Catalonia. In this regard, this work focuses both on the primary texts which Maragall read as well as on his readings of secondary texts (reviews, introductions, contemporary literary criticism) about German authors and works, most of which he encountered in French magazines. Focusing on these sources, one is able to link Maragall's discourse of identity with an intellectual field that, thus far, has scarcely been examined in the research on Maragall. Very influential literary critics and commentators who introduced their own world view by interpreting Nietzsche, Goethe and Novalis, brought Maragall into contact with the irrational tendencies of a new spirituality and with contemporary monism, as well as with the Goethe cult of the empire. This expanded perspective of reception leads to a critical view of "direct" comparisons (i.e. titles such as "Maragall and Novalis"), since this treatment does not take into account the obvious influence of contemporary patterns of reception, particularly the thematic interconnections of Nietzsche's Zarathustra, Goethe's or Emerson's personality cult and Novalis' representation of the poet. This specific configuration of themes also influences Maragall's idea of a nation in the twentieth century, as well as what determines that literature complies with life, and what is life when it is successfully lived ethically and aesthetically. He defines his own culture through the mirror of the foreign and the universal, in the same way as he consistently tries to measure himself spiritually as a poet and a person via a subtle inner discourse. Therein lies his modernity.

The hepatic veins and their sectors of drainage have been studied in 40 livers of ovines. In 35 organs the venous system was injected with "Neoprene Latex 650" and then dissected; in the other 5 it was injected with vinyl acetate (different colors) in order to obtain plastic models. The authors observed that hepatic lobes and their sectors were drained by the following hepatic veins and their tributaries. Major hepatic veins (left hepatic vein, middle hepatic vein, right hepatic vein(s), hepatic vein of the caudate process and hepatic vein of the papillary process), and minor hepatic veins. The left and the middle hepatic veins were the main vessels to drain the blood from the liver of Ovis aries and ended independently into the caudal vena cava. The right hepatic vein(s) terminated in the caudal vena cava only in 57.1% of the cases as it joined the vein of the caudate process or of the papillary process in 31.4% one or more right hepatic vein(s) occurred in 88.6% of the cases, a single vein being more frequent (51.4%) than two (22.9%) or three (14.3%) veins. In a few cases the vein of the caudate process formed a trunk with the right hepatic vein and/or the vein of the papillary process (11.4%). Alone or in conjunction with others the vein of the caudate process terminated into the caudal vena cava. The vein of the papillary process ended independently into the caudal vena cava, in 71.4% of the cases. Alone or in conjunction with the vein of the caudate process and/or the right hepatic vein, it ended into the caudal vena cava. Minor hepatic vein, opening directly into the caudal vena cava, completed the drainage of the dorsal and medial sectors of the right lobe and the supraportal portion of the caudate lobe. In the vast majority of cases there were no large anastomoses between veins of adjacent anatomicsurgical segments, limited by avascular or paucivascular areas. The venous drainage network was independent and intertwined with the portobilioarterial network. The venous drainage network included in the majority of cases the following anatomicsurgical segments: a) segment of the left hepatic vein (left lobe); b) segment of the middle hepatic vein (quadrate lobe, the supraportal portion of the caudate lobe, the lateral and intermediate sectors of the right lobe; c) segment of the right hepatic vein(s), typically represented by the dorsal sector of the right lobe; d) segment of the vein of the caudate process; e) segment of the vein of the papillary process. The medial sector of the right lobe is drained by the minor hepatic veins. ; As veias hepáticas e seus setores de drenagem foram estudados em 40 fígados de ovinos. Em 35 órgãos o sistema venoso foi injetado com Neoprene Latex "650" e em seguida dissecado; nos outros 5 órgãos injetou-se acetato de vinyl (cores diferentes) para obtenção de moldes. Foram observados os lobos hepáticos e seus setores de drenagem das seguintes veias hepáticas e suas tributárias: veias hepáticas maiores (veia hepática esquerda, veia hepática média, veia hepática direita, veia hepática do processo caudado e veia hepática do processo papilar) e veias hepáticas menores. As veias hepáticas esquerda e médias.são os principais vasos de drenagem do sangue do fígado de Ovis aries, desembocando independentemente na veia cava caudal. A veia hepática direita termina na veia cava caudal como vaso único em 57,1% dos casos e junta-se à veia hepática do processo caudado ou veia hepática do processo papilar em 31,4% dos casos. A veia hepática direita ocorre em 88,6% dos casos, sendo em número de uma em maior frequência (51,4%), de duas (22,9%) ou de três (14,3%) veias. Em alguns casos a vaia hepática do processo caudado forma um tronco com a veia hepática direita e/ou a veia hepática do processo papilar (11,4%). Sozinha ou em conjunto com outras, a veia do processo caudado termina na veia cava caudal. A veia hepática do processo papilar chega independentemente na veia cava caudal em 71,4% dos casos. Sozinha ou em conjunto com a veia hepática do processo caudado e/ou a veia hepática direita, desemboca na veia cava caudal. Veias hepáticas menores chegam diretamente à veia cava caudal, completando a drenagem dos setores dorsal e medial do lobo direito e da porção supraportal do lobo caudado. Em grande maioria dos casos existem anastomoses entre veias de segmentos anatomo-cirúrgicos adjacentes, limitados por regiões avasculares ou paucivasculares. A drenagem venosa hepática é formada por vasos independentes mas, interpostos com os vasos integrantes da rede portobiloarterial. A drenagem venosa inclui na maioria dos casos os seguintes anatomo-cirúrgicos: a) segmento da veia hepática esquerda (lobo esquerdo); b) segmento da veia hepática média (lobo quadrado, porção supraportal do lobo caudado e setores intermédio e lateral do lobo direito); c) segmento da veia hepática direita, tipicamente representado pelo setor dorsal do lobo direito; d) segmento da veia hepática do processo caudado; e) segmento da veia hepática do processo papilar. O setor medial do lobo direito é drenado pelas veias hepáticas menores.

Introduction. A high level of civic literacy remains one of the main priorities of education, as it is the foundation for the development of democracy and economic growth. Physical education has significant potential for the formation and development of civic competencies. The Purpose of the study was to develop a valid tool for quantitative assessment of the level of civic competencies and the role of physical education in their formation. Research Methods. The study involved students who studied in third and sixth grades (n = 860, 53,72 % of respondents were girls, 34,88 % third graders). The Questionnaire on Civic Attitudes and Sustainable Development (СASD) was translated and culturally adapted; the special module, Civic Competences in Physical Education (CCPE-10), was created. The structure of the questionnaires and their validity were analyzed. For this purpose, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, calculated the α-Cronbach, average variance extracted, and composite reliability coefficient. Results. In the structure of the CASD questionnaire, the scales solidarity, commitment–responsibility, and «dialogue–respect» were isolated. According to factor analysis results, the CCPE-10 questionnaire had scales communication skills and reflection, action, and identity. The obtained models had satisfactory suitability criteria (for СASD: χ²/ df = 2,53, CFI = 0,905, TLI = 0,902; RMSEA = 0,060, SRMR = 0,062; for CCPE-10: χ²/ df = 2,78, CFI = 0,901, TLI = 0,908; RMSEA = 0,058, SRMR = 0,064). Conclusions. An adapted and valid Ukrainian version of the tool for assessing civic competencies with a special module «Civic competencies in physical education» was obtained. The tool is designed for schoolchildren of third and sixth grades; contains six scales (solidarity, commitment–responsibility, dialogue–respect, communication skills and reflection, action, identity); covers such components of civic competencies as knowledge, skills, reflection, social cohesion, tolerance; the tool allows to quantify the importance of physical education in the formation of civic competencies. ; Актуальность. Высокий уровень гражданской грамотности остается одним из основных приоритетов образования, поскольку это основа для развития демократии и рост экономики. Физическое воспитание имеет значительный потенциал для формирования и развития гражданских компетенций. Цель исследования – разработать валидный инструмент для количественной оценки уровня гражданских компетенций и значение физического воспитания в их формировании. Методы исследования. В исследовании приняли участие школьники, которые учились в третьих и шестых классах (n = 860, 53,72 % опрошенных – девочки, 34,88 % – учащиеся третьих классов). Осуществляли перевод и культурную адаптацию анкеты «Гражданская позиция и ценности устойчивого развития» (СASD) и создавали специальный модуль «Гражданские компетентности в воспитании» (CCPE-10). Анализировали структуру анкет и их валидность. Для этого применяли исследовательский и подтверждающий факторный анализ, вычисляли значение α-Кронбаха, составленный коэффициент надежности и среднюю изъятую дисперсию. Результаты. В структуре анкеты СASD выделено шкалы «Солидарность», «Обязательства и ответственность», «Диалог и уважение». По результатам факторного анализа в анкете CCPE-10 выделены шкалы «Навыки общения и рефлексия», «Действия» и «Идентичность». Полученные модели имели удовлетворительные критерии годности (для СASD: χ² / df = 2,53, CFI = 0,905, TLI = 0,902; RMSEA = 0,060, SRMR = 0,062, для CCPE-10: χ² / df = 2,78, CFI = 0,901 , TLI = 0,908; RMSEA = 0,058, SRMR = 0,064). Выводы. Получено адаптированную и валидную украинскую версию инструмента для оценки гражданских компетенций с специальным модулем «Гражданские компетент- ности в воспитании». Инструмент рассчитан на школьников третьих – шестых классов; содержит шесть шкал («Солидарность», «Обязательства и ответственность», «Диалог и уважение», «Навыки общения и рефлексия», «Действия», «Идентичность»); охватывает такие составляющие гражданских компетенций, как знания, навыки,рефлексия, социальная когезия, толерантность; позволяет количественно оценить значение физического воспитания в формировании гражданских компетенций. ; Актуальність. Високий рівень громадянської грамотності залишається одним з основних пріоритетів освіти, оскільки це підґрунтя для розвитку демократії та зростання економіки. Фізичне виховання має значний потенціал для формування та розвитку громадянських компетентностей. Мета дослідження – розробити валідний інструмент для кількісного оцінювання рівня громадянських компетентностей та значення фізичного виховання у їх формуванні. Методи дослідження. У дослідженні взяли участь школярі, які навчались у третіх і шостих класах (n = 860, 53,72 % опитаних – дівчатка, 34,88 % – учні третіх класів). Здійснювали переклад та культурну адаптацію анкети «Громадянська позиція і цінності сталого розвитку» (СASD) та створювали спеціальний модуль «Громадянські компетентності у фізичному вихованні» (CCPE-10). Аналізували структуру анкет і їх валідність. Для цього застосовували дослідницький і підтверджувальний факторний аналіз, обчислювали значення α-Кронбаха, складений коефіцієнт надійності й середню вилучену дисперсію. Результати. У структурі анкети СASD виділено шкали «Солідарність», «Зобов'язання та відповідальність», «Діалог та повага». За результатами факторного аналізу в анкеті CCPE-10 виокремлено шкали «Навички спілкування та рефлексія», «Дії» й «Ідентичність». Отримані моделі мали задовільні критерії придатності (для СASD: χ²/ df = 2,53, CFI = 0,905, TLI = 0,902; RMSEA = 0,060, SRMR = 0,062; для CCPE-10: χ²/ df = 2,78, CFI = 0,901, TLI = 0,908; RMSEA = 0,058, SRMR = 0,064). Висновки. Отримано адаптовану й валідну українську версію інструменту для оцінювання громадянських компетентностей зі спеціальним модулем «Громадянські компетентності у фізичному вихованні». Інструмент розрахований на школярів третіх – шостих класів; містить шість шкал («Солідарність», «Зобов'язання та відповідальність», «Діалог та повага», «Навички спілкування та рефлексія», «Дії», «Ідентичність»); охоплює такі складники громадянських компетентностей, як знання, навички, рефлексія, соціальна когезія, толерантність; дає змогу кількісно оцінити значення фізичного виховання у формуванні громадянських компетентностей.

[Introduction]:The National System of Wild Protected Areas of Paraguay (SINASIP) was created by Law 352 in 1994 to bring order to the country's protected areas. Since 1954, a total of 102 protected areas have been created. The category with the greatest quantity of protected areas is "Nature Reserve," quadruple the number of National Parks and Natural Monuments. The measurement of the success of SINASIP was initially presented in a simplistic way, based on periods of surface expansion, including the objectionable Biosphere Reserves. [Objective]: This study evaluated the SINASIP in relation to the national coverage, the management categories, and a simple analysis of implementation levels. [Methodology]: The legal bodies of creation, modification, or derogation of each protected area were analyzed. [Results]:The patterns found in relation to the increase or decrease in the surface area of the system and its causes were discussed, and strong deficiencies were found in the creation process. The decrease in terms of the system's surface area is associated with a lack of adequate management, political causes, and land claims. There is a tendency in changing areas from strict conservation categories to less restrictive categories, totaling some 420,326 hectares. The average level of implementation in terms of the five criteria does not reach 50%. There are at least 13 wild protected areas and two categories without implementation; a further five other categories have less than 30% implementation. [Conclusions]: Urgent attention and an appropriate administration are required, especially in terms of restructuring and implementing successful models with multisectoral and participatory management. ; [Introducción]: El sistema de Áreas Protegidas del Paraguay fue creado por la Ley 352 en 1994 para poner orden el sistema del país. Desde 1954 se crearon un total de 102 áreas protegidas. La categoría con mayor cantidad es la "Reserva Natural" que cuadruplica a los Parques Nacionales y Monumentos Naturales. La medición del éxito del SINASIP fue presentada históricamente de una forma simplista, en base a los periodos de expansión en superficie. [Objetivo]: Este estudio evaluó la cobertura nacional del SINASIP de áreas protegidas, las categorías de manejo y un análisis simple de nivel de implementación. [Metodología]:Se analizaron los órganos legales de creación, modificación o de derogación de cada área protegida, como también los patrones encontrados en relación con crecimiento o decrecimiento del sistema en superficie y sus causas. [Resultados]: Los resultados señalan fuertes deficiencias en el proceso de creación. Se identificaron problemas traducidos en pérdidas de superficies de área protegida, reducción de categoría de manejo y la pérdida de diez áreas protegidas. Las mayores causas del decrecimiento del sistema en términos de superficie están asociadas a la falta de una gestión adecuada, causas políticas y reclamos de tierras. Existe una preocupante tendencia de cambiar áreas de categorías de conservación estricta a categorías de menor restricción alcanzando las 420 326 hectáreas. El nivel promedio de implementación en relación con los 5 criterios no llega al 50 %. Existen al menos 13 ASP y dos categorías sin implementación. [Conclusiones]: Estos problemas requieren de una urgente atención y de una adecuada reestructuración de índole administrativa. ; O Sistema de Áreas Protegidas do Paraguai foi criado pela Lei 352 em 1994 para colocar em ordem o sistema do país. Desde 1954 foram criadas no total 102 áreas protegidas. A categoria com maior quantidade é a "Reserva Natural" que quadruplica os Parques Nacionais e Monumentos Naturais. A medida do sucesso do SINASIP foi apresentada historicamente de uma forma simplista, com base nos períodos de expansão em superfície. Este estudo avaliou a cobertura nacional do SINASIP de áreas protegidas, as categorias de manejo e uma análise simples do nível de implementação. Foram analisados os órgãos legais de criação, a modificação de derrogação de cada área protegida, como também os padrões encontrados com relação ao crescimento ou decrescimento do sistema em superfície e suas causas. Os resultados indicam fortes deficiências no processo de criação. Foram identificados problemas traduzidos em perdas de superfícies de área protegida, redução de categoria de manejo e a perda de dez áreas protegidas. As maiores causas do decrescimento do sistema em termos de superfície estão associadas à falta de uma gestão adequada, causas políticas e reivindicações de terras. Existe uma preocupante tendência de trocar áreas de categorias de conservação estrita a categorias de menor restrição alcançando os 420.326 hectares. O nível médio de implementação com relação aos 5 critérios não chega a 50%. Existem ao menos 13 ASP e duas categorias sem implementação. Tais problemas precisam de uma urgente atenção e de uma adequada reestruturação de natureza administrativa.

The objective of this article is to analyze the relationship between Túquerres and Latacunga from the action and theory deployed by Simón Rodríguez in both places during the construction of the Republic. Throughout the text, the importance assigned by Simón Rodríguez to the conformation of the Republic is shown; the main components of republican education and its implementation methodology are analyzed, and finally, the relations of this vast region regarding the education system required today are addressed. Few educational projects have emphasized the profound link between education and democratic and social life as much as that of Simón Rodríguez; hence, understanding this model requires a prior examination of his conception of American society, which, in his opinion, was marked not only by acute national conflicts but, above all, by those of a social nature and therefore, divided by a new genre of dominators and dominated people. On these and other categories, Simón Rodríguez organizes his plan of a 'republican and social education', as he himself calls it, of which he had been speaking and writing publicly and privately for more than twenty-four years, based on a strong criticism and rupture with traditional or testamentary education and bringing at the same time a clear alternative character to the project. It is in the denunciation of an inherited and current past, as well as in the announcement of a future to be built, that he constitutes the plan of a 'republican and social education', making both phases of the project converging into two sides of the same coin. ; El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relación entre Túquerres y Latacunga a partir de la acción y la teoría desplegada por Simón Rodríguez en uno y otro lugar durante la construcción de la República. A lo largo del texto se muestra la importancia asignada por Simón Rodríguez a la conformación de la República; se analizan los principales componentes de la educación republicana y su metodología de implementación, y finalmente, se aborda las relaciones de esta vasta región respecto del sistema de educación que se requiere en la actualidad. Pocos proyectos educativos han resaltado tanto la profunda vinculación de la educación con la vida democrática y social como el de Simón Rodríguez; de ahí que comprender este modelo suponga examinar previamente su concepción de la sociedad americana, la misma que, a su criterio se presentaba marcada no solo por agudos conflictos nacionales sino ante todo por los de carácter social y por eso dividida por un nuevo género de dominadores y dominados. Sobre estas y otras categorías organiza Simón Rodríguez su plan de una 'educación republicana y social', como él mismo la denomina, y sobre la cual nos narra que hacía ya más de veinticuatro años que él venía hablando y escribiendo pública y privadamente, apoyándose en una fuerte crítica y ruptura con la educación tradicional o testamentaria e imprimiendo a su vez al proyecto un claro carácter alternativo. Es en la denuncia de un pasado heredado y vigente, así como en el anuncio de un porvenir por construir, como constituye el plan de una 'educación republicana y social', haciendo que una y otra fase del proyecto confluyesen como las dos caras de una misma moneda. ; O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre Túquerres e Latacunga a partir da ação e da teoria implantada por Simón Rodríguez em um e outro lugar durante a construção da República. Ao longo do texto é evidenciada a importância atribuída por Simón Rodríguez à formação da República; São analisados os principais componentes da educação republicana e sua metodologia de implementação e, por fim, abordam-se as relações dessa vasta região com o sistema educacional que se exige atualmente. Poucos projetos educacionais destacaram tanto o vínculo profundo entre a educação e a vida democrática e social quanto o de Simón Rodríguez; Portanto, compreender esse modelo significa examinar previamente sua concepção de sociedade americana, que, em sua opinião, foi marcada não apenas por agudos conflitos nacionais, mas sobretudo por aqueles de natureza social e, portanto, dividida por um novo gênero de dominadores e dominados. Sobre essas e outras categorias, Simón Rodríguez organiza seu plano de uma 'educação republicana e social', como ele mesmo a chama, sobre a qual nos conta que fazia quase vinte e quatro anos que falava e escrevia em público e em particular. com uma crítica forte e rompimento com a educação tradicional ou testamentária e por sua vez dando ao projeto um caráter alternativo claro. É na denúncia de um passado herdado e atual, bem como no anúncio de um futuro a ser construído, que se constitui o projeto de uma 'educação republicana e social', fazendo convergir as duas fases do projeto como as duas faces do uma mesma moeda.

The Darwin Harbour Integrated Marine Monitoring and Research Program (IMMRP) is a 40-year program under the Ichthys Project Voluntary Offsets Agreement between the Northern Territory Government and INPEX Operations Australia Pty Ltd. The intent of this program is to provide greater understanding of the biophysical patterns and ecological processes in Darwin Harbour, and to improve the knowledge of potential risks posed by coastal developments to marine health and resilience in Darwin Harbour. The IMMRP comprises of three sub-programs for the themes of water quality, sediment and mangroves. The water quality sub-program aims to: 1. Improve the scientific rigour and basis of the Northern Territory Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Water Quality Monitoring Program (WQMP) and the Darwin Harbour Region Report Cards 2. Ensure the early detection of change and incremental impact to water quality by quantifying variability 3. Determine optimal sampling design, method and accuracy 4. Improve our knowledge of processes affecting water quality in Darwin Harbour 5. Provide baseline water quality data to inform future inter-annual monitoring assessments. ; 1 Summary -- 2 Introduction -- 2.1 Background -- 2.1.1 Darwin Harbour: physical characteristics -- 2.1.2 Water quality in Darwin Harbour -- 2.1.3 DENR WQMP -- 2.2 Study Objectives -- 3 Method -- 3.1 General approach -- 3.2 Field stations and neap tide dates -- 3.2.1 Measured parameters -- 3.3 Tidal range -- 3.4 Field techniques -- 3.4.1 In-situ field measurements -- 3.4.2 Sample collection and analysis -- 3.5 Data analysis and visualisation -- 3.5.1 Monitoring windows -- 3.5.2 Data visualising techniques -- 3.5.3 Statistical parameters -- 3.5.3.1 Coefficient of variation and mean -- 3.5.3.2 Standard errors -- 3.5.4 Hypothesis testing -- 3.5.4.1 Wilcoxon rank sum test -- 3.5.4.2 Ansari-Bradley test -- 3.5.4.3 Analysis of variance -- 3.5.5 Principal component analysis -- 3.5.6 Generalised linear mixed modelling -- 4 Results and discussion -- 4.1 Explanatory parameters -- 4.1.1 Depth -- 4.1.2 Current speed -- 4.2 Physico-chemical results -- 4.2.1Summary statistics -- 4.2.2 Surface water temperature -- 4.2.2.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.2.2.2 Spatial trend -- 4.2.2.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.2.2.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.2.3 Salinity and electrical conductivity -- 4.2.3.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.2.3.2 Spatial trend -- 4.2.3.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.2.3.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.2.4 pH -- 4.2.4.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.2.4.2 Spatial trend -- 4.2.4.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.2.4.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.2.5 Turbidity -- 4.2.5.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.2.5.2 Spatial trend -- 4.2.5.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.2.5.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.2.6 Dissolved oxygen -- 4.2.6.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.2.6.2 Spatial trend -- 4.2.6.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.2.6.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.3 Nutrients – Nitrogen and Phosphorus -- 4.3.1 Anthropogenic sources of nutrients in the study area -- 4.3.2 Summary statistics -- 4.3.3 Ammonia -- 4.3.3.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.3.2 Spaial trend -- 4.3.3.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.3.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.3.4 Oxides of nitrogen -- 4.3.4.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.4.2 Spatial trend -- 4.3.4.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.4.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.3.5 Total filterable (dissolved) nitrogen -- 4.3.5.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.5.2 Spatial trend -- 4.3.5.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.5.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.3.6 Total nitrogen -- 4.3.6.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.6.2 Spatial trend -- 4.3.6.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.6.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.3.7 Soluble reactive phosphorus as P -- 4.3.7.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.7.2 Spatial trend -- 4.3.7.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.7.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.3.8 Total filterable (dissolved) phosphorus -- 4.3.8.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.8.2 Spatial trend -- 4.3.8.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.8.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability - 4.3.9 Total phosphorus -- 4.3.9.1Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.3.9.2Spatial trend -- 4.3.9.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.3.9.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.4 Phytoplankton biomass -- 4.4.1 Summary statistics -- 4.4.2 Chlorophyll -- 4.4.2.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.4.2.2 Spatial trend -- 4.4.2.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.4.2.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 4.4.3 Euphotic depth -- 4.4.3.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 4.4.3.2 Spatial trend -- 4.4.3.3 Monitoring window assessment -- 4.4.3.3.1 Tidal (flood/ebb) variability -- 5 Summary of results -- 5.1 Coefficient of variation -- 5.2 Variability trends -- 5.2.1 Physico-chemical parameters -- 5.2.2 Nutrients -- 5.2.3 Algal biomass -- 5.3 Principal component analysis -- 5.3.1 Intra-seasonal variability -- 5.3.2 Spatial variability -- 5.3.3 Windows -- 5.3.4 Windows-tides -- 5.4 Study limitations -- 6 Conclusions and recommendations -- 7 References -- 8 Acknowledgement -- 9 Appendix A: Current speed analyses for nutrients -- 9.1 Ammonia -- 9.2 Oxides of nitrogen -- 9.3 Total dissolved (filterable) nitrogen -- 9.4 Total nitrogen -- 9.5 Soluble reactive phosphorus -- 9.6 Total dissolved (filterable) phosphorus -- 9.7 Total phosphorus -- 10 Appendix B: Generalised linear mixed model results for nutrients -- 10.1 Ammonia -- 10.2 Oxides of nitrogen -- 10.3 Total dissolved (filterable) nitrogen -- 10.4 Total nitrogen -- 10.5 Soluble reactive phosphorus -- 10.6 Total dissolved (filterable) phosphorus -- 10.7 Total phosphate -- 11 Appendix C: Dry season 2017 -- 12 Appendix D: Elizabeth river stream discharge data ; Made available by the Northern Territory Library via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT).

ABSTRACT: Within the broader context of related major paradigm shift taking place across the world, Lithuania is currently undergoing its own deinstitutionalization of social care and mental health services. The above mentioned paradigm shift from the bio-medical towards a more comprehensive bio-psychosocial model has been brought about internationally with the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities over a decade ago. Lithuania ratified this human rights treaty in 2010 and over the following years started implementing its provisions and principles in national legislation, policies, plans, programmes and practices. As a major part of the deinstitutionalization process, new community-based services, such as two 'Independent Living Homes' in Vilnius, were established. It has been planned that these new services will eventually replace the long-term residential care, which is presently predominant and rooted in institutional culture. The main questions addressed by this study examine the actual effectiveness of such new services, the quality of care provided in them and the level of compliance with international human rights standards on the ground. This thesis explores the critical need to ensure that the human rights based approach is at the core of any new developments and delivery of community-based services, and of deinstitutionalization in general. Based on the comprehensive literature review, as well as the unique empirical research findings herein, obtained by implementing the WHO QualityRights Assessment in two Municipal 'Independent Living Homes' in the capital city of Lithuania, this study points to both the good practices, as well as the gaps in these services' provision. Additionally, it discovers the deeply-rooted systemic issues that surround and restrict the current and potentially the future development, effective delivery and improvement of community-based services for the most vulnerable individuals in our society. This thesis suggests that there is a great need to critically review the current direction of the deinstitutionalization in Lithuania. It is crucial to ensure its compliance with the international human rights standards and evidence-based best practices. At the same time it is important to truly involve persons, who have mental health problems, intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities, as well as their families, and representing organizations, in all stages of such a review and also of planning for the future of community-based support and services in the country. ; RESUMO: No contexto da mudança de paradigma que tem ocorrido no mundo, a Lituânia atualmente está a realizar o seu próprio processo de desinstitucionalização dos serviços de cuidados sociais e de saúde mental. A mudança de paradigma mencionada, de um modelo bio-médico para um modelo de cuidadso bio-psicossociais, tem lugar no cenário internacional, com a adoção, há mais de uma década, da Convenção da Organização das Nações Unidas sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. A Lituânia ratificou esse tratado de direitos humanos em 2010 e, ao longo dos anos seguintes, começou a implementar as suas disposições e princípios na legislação nacional, e nas políticas, planos, programas e práticas. Como parte importante do processo de desinstitucionalização, foram estabelecidos novos serviços comunitários, tais como as duas "Independent Living Homes" (Casas de Vida Independente) em Vilnius. Em relação a esses serviços, o planeamento é de que esse irão substituir os cuidados de caráter asilar de longo prazo, que são atualmente predominantse e enraizados na cultura institucional. As principais questões abordadas nesta tese examinam a eficácia real de tais novos serviços, a qualidade dos cuidados neles prestados e o nível de conformidade dos serviços com os padrões internacionais de direitos humanos. Esta tese explora a necessidade crítica de garantir que uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos seja o cerne de quaisquer novas práticas e ações de serviços baseados na comunidade, e do processo de desinstitucionalização como um todo. A partir da revisão abrangente de literatura, bem como dos resultados empíricos dessa pesquisa obtidos por meio da aplicação do kit de ferramentas Direito é Qualidade da OMS (WHO QualityRights) em dois serviços municipais do tipo "Independent Living Homes" localizados na capital de Lituânia, os resultados desta tese indicam as boas práticas realizadas, bem como as lacunas na prática desses serviços. Ainda, revela as problemáticas sistémicas profundamente enraizadas que estão presentes e criam restrições, considerando os serviços baseados na comunidade voltados para os sujeitos mais vulneráveis de nossa sociedade, para o atual e potencialmente futuro desenvolvimento, prática efetiva e melhora desses serviços. Esta tese sugere que há necessidade de revisar criticamente a direção atual dos processos relacionados com a desinstitucionalização na Lituânia. É crucial assegurar o cumprimento dos padrões internacionais de direitos humanos e das boas práticas baseadas em evidências. Ao mesmo tempo, é importante envolver, de fato, as pessoas, que apresentam problemáticas de saúde mental, incapacidades intelectuais e / ou psicossociais, bem como as suas famílias e organizações representativas, em todas as etapas de tal revisão e também de planeamento para o futuro de serviços baseados na comunidade no país.

This dissertation deals with a sociolinguistic analysis of attitudes towards Euro-English (E-E), denoting a specific variety of the English language as is primarily used within the multicultural and multilingual professional contexts of the European Union (EU) institutions. Particularly within the European Commission (EC) English has acquired the role of the primary working language. This is apparent from the most recent figures provided by its translation service, according to which as many as 81.3% of source documents were written in English in 2014 (as compared to 77.6% in 2012 and 62% in 2004), followed by French with only 5%. Consequently, 285 EC representatives from different EU member states were surveyed on their attitudes towards E-E, primarily focusing on those respondents whose mother tongues are not English. Crucially, they were asked to evaluate several sentences that deviated from Standard English according to their perceptions of what is acceptable English usage and what is not. Beforehand, a corpus-based analysis was conducted in order to determine which potentially E-E features to integrate within the acceptability test. Importantly, the authors of the examined EU material are deemed congruent as much as possible with the participants of the attitudinal analysis, as they all work for one of the main EU institutions. The main findings reveal that the high acceptability rates of the proposed deviant sentences among the surveyed non-native English-speaking EC representatives were primarily related to their lower proficiency in the English language and/or mother tongue interference, whereas we argue that the surveyed native speakers accepted most of them because they failed to apply a known language system accurately. Accordingly, we found out that the participants as a whole generally adhere to native models of English, i.e. British English, and thus do not personally endorse a European variety of English as a standard of linguistic correctness in their minds. Although specific usage that differs from the standard use of English has to an extent been developed within the EU institutions, the identified features must be regarded as EU jargon ; which may be more or less obvious ; rather than a particular E-E variety already expressing common EU culture and identity. We conclude that an independent variety of English, comparable to the Inner or Outer Circle Englishes, neither exists to date nor is in its earliest stage of development within the EU institutions. ; Disertacija predstavlja sociolingvistično analizo odnosa do t. i. evroangleščine kot različice angleščine, kakršna se pogosto uporablja v večkulturnem in večjezičnem delovnem okolju inštitucij Evropske unije (EU). Zlasti v Evropski komisiji (EK) je angleščina že prevzela vlogo dejanskega primarnega delovnega jezika, kar je razvidno iz najnovejših dosegljivih podatkov njene prevajalske službe, po katerih je bilo leta 2014 kar 81,3 % vseh izvirnikov osnovanih v angleškem jeziku (v primerjavi s 77,6 % v letu 2012 in z 62 % v letu 2004), medtem ko je bila francoščina kot drugi najpogostejši delovni jezik uporabljena v le 5 %. Opravljena raziskava zajema vzorec 285 predstavnikov EK, ki prihajajo iz različnih držav EU, osredotočili pa smo se predvsem na tiste govorce, katerim angleščina ni materni jezik. Ker je bilo proučevanje odnosa do evroangleščine usmerjeno zlasti na ugotavljanje sprejemljivosti določenih jezikovnih vzorcev, ki že odstopajo od modela angleščine rojenih govorcev, smo s korpusno analizo pisnih besedil EU ugotavljali njihovo pojavnost in pogostost. S tem smo določili, katere izmed pogosteje zastopanih prvin evroangleščine vključiti v testne stavke, s katerimi smo anketirance soočili. Menimo, da so pisci izbranega jezikovnega korpusa kar se da skladni z udeleženci spletnega anketiranja, saj vsi predstavniki opazovane populacije delujejo v eni izmed glavnih inštitucij EU. Analiza podatkov, ki jih predstavlja ta disertacija, kaže na to, da nerojeni govorci, ki smo jih anketirali, predlagana odstopanja od predpisane jezikovne norme sprejemajo zlasti zaradi pomanjkljive jezikovne zmožnosti in/ali prepletanja maternih jezikov, rojeni govorci pa jih sprejemajo predvsem zaradi nepravilne uporabe slovničnih pravil. Posledično ugotavljamo, da anketiranci kot celota na splošno stremijo k modelom standardne angleščine, in sicer britanske angleščine, in tako evroangleščine ne smatrajo kot ustrezno rabo jezika, h kateri bi zavestno težili. Čeprav trdimo, da predstavniki inštitucij EU, ki govorijo in pišejo v imenu širše evropske javnosti, do neke mere dejansko razvijajo specifično rabo jezika, ki že odstopa od modela angleščine rojenih govorcev, gre pri analiziranem besedišču v večini za bolj ali manj opazen žargon EU kot politične in gospodarske skupnosti njenih številnih držav članic, ne pa že za izražanje skupne kulture in identitete EU. Zaključujemo torej, da se v inštitucijah EU evroangleščina kot evropska različica angleščine, primerljiva z angleščinami notranjega ali zunanjega kroga, ni razvila oz. se tudi ne razvija.

[ES] El tratamiento penitenciario de drogodependencias para mujeres ha sido tradicionalmente genérico (el aplicado para la mayoría masculina penitenciaria) y con pocos estudios diferenciales empíricos a nivel español. Esta investigación plantea a partir de los marcos normativos y la situación expresada por los organismos especializados, estudiar algunos de los factores de riesgo y de protección principales de las reclusas drogodependientes en relación a los programas de tratamiento y los procesos de recuperación a fin de realizar propuestas de acción específicas. La investigación es multimétodo, insertada dentro del Proyecto I+D+I denominado "Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción" [EDU2009-13408], con una muestra nacional en segundo y tercer grado (Administración General del Estado y Comunidad de Cataluña), correspondiente aproximadamente al 15% de las mujeres reclusas en el panorama nacional. Se han obtenido 538 cuestionarios válidos, 61 entrevistas semi-estructuradas, a los cuales aplicaron, por un lado, métodos de análisis informáticos y programas específicos para los datos cuantitativos (SPSS, V. 15 y 20) y métodos de análisis de contenido para los datos cualitativos. El análisis se ha realizado antes y durante el internamiento, a partir de cuatro perfiles de mujeres reclusas (AA: adictas activas (8´20 %), EX: ex adictas (EX: 67´21%), NA: no adictas (NA: 14,75%) y PMM (9,84%): adictas en programas de mantenimiento de metadona). Entre los resultados principales encontramos como factores de riesgo destacados en relación al tratamiento que las mujeres ex adictas no participan, por lo general, en programas de prevención de recaídas. Esta realidad supone un importante problema puesto que casi un 70% de las mujeres son ex consumidoras. Existe un número de mujeres que no participan en los programas por desinformación, desconfianza y compatibilidad con otras actividades o existe una percepción de discriminación de género en el acceso y permanencia de las mujeres en los programas en relación a los hombres. En los factores principales de protección encontramos que la mayoría de las mujeres tienen las presiones familiares como una motivación para acceder a programas y que en algunos de los casos la situación de maternidad o ciertos factores personales, fueron definitivos para el acceso. Finalmente, se propone el modelo PROSO –MD (Programa Socioeducativo para mujeres drogodependientes) para que sea implementado en el ámbito penitenciario según perfiles de consumo a partir de la adecuación a las características y realidades de las mujeres, concretando a partir de una propuesta específica para mujeres ex adictas. [EN] The penitentiary drug dependence treatment for women has been traditionally generic (applied for most masculine penitentiary) and with few differentiating empiric studies in an spanish level. Based on a regulatory framework, this research focuses on the study of the main elements of risk and protection implied in the relation between the drug dependant female prisoners and the treatment programs, as well as the recovery processes, in order to propose specific actions. The research has a multimethod approach, inserted within the Project I+D+I named "Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción" [EDU2009- 13408], with a national sample of second and third degree (Central Government and Community of Catalonia), corresponding to an estimate of 15% of the female prisoners nationally. 538 valid questionnaires, 61 semi-structured interviews has been obtained, in which informatic analytical methods, specific programs for quantitative data (SPSS, V. 15 y 20), and analytical content methods for qualitative data has been applied. The analysis has been developed before and after the internment, including four profiles of female prisioners (AA: Active addicted (8'20%), EX: ex addicted (EX: 67'21%), NA: non addicted (NA: 14.75%) and PMM (9.84%) addicted within methadone maintenance programs ). Among the main results found, it is relevant to mention the elements of risk related to the absence of participation of ex addicted women in relapse prevention programs. In fact, this is a relevant issue since 70% of the women are ex addicted. There is a large number of women not receiving any treatment in prision and not participating in any program due to lack of information, mistrust and overlap with other activities. Aditionally, theres is a perception of gender discrimination towards the access and permanece of women in the programs, compared with men. Also, within the main elements of protection, it has been found that most women access a program motivated by family pressure, and in some cases situations such as motherhood and certain personal health issues were determinant factors for a women to access a program. Finally, a model PROSO –MD (Socio-educational Program for Drug Dependant Women) according to use pattern is proposed to be implemented in a penitentiary field, adapted to the characteristics and realities of the women implied and developing specific a proposal for ex addicted women.

Background and Purpose: Both adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and the use of metformin could benefit the cognitive performance of individuals with type 2 diabetes, but evidence is still controversial. We examined the association between metformin use and cognition in older adults with type 2 diabetes following a MedDiet intervention. Methods: Prospective cohort study framed in the PREDIMED-Plus-Cognition sub-study. The PREDIMED-Plus clinical trial aims to compare the cardiovascular effect of two MedDiet interventions, with and without energy restriction, in individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. The present sub-study included 487 cognitively normal subjects (50.5% women, mean ± SD age of 65.2 ± 4.7 years), 30.4% of them (N = 148) with type 2 diabetes. A comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests was administered at baseline and after 1 and 3 years. Individuals with type 2 diabetes that exhibited a good glycemic control trajectory, either using or not using metformin, were compared to one another and to individuals without diabetes using mixed-effects models with inverse probability of treatment weights. Results: Most subjects with type 2 diabetes (83.1%) presented a good and stable glycemic control trajectory. Before engaging in the MedDiet intervention, subjects using metformin scored higher in executive functions (Cohen's d = 0.51), memory (Cohen's d = 0.38) and global cognition (Cohen's d = 0.48) than those not using metformin. However, these differences were not sustained during the 3 years of follow-up, as individuals not using metformin experienced greater improvements in memory (β = 0.38 vs. β = 0.10, P = 0.036), executive functions (β = 0.36 vs. β = 0.02, P = 0.005) and global cognition (β = 0.29 vs. β = -0.02, P = 0.001) that combined with a higher MedDiet adherence (12.6 vs. 11.5 points, P = 0.031). Finally, subjects without diabetes presented greater improvements in memory than subjects with diabetes irrespective of their exposure to metformin (β = 0.55 vs. β = 0.10, P < 0.001). However, subjects with diabetes not using metformin, compared to subjects without diabetes, presented greater improvements in executive functions (β = 0.33 vs. β = 0.08, P = 0.032) and displayed a higher MedDiet adherence (12.6 points vs. 11.6 points, P = 0.046). Conclusions: Although both metformin and MedDiet interventions are good candidates for future cognitive decline preventive studies, a higher adherence to the MedDiet could even outweigh the potential neuroprotective effects of metformin in subjects with diabetes. ; Study resulting from the following grants: SLT006/17/00246, SLT002/16/00045 and SLT006/17/00077 funded by the Department of Health of the Generalitat de Catalunya by the calls Acció instrumental de programes de recerca orientats en l'àmbit de la recerca i la innovació en salut and Pla estratègic de recerca i innovació en salut (PERIS). We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. This project was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Spanish Government Official Agency for funding biomedical research-with competitive grants leaded by JS-S and Josep Vidal for the periods 2014–2016, 2015–2017, 2017–2019, and 2018–2020, through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF, a way to build Europe) [grants: PI13/00233, PI13/00728, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI16/00533, PI16/00366, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI17/01167, PI19/00017, PI19/00781, PI19/01032, PI19/00576]; the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to JS-S; the European Research Council [Advanced Research Grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918] granted to Miguel Ángel Martínez-González; the Recercaixa (number 2013ACUP00194) grant to JS-S. This research was also partially funded by EU-H2020 Grants (Eat2beNICE/H2020-SFS-2016-2; Ref 728018; and PRIME/H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020; Ref: 847879), Grant PROMETEO/2017/017 (Generalitat Valenciana) and Grant FEA/SEA 2017 for Primary Care Research. This work is also partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. This work was supported by grants from DIUE de la Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 SGR 138 from the Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain). NS-D has received the FI 2021 predoctoral grant (FI_B2021/00104) from the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. CV-A was supported by a predoctoral Grant of the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU16/01453). AA-S has received a post-doctoral grant from the Consellería de Innovación, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia (APOSTD/2020/003). The Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBEROBN) is an initiative of ISCIII.

Evapotranspiration ET is a dominant Earth System process that couples the water and energy cycles at the earth surface. The pressure of global environmental changes foster the broad scientific aim to understand impacts of climate and land-use on evapotranspiration under transient conditions. In this work, the spatial scale of river catchments is addressed through data analysis of hydrological and meteorological archives with ET classically derived through water balance closure. Through a synthesis of various catchments with different climatic forcings and hydrological conditions, the core objectives of this thesis are: - Did environmental changes in the past, such as climatic- or land-use and land cover (LULC) changes, result in detectable non-stationary changes in the hydro-climate time series? - How can the impacts of climatic- from LULC changes on the hydroclimatology of catchments be separated? - What are the factors that control the sensitivity of ET and streamflow to external changes? These research questions are addressed for the climatic scales of long-term annual averages and seasonal conditions which characterise the hydroclimatology of river catchments. Illustrated by a rich hydro-climatic archive condensed for 27 small to medium sized river catchments in Saxony, a method is proposed to analyse the seasonal features of river flow allowing to detect shifting seasons in snow affected river basins in the last 90 years. Observations of snow depth at these same times lead to the conclusion, that changes in the annual cycle of air temperature have a large influence on the timing of the freeze-thaw in late winter and early spring. This causes large changes in storage of water in the snow pack, which leads to profound changes of the river regime, particularly affecting the river flow in the following months. A model-based data analysis, based on the fundamental principles of water and energy conservation for long-term average conditions, is proposed for the prediction of ET and streamflow, as well as the separation of climate related impacts from impacts resulting from changes in basin conditions. The framework was tested on a large data set of river catchments in the continental US and is shown to be consistent with other methods proposed in the literature. The observed past changes highlight that (i) changes in climate, such as precipitation or evaporative demand, result in changes of the partitioning within the water and energy balance, (ii) the aridity of the climate and to a lesser degree basin conditions determine the sensitivity to external changes, (iii) these controlling factors influence the direction of LULC change impacts, which in some cases can be larger than climate impacts. This work provides evidence, that changes in climatic and land cover conditions can lead to transient hydrological behaviours and make stationary assumptions invalid. Hence, past changes present the opportunity for model testing and thereby deriving fundamental laws and concepts at the scale of interest, which are not affected by changes in the boundary conditions.:Kurzfassung Abstract List of Manuscripts Symbols and abbreviations List of Symbols List of abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and relevance 1.1.1 Scientific importance of evapotranspiration 1.1.2 Pressure of human driven changes 1.1.3 Practical importance of evapotranspiration 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 Focus on the catchment scale 1.2.2 Changes in the hydroclimatology of river catchments 1.2.3 Hydro-climate data analysis 1.3 Objectives and research questions 1.3.1 Shifting seasons in hydrology 1.3.2 Long-term annual average changes of evapotranspiration and streamflow 1.3.3 Methodological requirements 1.4 Structure of the thesis 2 Long term variability of the annual hydrological regime 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Motivation 2.1.2 Seasonal changes in hydrologic records 2.1.3 Regional climate in Saxony 2.1.4 Objective and structure 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Annual periodic signal extraction 2.2.2 The runoff ratio and its annual phase 2.2.3 Descriptive circular statistics 2.2.4 Detection of nonstationarities, trends and change points 2.3 Data 2.4.1 Estimation and variability of the timing of the runoff ratio 2.4.2 Temporal variability of the timing 2.4.3 Does temperature explain trends in seasonality of runoff ratio? 2.4.4 Trend analysis in snow dominated basins 2.4.5 Uncertainty and significance of the results 2.5 Conclusions 2.A Preparation of basin input data 2.A.1 Precipitation 2.A.2 Temperature and snow depth data 3 Evaluation of water-energy balance frameworks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theory 3.2.1 Coupled water and energy balance 3.2.2 The ecohydrologic framework for change attribution 3.2.3 Applying the climate change hypothesis to predict changes in basin evapo transpiration and streamflow 3.2.4 Derivation of climatic sensitivity using the CCUW hypothesis 3.2.5 The Budyko hypothesis and derived sensitivities 3.3 Sensitivity analysis 3.3.1 Mapping of the Budyko functions into UW space 3.3.2 Mapping CCUW into Budyko space 3.3.3 Climatic sensitivity of basin evapotranspiration and streamflow 3.3.4 Climate-vegetation feedback effects 3.4 Application: three case studies 3.4.1 Mississippi River Basin (MRB) 3.4.2 Headwaters of the Yellow River Basin (HYRB) 3.4.3 Murray-Darling River Basin (MDB) 3.5 Conclusions 3.5.1 Potentials and limitations 3.5.2 Insights on the catchment parameter 3.5.3 Validation 3.5.4 Perspectives 3.A Derivation of the climate change direction 4 Climate sensitivity of streamflow over the continental United States 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Motivation 4.1.2 Hydro-climate of the continental US 4.1.3 Aims and research questions 4.2 Methods 4.2.1 Ecohydrological concept to separate impacts of climate and basin changes 4.2.2 Streamflow change prediction based on a coupled water-energy balance framework 4.2.3 Streamflow change prediction based on the Budyko hypothesis 4.2.4 Statistical classification of potential climate and basin change impacts 4.3 Data 4.4 Results and discussion 4.4.1 Hydro-climate conditions in the US 4.4.2 Climate sensitivity of streamflow 4.4.3 Assessment of observed and predicted changes in streamflow 4.4.4 Uncertainty discussion 4.5 Conclusions 4.A Mathematical derivations for the Mezentsev function 5 Summary and conclusions 5.1 Shifting seasons in hydrology 5.1.1 Major findings 5.1.2 Socio-economic and political relevance 5.1.3 Limitations and possible directions for further research 5.2 Long-term annual changes in ET and streamflow 5.2.1 Major findings 5.2.2 Socio-economic and political relevance 5.2.3 Limitations and further research 5.3 General conclusions and outlook 5.3.1 Regional and temporal limits and validity 5.3.2 Hydrological records carry signals of climate and land use change 5.3.3 Statistical significance of past changes 5.3.4 Improvements in assessing ET 5.3.5 Remote sensing 5.3.6 Learning from the past to predict the future? Bibliography Danksagung Erklärung ; Die Verdunstung ist ein maßgeblicher Prozess innerhalb des Klimasystems der Erde, welche den Wasserkreislauf mit dem Energiehaushalt der Erde verbindet. Eine zentrale wissenschaftliche Herausforderung ist, zu verstehen, wie die regionale Wasserverfügbarkeit durch Änderungen des Klimas oder der physiographischen Eigenschaften der Landoberfläche beeinflusst wird. Mittels einer integrierten Datenanalyse von vorhandenen langjährigen Archiven hydroklimatischer Zeitreihen werden die folgenden wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen dieser Dissertation diskutiert: - Haben beobachtete Änderungen der Landoberfläche und des Klimas zu nachweisbaren, instationären hydroklimatischen Änderungen geführt? - Lassen sich die hydroklimatischen Auswirkungen von Klimaänderungen und Änderungen der Landoberfläche voneinander unterscheiden? - Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Sensitivität von Abfluss und Verdunstung auf Veränderungen der klimatischen und physiographischen Randbedingungen? Hierbei fokussiert sich die Arbeit auf Änderungen im langjährige Mittel und im Jahresgang von hydroklimatischen Variablen auf der räumlichen Skala von Flusseinzugsgebieten. Zur Untersuchung des hydrologischen Regimes wurde ein harmonischer Filter angewandt, der es erlaubt, die Eintrittszeit des Jahresgangs (Phase) zu quantifizieren. Diese klimatologische Kenngröße wurde für eine Vielzahl von Einzugsgebieten in Sachsen untersucht, wobei sich vor allem für die Gebiete in den Kammlagen des Erzgebirges signifikante Veränderungen ergaben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die signifikante Phasenverschiebung der Temperatur seit Ende der 1980er Jahre zu einer verfrühten Schneeschmelze und dadurch zu einem Rückgang des Abflusses bis in die Sommermonate hinein geführt hat. Desweiteren wurde eine modellbasierte Datenanalyse entwickelt, welche auf Massen- und Energieerhalt von Einzugsgebieten im langjährigen Mittel beruht. Das entwickelte Konzept erlaubt es, Auswirkungen von Klimaänderungen von anderen Effekten, welche z.B. durch Landnutzungsänderungen bedingt sind, abzugrenzen und zu quantifizieren. Die Ergebnisse einer Sensitivitätsanalyse dieses Konzeptes sowie die Anwendung auf einen umfangreichen hydroklimatischen Datensatz der USA zeigen: (i) Veränderungen im Wasser- oder Energiedargebot beeinflussen auch die Aufteilung der Wasser- und Energieflüsse. (ii) Die Aridität des Klimas und nachgeordnet die physiographischen Faktoren bestimmen die Sensitivität von Verdunstung und Abfluss. (iii) Beide Faktoren beeinflussen die Stärke und Richtung der Auswirkungen von physiographischen Änderungen. (iv) Anthropogene Veränderungen der Landoberfläche führten zum Teil zu stärkeren Auswirkungen als klimatisch bedingte Änderungen. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass Änderungen von Landnutzung und Klima zu Verschiebungen im Wasserhaushalt führen können und damit auch die Annahme von Stationarität verletzen. Hydroklimatische Veränderungen bieten aber auch eine Gelegenheit zum Testen von Theorien und Modellen, um somit die grundlegenden Zusammenhänge zu erkennen, welche nicht durch Änderungen der Randbedingungen hinfällig werden.:Kurzfassung Abstract List of Manuscripts Symbols and abbreviations List of Symbols List of abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and relevance 1.1.1 Scientific importance of evapotranspiration 1.1.2 Pressure of human driven changes 1.1.3 Practical importance of evapotranspiration 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 Focus on the catchment scale 1.2.2 Changes in the hydroclimatology of river catchments 1.2.3 Hydro-climate data analysis 1.3 Objectives and research questions 1.3.1 Shifting seasons in hydrology 1.3.2 Long-term annual average changes of evapotranspiration and streamflow 1.3.3 Methodological requirements 1.4 Structure of the thesis 2 Long term variability of the annual hydrological regime 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Motivation 2.1.2 Seasonal changes in hydrologic records 2.1.3 Regional climate in Saxony 2.1.4 Objective and structure 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Annual periodic signal extraction 2.2.2 The runoff ratio and its annual phase 2.2.3 Descriptive circular statistics 2.2.4 Detection of nonstationarities, trends and change points 2.3 Data 2.4.1 Estimation and variability of the timing of the runoff ratio 2.4.2 Temporal variability of the timing 2.4.3 Does temperature explain trends in seasonality of runoff ratio? 2.4.4 Trend analysis in snow dominated basins 2.4.5 Uncertainty and significance of the results 2.5 Conclusions 2.A Preparation of basin input data 2.A.1 Precipitation 2.A.2 Temperature and snow depth data 3 Evaluation of water-energy balance frameworks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theory 3.2.1 Coupled water and energy balance 3.2.2 The ecohydrologic framework for change attribution 3.2.3 Applying the climate change hypothesis to predict changes in basin evapo transpiration and streamflow 3.2.4 Derivation of climatic sensitivity using the CCUW hypothesis 3.2.5 The Budyko hypothesis and derived sensitivities 3.3 Sensitivity analysis 3.3.1 Mapping of the Budyko functions into UW space 3.3.2 Mapping CCUW into Budyko space 3.3.3 Climatic sensitivity of basin evapotranspiration and streamflow 3.3.4 Climate-vegetation feedback effects 3.4 Application: three case studies 3.4.1 Mississippi River Basin (MRB) 3.4.2 Headwaters of the Yellow River Basin (HYRB) 3.4.3 Murray-Darling River Basin (MDB) 3.5 Conclusions 3.5.1 Potentials and limitations 3.5.2 Insights on the catchment parameter 3.5.3 Validation 3.5.4 Perspectives 3.A Derivation of the climate change direction 4 Climate sensitivity of streamflow over the continental United States 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Motivation 4.1.2 Hydro-climate of the continental US 4.1.3 Aims and research questions 4.2 Methods 4.2.1 Ecohydrological concept to separate impacts of climate and basin changes 4.2.2 Streamflow change prediction based on a coupled water-energy balance framework 4.2.3 Streamflow change prediction based on the Budyko hypothesis 4.2.4 Statistical classification of potential climate and basin change impacts 4.3 Data 4.4 Results and discussion 4.4.1 Hydro-climate conditions in the US 4.4.2 Climate sensitivity of streamflow 4.4.3 Assessment of observed and predicted changes in streamflow 4.4.4 Uncertainty discussion 4.5 Conclusions 4.A Mathematical derivations for the Mezentsev function 5 Summary and conclusions 5.1 Shifting seasons in hydrology 5.1.1 Major findings 5.1.2 Socio-economic and political relevance 5.1.3 Limitations and possible directions for further research 5.2 Long-term annual changes in ET and streamflow 5.2.1 Major findings 5.2.2 Socio-economic and political relevance 5.2.3 Limitations and further research 5.3 General conclusions and outlook 5.3.1 Regional and temporal limits and validity 5.3.2 Hydrological records carry signals of climate and land use change 5.3.3 Statistical significance of past changes 5.3.4 Improvements in assessing ET 5.3.5 Remote sensing 5.3.6 Learning from the past to predict the future? Bibliography Danksagung Erklärung

Debates over foreign policy have played an unusually significant role in the intra-Republican party debate over the last year. Disagreements over aid for Ukraine were a driving force behind former Speaker of the House Kevin McCarthy's ouster from his leadership position last October. When Sen. J.D. Vance (R-Ohio) endorsed Donald Trump's 2024 presidential campaign, he cited his foreign policy record as the primary reason, and Nikki Haley has made her aggressive brand of foreign policy central to her challenge to Trump.Now, the Republican Party will undergo another meaningful transition. Mitch McConnell, who has led the Senate Republican conference since 2007, announced last week that he will step down from his long-held perch following November's elections and retire from the Senate at the end of his current term. While McConnell's decision is not explicitly about foreign policy, it is a signal that the party's views on a number of major issues, including America's role in the world, are changing."It's a body blow for the establishment, interventionist wing of the GOP," Jacob Heilbrunn, editor of The National Interest and author of two books on Republican foreign policy, tells Responsible Statecraft.To be sure, there are other elements at play. McConnell is 82. He's had a number of health events in public in recent months. A Trump return to the White House looks like a distinct possibility, and, given McConnell's apparent distaste for the former president, the Kentucky Republican may not want to contend with the pressure of working with him for another four years. Nevertheless, there are reports that McConnell is considering endorsing Trump for a second term.The majority leader, however, has said that he will serve out the rest of his term, which expires in January 2027, so the decision was not entirely informed by his personal life. "It suggests to me that some of this does have to do with the changing composition of the Senate Republican Conference," Jim Antle, executive editor of the Washington Examiner magazine, tells RS.The dynamics of that changing composition are clear: During a vote in the Senate last month on legislation that would provide foreign aid to Ukraine and Israel, 18 of the 30 Senators who were first elected before 2016 supported the bill; only four of the 19 who came to office since voted in favor.McConnell's Foreign Policy LegacyThe post-Trump years have been atypical for McConnell. During his nearly 40 years in the Senate and his 16 years as party leader — the longest such tenure in history — McConnell has rarely made foreign affairs a policy priority and has, despite criticism from conservative activists, laboriously tried to avoid inserting himself into intra-party disputes.But after his relations soured with the former president, McConnell became a symbol of the Republican old guard in Washington that was working to reverse Trump's effects on the party — with a focus on one issue in particular."Of all the ways Trump has reshaped the Republican Party, it's clear that McConnell sees the drift toward isolationism as the most pernicious — particularly at a moment when the fate of Ukraine and perhaps even NATO countries could be determined by the resolve of the Republican Party," Politico's Jonathan Martin reported last summer."I didn't really think he was that important on foreign policy until the Republican consensus on foreign policy started being challenged. And he was a leader in pushing back against those challenges," says Antle."McConnell's legacy is often considered domestic. It certainly was his area of interest," adds Curt Mills, executive director of the American Conservative. "But I think, time and again, McConnell showed himself to be essentially a kind of unreconstructed George W. Bush-style Republican on foreign policy, and really did sort of stick his neck out there as the years went on."However, McConnell's brand of conservatism, particularly on the foreign policy front, has been going out of style. It is reviled by more right-wing members of the party, and old Republican purveyors of it are aging out and retiring.The conservative House Freedom Caucus mocked the departing Senate leader after his announcement, focusing on his recent rhetoric on foreign policy. "Our thoughts are with our Democrat colleagues in the Senate on the retirement of their Co-Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (D-Ukraine)," the group posted from their account on the social media platform X.What's Next?The Senate can be a slow place to transform. Six-year terms mean that Senators are not as subject to the whims of the voter base as their counterparts in the House. The most oft-mentioned replacements for McConnell are the so-called "Three Johns" — Thune of South Dakota, Cornyn of Texas, (the third, Barrasso of Wyoming, has announced on Tuesday that he was forgoing the opportunity to replace McConnell to run for the second leadership spot instead). They are more in the mold of the current majority leader in that they have a more temperamentally conservative approach to politics, unlike some newer GOP politicians who are willing to overthrow institutional norms in Washington.Even though the Senate was a place for more establishment Republicans to have some level of power during the Trump years, Mills argues that the more "America First" wing of the party is more aware of and prepared to push for control of these levers of power. "I do think we're getting to the point now, where the Senate Leader is high profile enough that they can't be this major outlier on the policy," he tells RS. In addition, he says, anybody in the party who has national aspirations will have to advocate for some degree of foreign policy restraint.In terms of policy, the most crucial question confronting Congress is the future of aid to Ukraine. McConnell has been a strong advocate for continuing aid and, for the time being, the spending package is stuck in the House of Representatives. If the House blocks passage of the bill or passes a different version of it, the Senate GOP's position on the issue will once again be tested. The Republican conference had largely been supportive of aiding Ukraine, but the most recent bill passed with support from fewer than half of the members.Despite facing criticism from conservative activists, McConnell has rarely been on the losing side of any debates within the Republican Party during his time as leader, says Antle. Ukraine aid could prove to be a significant exception. And perhaps, given his stance on the issue, McConnell may feel that his voice is better placed elsewhere in the caucus."Maybe now he wants to play more of a Mitt Romney role. Where he's seen as this elder statesman within the party, but he has the freedom to criticize Trump," Antle tells RS. "This is me speculating. But I think it's informed speculation. He may feel that he's reached a point where herding cats in private is less important than speaking out against some of these things in public."The Trump FactorWhere the next Senate GOP leader falls on this and other related issues will depend largely on the outcome of the 2024 presidential election. Trump has reportedly already been involved in the jockeying over McConnell's successor behind-the-scenes, urging Sen. Steve Daines (R-Mont.), the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, to run. Regardless of who the leader ends up being, they will likely need to be loyal to Trump personally, but the former president may be more flexible when it comes to his policy agenda."If Trump really wanted to push somebody who was different from McConnell on foreign policy, I think he could have an impact, but I don't think that those are the kinds of considerations that he's going to make," says Antle. "But it does suggest, I think, that that wing of the Senate Republican Conference is only going to get bigger and the kinds of pressures McConnell was resisting, are going to become more difficult to resist."Heilbrunn, on the other hand, contends that if Trump is elected, the battle for Republican foreign policy will effectively be over. "The one thing he actually cares about is foreign policy," he tells RS, adding that Trump will not settle for a Senate advocating for a different approach, and will be "pushing for someone who will be subservient to him."If Trump loses, however, there will be a more contested battle over how the Republican Party may understand the country's role in the world. While Cold War-era hawks have definitely lost the power they once had within the party, they could make the case that Trump represented a short-term outlier if he loses another election.Even if Trump loses, Mills says, "I'm still pretty bullish on the restraint end of the Republican Party," because the momentum in the party's base is aligned with that movement. Foreign policy, he says, is only growing more salient for GOP primary voters.In addition, younger and more recently elected Republicans' views on foreign policy can harken back to the GOP from before the Cold War, which often opposed foreign intervention. In this telling, Cold Warriors like McConnell and the neoconservatives that populated the George W. Bush administration are actually the outliers in the party's history."I think that what Trump represents is an older and probably more durable tradition," says Heilbrunn.