Suchergebnisse

¿Cómo afrontan nuestras ciudades los retos que plantea un clima más cálido, la pérdida de biodiversidad?y un importante agotamiento de los recursos? ―Este artículo analiza las oportunidades y los beneficios de aplicar elconceptos de renaturalización y reconstrucción de ciudades. Introduce soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (NBS) enplanificación urbana que se integran con el objetivo de mejorar la resiliencia urbana y ralentizar ladisminución de la biodiversidad, que se puede aplicar en dos áreas: a través de la concepción de nuevosbarrios; y a través de la regeneración y reverdecimiento de partes existentes pero desatendidas dela ciudad, como zonas industriales abandonadas postindustriales o distritos económicamente débiles.El contacto con la naturaleza es fundamental para la existencia humana, el bienestar urbano y una buena calidad de vida. VerdeLos espacios de las ciudades, grandes o pequeñas, contribuyen a la salud y el bienestar. Sin embargo, muchas ciudades,incluso en EE. UU. y Europa, no ofrecen a los residentes fácil acceso a espacios verdes dentro de la ciudad.Mejorar un mejor acceso a los espacios verdes y ampliar los jardines y parques generará un gran númerode beneficios, como servicios ecosistémicos, mejor gestión del agua para mejorar las inundaciones urbanascontrol, ralentizando la pérdida de biodiversidad, contribuyendo a la seguridad alimentaria, con el potencial deRestaurar ecosistemas dañados. Además, los espacios verdes adicionales y las NBS ayudan a mantener frescas las ciudadesdurante las olas de calor y mejorar el microclima urbano.Como la mayoría de nuestras ciudades siguen creciendo y calentándose, la magnitud del problema es significativa. Por ejemplo, enEn 2020, las ciudades de la Unión Europea albergaron a más del 70 por ciento de la población europea, y estaSe espera que la cifra aumente a más del 80 por ciento a mediados de siglo. Esto se traduce en 36millones de nuevos ciudadanos urbanos en Europa solo para 2050, que necesitarán vivienda, empleo, atención médicay acceso a espacios verdes (datos: UE-Comisión, 2018).En este contexto, las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y la reverdecimiento pueden generar importantes beneficios para los ciudadanos.mejorar la salud y el bienestar urbanos, y ofrecer la oportunidad de desplegar la naturaleza de forma eficaz enayudar a resolver los principales desafíos sociales, como la inclusión social, la seguridad alimentaria y el riesgo de desastresreducción. Sin embargo, como muestra la discusión de este artículo, es esencial que el diseño de NBS seatotalmente integrado con otras intervenciones de planificación complementarias y busca sinergias en todossectores. ; How are our cities confronting the challenges posed by a warming climate, the loss of biodiversity and major resource depletion? ―This article discusses the opportunities and benefits of applying the concepts of renaturalisiation and rewilding of cities. It introduces Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in urban planning that are integrated with the aim to enhance urban resilience and to slow down the biodiversity decline, which can be applied in two areas: through the conception of new green neighbourhoods; and through the regeneration and re-greening of existing but neglected parts of the city, such as postindustrial brownfields or economically weak districts. Contact to nature is essential for human existence, urban wellbeing and a good quality of life. Green spaces in cities –big or small– all contribute to health and wellbeing. However, many cities, including in the U.S. and in Europe, do not offer residents easy access to green space within the city. Improving better access to green spaces and extending gardens and parks will deliver a large number of benefits, such as ecosystem services, better water management for enhanced urban flood control, slowing down the biodiversity loss, contributing to food security, with the potential to restore damaged ecosystems. Furthermore, additional green space and NBS help to keep cities cool during heatwaves and improve the urban microclimate. As most of our cities keep growing and warming, the scale of the issue is significant. For example, in 2020, cities in the European Union were home to over 70 percent of Europe's population, and this figure is expected to increase to over 80 percent by the middle of the century. This translates to 36 million new urban citizens in Europe by 2050 alone, who will need housing, employment, health care and access to green spaces (EU-Commission, 2018). In this context, nature-based solutions and re-greening can generate significant benefits for citizens, improve urban health and well-being, and offer an opportunity to effectively deploy nature in helping to resolve major societal challenges ―such as social inclusion, food security and disaster risk reduction. However, as the discussion of this article shows, it is essential that the design of NBS is fully integrated with other complementary planning interventions and seeks synergies across all sectors.

This dissertation proposes a study, from a critical and diachronic perspective, of the Xiandai hanyu cidian 现代汉语词典 (hereinafter XHC), a monolingual dictionary of standard modern Chinese (putonghua 普通话) which plays a central role within the lexicographical field of the People's Republic of China. The compilation of the dictionary is entrusted to the Institute of Linguistics belonging to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and, since its foundation in 1977, to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which are both research institutions placed under direct control of the State Council. Officially published for the first time in 1978, and now in its seventh edition (2016), the XHC was conceived by the political leadership as a tool for promoting the standardisation and the popularisation of the common language, within the broader project for language reform in the 1950s. This research adopts the theoretical framework of critical lexicography, and it is based on the premise that a dictionary can be analysed as a form of discourse and, specifically, as a form of lexicographical discourse, which is also to be understood as being historically specific (Benson 2001). According to this perspective, the contents of language dictionaries and, therefore, their lexicographical discourse, should be considered in relation to the extra-textual reality where their compilation and their fruition take place. They can be seen both as products of their extra-textual reality and as tools playing an active role in the reception, construction, and consolidation, as well as in the dissemination of those meanings that are considered as correct and acceptable by the dominant ideology (Fairclough 1989; Fishman 1995; Hornscheidt 2008, Rodríguez Barcia 2012). The objective of the analysis is to verify whether and to what extent the lexicographical discourse constructed by the XHC reflects and interacts with its extra-textual, ideological, and, therefore, political and social context. The research intends to fill a gap in the critical literature on this dictionary, in which the studies investigating the relationship between lexicographical discourse and ideological elements are, at the present day, still very limited (Lee 2014; Hu H., Hai X. and Hao J. 2019). This dissertation is divided into two main parts: the first consists of the first, the second and the third chapters and the second includes the fourth and the fifth chapters. The first chapter centres upon the definition of the theoretical framework of the study and, specifically, on the relationship between language and ideology, as well as between lexicography and ideology. The second chapter aims firstly at reconstructing the history of the XHC and, subsequently, describing its formal and lexicographical features. The third chapter is dedicated to an evaluation of the state of the art of the research on the dictionary. The fourth chapter presents the methodology constructed and followed for the selection of the dictionary entries taken into analysis. The selection has been carried out through the use of the software AntConc for the analysis of a corpus specifically built for this study. This corpus comprises reports on the work of the government, usually presented to the National People's Congress by the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China, and reports presented by political leaders to the National Congress of the Chinese Communist party (1964-2017). The analysis and the selection of the words (and, therefore, of the dictionary entries) from the political corpus was guided by the definition of both qualitative criteria (morphological and semantic features) and quantitative criteria (number of occurrences). Finally, the fifth chapter is devoted to the analysis, in a critical, ideological, and diachronic perspective, of the definitions of the selected entries, which were collected through the consultation of successive editions of the XHC. More precisely, the case study examines all the editions of the dictionary, from the first to the seventh (1978, 1983, 1996, 2002, 2005, 2012, 2016), together with the so-called 'trial edition' (shiyongben 试用本), printed in 1973, and the 'supplement edition' (bubian 补编) published in 1989. A specific section is dedicated to each entry, discussing both the nature of the definitions, including the lexicographical examples, and their evolution in a diachronic perspective, thus evaluating the ways in which the definitions construct the meaning of each entry in relation to the ideological, political, and social context of the dictionary. The final part of the dissertation provides some concluding remarks that retrace the results of the critical analysis. The closing section mainly discusses how the lexicographical discourse defined by the selected entries of the XHC interacts with its context of compilation and the degree to which it reflects the official formulations and meanings of the Chinese leadership regarding some specific concepts. Finally, a broader discussion about the critical approach adopted for this research will also be offered.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Number of sources in the bibliography: 251 ; Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Department of Psychology, 2019. ; The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. ; Σε έναν κόσμο που γίνεται ολοένα και πιο ποικιλόμορφος και παγκοσμιοποιημένος, οι ταχείες κοινωνικές και πολιτικές μεταμορφώσεις οδηγούν στην ανάγκη καλύτερης κατανόησης της αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ ομάδων ανθρώπων. Ορισμένες μορφές διομαδικών συσχετίσεων, όπως η διομαδική αρνητική προκατάληψη και οι μεροληψίες, παρουσιάζουν ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον, καθώς ενδέχεται να οδηγήσουν σε βίαιες συγκρούσεις και διαχωρισμό με βάση την ιδιότητα μέλους εθνικής ομάδας. Στο πλαίσιο αυτής της μελέτης η συναισθηματική διάσταση της προκατάληψης εξετάζεται μέσω πολλαπλών δεικτών. Συγκεκριμένα, μετρήσαμε την ενεργοποίηση του αυτόνομου νευρικού συστήματος (ενδεικτικό του συναισθήματος προτού επέλθει στη συνείδηση) μετά την δημιουργία συνθηκών ταύτισης με την ένδο-ομάδα με την έκθεση των ελληνοκύπριων συμμετεχόντων σε υποτιθέμενους Τουρκοκύπριους απεικονισμένοι σε οθόνη σε μορφή φωτογραφιών, και υποτιθέμενους Ισπανούς (ομάδα ελέγχου) επίσης απεικονισμένοι με τον ίδιο τρόπο. Μέσα από αυτή τη μελέτη εξετάσαμε πώς η προ-συνειδητή προκατάληψη, υπό τη μορφή διομαδικού άγχους, ξεδιπλώνεται σε ένα απλό πειραματικό μοντέλο προβολής εικόνων, το οποίο είναι ένας τύπος επαφής παρόμοιας με την έκθεση, λαμβάνοντας παράλληλα υπόψη τους σχετικούς με την Κύπρο παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με το συγκεκριμένο πλαίσιο. Επιπρόσθετα, εξετάσαμε κατά πόσον η επαφή μεταξύ των δύο κύριων εθνικών ομάδων στην Κύπρο, οι οποίες διαχωρίστηκαν ιστορικά και πολιτικά κατά μήκος των φυσικών γραμμών, επηρέασε το διομαδικό άγχος στις διάφορες πειραματικές συνθήκες. Τέλος, εξετάσαμε μια σειρά άλλων εμπειρικά προερχόμενων ατομικών μεταβλητών σε σχέση με την διομαδική προκατάληψη, όπως η προσωπικότητα και οι πολιτικές πεποιθήσεις, και κατά πόσο το διομαδικό άγχος μεσολαβεί στην επίδρασή τους στην διομαδική επαφή και στις αρνητικές στάσεις απέναντι στην εξω-ομάδα. Τα ευρήματα μας υποδεικνύουν ότι υπήρχαν διαφορές στην αυτόνομη ανταπόκριση μεταξύ πειραματικών συνθηκών με βάση την επαγωγή που έλαβαν, με την ομάδα που πίστευε ότι είδε εικόνες Τουρκοκύπριων να επιδεικνύουν την υψηλότερη αμυντική αυτόνομη αντιδραστικότητα. Η επαφή μεταξύ ομάδων εξάλειψε τις διαφορές στην μεταξύ συνθηκών στην μέτρηση της αγωγιμότητα του δέρματος αλλά όχι στην μέτρηση του αιφνιδιασμού. Τέλος, το αυτό-αναφερόμενο διομαδικό άγχος δεν είχε επίδραση διαμεσολάβησης μεταξύ των μεταβλητών που εξετάστηκαν, αλλά ήταν επιτυχής μόνο στην πλήρη μεσολάβηση της επίδρασης της συμπονετικής ανησυχίας στις αρνητικές στάσεις απέναντί στην εξω-ομάδα Τα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων μας για το φύλο δείχνουν ότι το φύλο των ερεθισμάτων (εικόνες) διαδραμάτισε σημαντικό ρόλο στην αλλαγή των αντιδράσεων, ενώ το φύλο των συμμετεχόντων δεν είχε αξιοσημείωτο αντίκτυπο. ; In a world that is quickly becoming increasingly diverse and global, rapid social and political transformations mean that a better understanding of interaction between identified groups of people (intergroup relations) becomes crucial. Certain types of intergroup relations, such as intergroup bias and prejudice, are of particular interest, as they may lead to violent conflict and segregation. Within the context of this study the affective dimension of prejudice is examined through multiple indices. Particularly we measured activation of the autonomous nervous system (indicative of preconscious emotion) after eliciting maximal social identity saliency by exposing Greek Cypriot participants (ingroup) to contact with supposed Turkish Cypriots (outgroup) and supposed Spaniards (control group) in a picture viewing paradigm. Through this study we examined how preconscious prejudice in the form of intergroup anxiety unfolds in a simple experimental picture viewing paradigm, which is a type of contact akin to exposure, while keeping in mind contextual factors that are relevant to Cyprus (i.e. no physical cues of difference between ingroup and outgroup faces) and relevant in general (i.e. gender). In addition, we examined whether intergroup contact between the two major ethnic groups in Cyprus, who have been historically and politically segregated along physical lines, altered group differences in intergroup anxiety. Finally, we examined a host of other empirically derived individual difference variables in relation to prejudice, such as personality and political attitudes, and the capacity of self-reported intergroup anxiety to mediate their effect on intergroup contact and negative outgroup attitudes. Our results indicate that there were differences in autonomous responding between groups based on the induction they received, with the group who believe they were witnessing pictures of Turkish Cypriots eliciting the highest defensive reactivity in the form of skin conductance and startle potentiation. Intergroup contact eliminated differences in group responding on skin conductance but not startle reactivity. And finally, self-reported intergroup anxiety did not have a cross-cutting mediation effect between the variables examined, rather, it was only successful in fully mediating the effect of empathic concern on negative outgroup attitudes. The results of our analyses on gender indicate that the sex of stimulus played a large role in altering responses, whereas gender of participants did not have a noteworthy impact.

Este trabajo es resultado del proyecto de investigación "Historia de los partidos políticos en el Estado de México", impulsado por el Comité Académico del Instituto Electoral del Estado de México (IEEM), en colaboración con la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM). El objetivo central del proyecto fue examinar el desarrollo y funcionamiento electoral de los partidos políticos en el Estado de México a lo largo del siglo XX y lo que va del XXI. Estudiar a los partidos políticos en el Estado de México entre 1913 y 2017 supuso un desafío metodológico significativo. En primer lugar, porque la naturaleza de las organizaciones partidistas ha ido variando a lo largo de estos más de 100 años. Por ejemplo, pasada la primera década del siglo xx surgieron partidos de tipo coyuntural y otros de carácter más permanente, así como algunos de tipo personalista frente a otros con mayor nivel de estructuración territorial e ideológica. En segundo lugar, cambió el contexto político electoral en relación con el nivel de fragmentación política y social y con el grado de apertura del régimen político, en los ámbitos tanto nacional como subnacional. Con el propósito de resolver este desafío, el trabajo de investigación se dividió en cuatro periodos históricos: de 1913 a 1941, de 1942 a 1974, de 1975 a 1990 y de 1990 a 2017. El criterio clave fue el contexto político electoral que caracterizó cada una de estas etapas. Así, el primer periodo inicialmente tiene como singularidad la inestabilidad política y partidista posrevolucionaria; luego, a partir de 1921, se identifica por el predominio político-electoraldel PST, encabezado por los hermanos Filiberto y Abundio Gómez. El segundo periodo, de 1942 a 1974, se caracterizó por el control del pri de todas las candidaturas: para gobernador, diputados locales y presidencias municipales, así como por la conducción hegemónica del pri del proceso electoral de los gobiernos estatal y municipales, de forma que no existieron las condiciones políticas ni institucionales para que algún partido de oposición pudiese ganar algún espacio en el Congreso local o en los ayuntamientos. El tercer periodo, que va de 1975 a 1990, tiene como principal eje analítico el proceso de liberalización política del régimen con la introducción de la representación proporcional en las leyes electorales del Estado México y, por tanto, el acceso de la oposición al Congreso estatal a través, primero, de los diputados de partido y, posteriormente, de los llamados plurinominales. Asimismo, destaca por el desarrollo inicial de los partidos de oposición en los procesos electorales municipales, es decir, por el surgimiento de las bases institucionales que dieron pie a la pluralidad partidista en el Estado de México. El cuarto y último periodo, que abarca de 1990 a 2017, tiene como premisa analítica el punto de partida de la armonización de la normatividad electoral del Estado de México con la gran reforma política de 1989, que dio lugar a la creación del Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE), el cual limitó gradualmente la sobrerrepresentación legislativa del partido ganador y flexibilizó las reglas para la creación de nuevas fuerzas políticas. Una vez consensuados los periodos, se crearon cuatro equipos de investigación, los cuales fueron conformados por investigadores del área de ciencias políticas de tres instituciones de educación superior: FES Acatlán de la UNAM, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM) y de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la UAEM. La división de los periodos en cuatro equipos de trabajo permitió a cada uno de ellos indagar los archivos que podrían consultar, determinar la disponibilidad de la información, el acceso abierto o restringido a los documentos ubicados en dependencias públicas. En consecuencia, los obstáculos administrativos para acceder a archivos históricos de carácter oficial no fueron un factor para entorpecer la investigación del resto de los equipos. Asimismo, esta forma de dividir las tareas de investigación permitió que cada equipo definiera, a partir de la información encontrada y del contexto político histórico correspondiente, la teoría que mejor explicaba su respectivo periodo. En este sentido, explicar teóricamente cada periodo se convirtió en uno de los objetivos fundamentales de los diferentes equipos de trabajo, ya que no sólo se trataba de dar seguimiento a la historia de los partidos políticos en el Estado de México, sino que el fin era ofrecer una explicación analítica del contexto y de los hallazgos de la investigación. ; Instituto Electoral del Estado de México (IEEM)

In recent decades, organizational scholars have set out to explore the processual character of organizations. They have investigated both the overtly ephemeral and sometimes dramatically unstable aspects of contemporary organizing and the social flux and flow of everyday organizing hiding beneath organizations' stable surface appearances. These studies manifest a range of different approaches and methods. In this chapter, we evaluate the use and usefulness of one of these – ethnography – for studying organizational processes. As ethnographers draw close enough to observe the precariousness of such processes, stay long enough to see change occurring, and are contextually sensitive enough to understand the twists and turns that are part of organizational life, ethnography is well suited for such study. Ethnographers are commonly aware that '… incremental shifts and repositioning are the rule, not the exception, in organizational life' (Morrill and Fine, 1997: 434). 'By virtue of its situated, unfolding, and temporal nature', then, as Jarzabkowski et al. (2014: 282) put it, ethnography 'is revelatory of processual dynamics'. Ethnography or, to emphasize the processual nature of doing ethnography itself, ethnographying (Tota, 2004; de Jong, Kamsteeg, and Ybema, 2013), typically means three things: (i) doing research (fieldwork), (ii) understanding the world with an orientation towards sensemaking (sensework), and (iii) articulating and presenting those understandings (textwork). The first of these refers to research done through prolonged and intensive engagement with the research setting and its actors, combining different fieldwork methods (observing, with whatever degree of participating; talking to people, including interviewing; and/or the close reading of researchrelevant documents). Second, ethnography embraces a sensibility towards meaning and meaning-making processes, and this shapes the ways its observations and interpretations are carried out. Third, ethnographic analyses are commonly presented through a written text presenting data that give voice to the minutiae of everyday life, in their social, political, and historical contexts, thereby conveying to readers a sense of 'being there'. This fieldwork, sensework, textwork trio may remind one of other treatments of field research methods (e.g., fieldwork, headwork, and textwork in Van Maanen, 1988; 2011; fieldwork, deskwork, and textwork in Yanow, 2000), which Wilkinson (2014) supplements with preparatory legwork. We replace the middle term with 'sensework' to encompass a broader range of analytic activity that is sensitive towards organizational actors' meaning making, the complexities of the everyday, and the tacitly known and/or concealed dimensions of organizational life. More is involved, in our view, than just the 'headwork' of theory-informed interpretation and distanced analysis. Although previous work has typically not made a process focus explicit, the history of organizational studies shows ethnographic research being sensitive to a key feature of organizing processes unfolding over time: the intersubjective processes of 'social reality' construction. Ethnography has commonly required a prolonged period of researcher immersion in the research setting in which fieldwork is being carried out. This has inspired many influential organizational studies, both in the discipline's early days and in more recent years (Fine, Morrill and Surianarain, 2009; Ybema, Yanow, et al., 2009; Yanow, 2013). Earlier studies delved into the dynamics of, for instance, bureaucratic control and resistance (e.g., Selznick, 1949; Blau, 1955; Kaufman, 1960; Roy, 1960; Crozier, 1964; Kunda, 1992), organizational performances and dramatics (Goffman, 1959), and the unofficial workarounds brought into play through processes of power struggles and local meaning making of labour relations (Dalton, 1959). Some of these studies also covered longer-term developments, such as Gouldner's follow-up account of worker–management relationships in a gypsum mine (Gouldner, 1954). Although these studies show that an ethnographic approach is well equipped for doing process analyses, processes themselves were not often their explicit concern. More recent ethnographic studies, however, have taken a more explicit 'process turn', focusing on the instability and dynamics of organizational life on the ground (e.g., Feldman, 2000; Jay, 2013; Lok and de Rond, 2013). We begin this chapter with a sketch of studying organizational processes which provides the conceptual footing to argue for the relevance of ethnographying for this kind of study. To bring the processual qualities of ethnographic work into sharp focus, ethnography can be seen as 'following' actors, interactions, and artefacts over time and space. Ethnographers go along with actors, interactions, and artefacts on the move or stay in one place observing things that move around them. Next, we explain in more detail what ethnographic fieldwork, sensework, and textwork entail, and how these relate to process. We discuss two different foci in process analysis – long-term developments and microdynamics – and present two recent examples of ethnographic work which illustrate what ethnography can do for the study of process. We conclude with a few suggestions as to how ethnographers could become more processsensitive in their field-, sense-, and textwork. That is, although ethnography has something to contribute to process studies, ethnographers could themselves learn from taking the issues engaged in this handbook into consideration.

As a result of the antiterrorist operation in our state, there arose the necessity of analysis of influence of processes related to the forced displacement of citizens of Ukraine and increasing crimes in our State. One of the topical problems in modern criminology is the analysis of the relationship between the growth of number of crimes and the phenomenon of internal displacement or, on the contrary, evidence of lack of such communication. At least, it is important to establish the causes of crime internally displaced persons.The problems of studying crimes, committed by internally displaced persons are only beginning to feel the scientists. In particular, the first development of such perspectives available to scholars are such, as V. S. Batergareieva.The aim of the article is the actual definition, according to the author, perspectives on the recent trends of development of science of criminology in Ukraine, in particular, in the study of crimes, committed by internally displaced persons.According to the Unified report on criminal offences of the Prosecutor General's office of Ukraine for January-December 2015 posted: 8 224 murders, 73, acts of torture, 273 756 burglaries, 22, 108 robberies, 7 409 of the acts related to illegal handling of weapons, fighting supplies or explosives. In comparison with the statistics for January-December 2013 and 2014, we have an increasing number of thefts, torture, illegal behaviors with the weapon, fighting supplies or explosives. One of the reasons for the rising number of such crimes may be the phenomenon of internal displacement in Ukraine due to anti-terrorist operations and the occupation of the Crimea. The reasons for the increase in the number of crimes may have such a background phenomenon as: lack of work for internally displaced persons; the lack of adequate housing and living conditions; the stress of adaptation to new realities and the loss of established way of life; the lack of financial support from the state; the lack of quality in social services; increased tension, conflicts between the local population and internally displaced persons. In addition, account should be taken of such factors that lead to such situations as: growing psychological tension, social disorganization, discomfort of living conditions, diverse regional cultures and subcultures, opposing political views and the like.According to the office of the UN high Commissioner for refugees and the State migration service of Ukraine, most internally displaced persons settled in the areas close to their homes, in particular, on the territories of Donetsk and Lugansk regions under the control of the Ukraine.The numerous complaints about the crudity of a policy of Ukrainian officials at the expense of creation of conditions of adaptation of internally displaced persons in new locations. As a result, internally displaced persons do not feel confidence in the future, they cover a disappointment due to the lack of assistance from the state. There are many internally displaced persons, which, again, made the decision to return to occupied territory. However, to determine their exact number is difficult, because many internally displaced persons were not registered, their migration has circular or latent character.Conclusions of the research. 1) as of August 14, 2015 at peaceful part of the territory of Ukraine has moved about 1 438 000 persons – internally displaced persons; 2) the economic, political, social and military situation in the state is ever more complex. Internally displaced persons are very difficult to adapt to the conditions that arose in their lives. Due to the lack of substantial assistance to such persons by the state, the majority of such persons are left alone with their problems. At the same time, official statistics show the growth of homicides doubled, the increase in the number of beatings, the increase in the number of robberies, illegal firearms trafficking on the territory of Ukraine, in which terrorism flourishes. Besides actively committed crimes against principles of national safety. All this indicates the need for studies of the interdependence between the increase in the number of crimes committed on the peaceful territory of Ukraine and the phenomenon of internal displacement ; В статье с позиции криминологической науки раскрывается актуальность проб лематики соотношения увеличения количества совершенных в последние годы в Украине преступлений с процессами внутреннего перемещения лиц вследствие проведения антитеррористической операции на востоке страны и оккупации Автономной Республики Крым. Приводятся аргументы в пользу возможной связи между этими явлениями. ; У статті з позиції кримінологічної науки розкривається актуальність проб­лематики співвідношення збільшення кількості скоєних за останні роки в Україні злочинів з процесами внутрішнього переміщення осіб внаслідок проведення анти­терористичної операції на сході країни та окупації Автономної Республіки Крим. Наводяться аргументи на користь можливого зв'язку між цими явищами.

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, environmental degradation has become a major threat to the wellbeing of mankind and the environment. Despite concerted efforts by governments around the world, deteriorating environmental condition remains a major problem for the global community. While environmental issues have been studied from a wide range of perspectives, from scientific to health and wellbeing, however, there is scarce literature on the role of religion on the corporate environmental management and practice. Islam, one of the major religions of the global community has clearly articulated in the Quran and the Hadith that protection of the environment is a sacred duty before Allah. Islam emphasizes the relationship between humans and other elements of the environment, apart from individual obligation to perform rituals to Allah. However, despite the call for mankind to protect the environment under the Shariah, the environmental condition in Islam dominated countries suggests that mankind has neglected the duty to give due attention and care to the environment. This study explores the gap between Islam's call to protect the environment and the actual corporate practice within Islam dominated countries. Malaysia, the chosen context of the study, is a multiracial society with Islam as a dominant religion. The Islamic influence among the majority of its population (Malays) is very significant to the extent that Islamic rituals are practiced as an integral part of the Malay ethnic culture. Islam also influences other aspects of the Malaysian setting, including economy and politics. However, deterioration of the environment in Malaysia over the past three decades, suggests that Malaysia has a poor record of protecting and preserving its natural environment and habitat. Much of the environmental degradation can be traced to the rapid industrialization of the economy since the 1980s. This study examines the environmental perception and practices of managers of the Shariah-compliant public listed firms in Malaysia. The primary objective of the study is to assess whether managers' personal beliefs influence their perception on corporate environmentalism. In this study, a sample of respondents from the firms was chosen, covering three hierarchical levels of managers - top, medium and operational. These managers were selected as they have the capacity and capability to influence corporate environmental practices of the firms. In this thesis, the social constructivist epistemology, symbolic interactionism and grounded theory method were used as the research design. The chosen research design allows for the development of new theory on factors influencing managers' perception and actual practice of corporate environmentalism in a country where Islam is the main religion. The findings reveal that managers' perspective is not influenced by Islamic theology or Shariah principles, but by secular worldview of environmental best practices and regulations. The component of trust among firms as proposed by the Shariah is almost non-existent. Secular regulation requirements were found to have strong coercive, mimetic and normative isomorphic pressures for firms to engage in corporate environmentalism to gain legitimacy. The study contributes to the corporate environmentalism literature from the perspective of Islam. Findings of the study reveal that Islamic religious authorities in Malaysia have failed to incorporate economic and social changes based on Shariah principles pertaining to environmental protection. Islamic environmental theology has not been translated into tangible rules, tracking mechanism, enforcement and punitive measure for violators of environmental rules. The absence of an effective Islamic environmental regulatory system is due to the traditionalist stance adopted by religious institutions in charge of Islamic affairs in Malaysia. Many of these institutions did not incorporate socioeconomic changes that have taken place over time and thus resulted in the preservation of environmental belief and practices from earlier generations who lived in an era whereby environment was not a major concern for the society. Lack of an effective Islamic environmental regulatory system, has resulted in firms relying on secular legislations for adherence to environmental protection and control. This will lead to firms meeting minimum standards for environmental protection as stipulated by regulators and that the environmental practice is not holistic, natural and sustainable over a longer period of time. In view of the findings, a new Shariah Environmental Framework that incorporates the non-material and spiritual dimensions of social reality is proposed to give support to corporate environmental initiatives in Malaysia. This includes ensuring the new framework is able to adapt to structural changes in the economic system and that the economic activities do not adversely impact the environment. In this context, fatwa, enforcement and punitive measures on environmental care and offences from an Islamic perspective should be developed, implemented and continually reviewed to ensure corporate Malaysia is not only at the fore-front of environmental protection and preservation in Malaysia, but also contribute to global best practices on environmental management.

У статті викладено результати дослідження специфіки використання українських прислів'їв і приказок упродовж когнітивно-поведінкової терапії тривожних розладів. Основну увагу сконцентровано на обсесивно-компульсивному розладі та соціальній фобії. Визначено провідні етапи когнітивно-поведінкової терапії цих розладів та окреслено план самотерапії після завершення співпраці клієнта і психолога. Виявлено специфіку тривожних розладів українців на сучасному етапі з урахуванням політичної, економічної, соціальної нестабільності в державі. Ця специфіка представлена хронічним посттравматичним стресовим розладом із коморбідністю депресії, алкогольної і наркотичної залежності, інтолерантності до невизначеності, порушення інтерперсональних стосунків. Визначено особливості та причини поширення гіперактивного розладу з дефіцитом уваги дітей, які проживають в Україні. Відповідно до цілей терапії та самотерапії запропоновано і проінтерпретовано низку українських прислів'їв і приказок як психолінгвістичний ресурс ефективного терапевтичного втручання. Установлено, що українські прислів'я і приказки – це фольклорне надбання народу, яке відображає основні архетипи колективного несвідомого, що передаються із покоління у покоління, а відтак є близькими і зрозумілими для індивідуальної психіки. У них часто відображено моделі поведінки, які є доцільними в різних життєвих ситуаціях, для досягнення успіху і подолання різних перешкод – страхів, абсентеїзму, лінощів тощо. Основні терапевтичні цілі використання українських прислів'їв і приказок: установлення терапевтичного стосунку між терапевтом і клієнтом; психоедукація; пояснення конкретних технік та підвищення ефективності їхнього використання. Аналіз результатів дослідження в експериментальній (10 осіб) і контрольній (10 осіб) групах засвідчує, що використання прислів'їв і приказок доцільне в межах когнітивно-поведінкової терапії, оскільки їх розуміння потребує когнітивного реконструювання (робота над дисфункційними припущеннями і глибинними переконаннями), а також слугує дороговказом для певної поведінки (експозиції).Ключові слова: тривожні розлади, українські прислів'я і приказки, психолінгвістичний ресурс, архетипи, когнітивно-поведінкова терапія.Zasiekina L. V. Ukrainian Proverbs and Sayings as Psycholinguistic Re- source of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy of Anxiety Disorders. The results of study of Ukrainian proverbs and sayings as psycholinguistic resource of cognitive and behavioral therapy of anxiety disorders are highlighted in the article. The main attention is focused on obsessive and compulsive disorder and social phobia. The specifics of anxiety disorders among Ukrainians under circumstances of political, economic, social instability are revealed. The specifics are represented by chronic posttraumatic disorder with comorbidity of ambiguity intolerance, alcoholic and drug dependence, depression, interpersonal relations etc. The peculiarities of ADHD among Ukrainian children are analyzed. Ukrainian proverbs and sayings were illustrated and interpreted correspondently to the main goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-therapy. Ukrainian proverbs and sayings are treated as psycholin- guistic resource of cognitive and behavioral therapy considering some ideas. Firstly, they are folk heritage of Ukrainians, which contains the archetypes of many Ukrai- nian generations and corresponds to the individual cognition. Secondly, Ukrainian proverbs and sayings represent «road map» and serves as guidelines for Ukrainians' behavior in concrete social situations (recovering fear, insensibility, apathy). The main goals of Ukrainian proverbs and sayings while cognitive and behavioral therapy are establishing therapeutic relationships, installation of hope, psychoeducation, and presentation of concrete techniques and increasing their effectiveness. The results of the study of control group (n = 10) and experimental group (n = 10) show that appli- cation of Ukrainian proverbs and sayings is effectual, since their interpretation can transform dysfunctional believes and thoughts and serves as effective guidelines for individual behavior.Keywords: anxiety disorders, Ukrainian proverbs and sayings, psycholinguistic resource, archetypes, cognitive and behavioral therapy.Засекина Л. В. Украинские пословицы и поговорки как психолингвистический ресурс когнитивно-поведенческой терапии тревожных расстройств. В статье изложены результаты исследования применения украинских пословиц и поговорок как психолингвистический ресурс когнитивно-поведенческой терапии тревожных расстройств. Основное внимание концентрируется на двух расстройствах – обсессивно-компульсивном расстройстве и социальной фобии. Определена специфика тревожных расстройств лиц в современных условиях политической, экономической, социальной нестабильности в государстве. В частности выделены особенности хронического посттравматического стрессового расстройства с коморбидностью депрессии, интолерантности к неопределенности, алкогольной и наркотической зависимости, нарушения интерперсональных отношений. Определены особенности и причины распространения гиперактивного расстройства и дефицита внимания у детей в Украине. Установлено, что украинские пословицы и поговорки – это фольклорное приобретение народа, отображающее основные архетипы коллективного бессознательного и передающееся из поколения в поколения. Таким образом, архетипы близки и понятны индивидуальной психике. Кроме того, в пословицах и поговорках отображаются основные модели поведения, являющиеся целесообразными в конкретных социальных ситуациях совладания страхом, ленью, абсентеизмом и т. д. Основные терапевтические цели использования украинских пословиц и поговорок: установление доверительных терапевтических отношений, инсталляция надежды, психоэдукация представленного случая, объяснение конкретных техник и повышение эффективности их использования. Согласно основным целям терапии и самотерапии предложены и проинтерпретированы украинские пословицы и поговорки как психолингвистический ресурс эффективного терапевтического влияния. Результаты исследования в экспериментальной (10 человек) и контрольной (10 человек) группах показали, что использование украинских пословиц и поговорок является целесообразным на протяжении когнитивно- поведенческой терапии, поскольку их понимание требует когнитивной реконструкции (работа с дисфункциональными предположениями и глубинными убеждениями), а также является ориентиром для конкретного поведения (экспозиции).Ключевые слова: тревожные расстройства, украинские пословицы и поговорки, психолингвистический ресурс, архетипы, когнитивно-поведенческая терапия.

United Kingdom (UK) health policy over the past thirty years has been predicated on a partnership model focusing on empowering service users to be fully involved in their care. Within maternity care partnership relationships have been conceptualised as empowering women to have continuity, choice and control (Department of Health (DoH), 1993), within a relationship of personal autonomy between the woman and her carers. In this study I sought to identify the extent to which the Government agenda for partnership working and choice is realised or desired by women during pregnancy and childbirth. In addition, I wanted to examine the level of alignment between the views of midwives with that of women accessing the maternity services. This study took a qualitative approach, drawing on the principles of grounded theory. In the first phase of the study a purposive sample of sixteen pregnant women were recruited and invited to complete a diary and to take part in two interviews. Women maintained diary entries following appointments with the midwife during pregnancy and childbirth. Semi–structured interviews were undertaken at 36 weeks of pregnancy and four weeks after the birth, based on the diary entries. In the second phase, four focus groups were undertaken with two groups of community midwives and birth centre midwives from two National Health Service (NHS) Trusts. Quotes from the diary-interviews from phase one were utilised to develop three vignettes which acted as a prompt during the focus group interviews. Following a thematic analysis of the data, I analysed women's views on partnership working and choice. Most women in this study did not feel that they developed a partnership relationship with the midwife. This was associated with a lack of continuity of care and insufficient time to engage in meaningful discussion in an environment which was not conducive to shared decision making. Women described wide variations on the midwives role in supporting decision making. This ranged from decisions being dictated to midwives guiding choices and for some women, being facilitated to make informed choices. Many women described input of family and friends and widespread use of the internet as an information source. Women depicted their antenatal midwifery care as medicalised and felt that whilst their bio-medical needs were met their psycho-social and emotional needs were not. Women described the visits frequently as 'in and out' or 'ticking the boxes' to describe this approach to care. A small number of women (n=5) did experience a partnership relationship. Three of these women knew the midwife from a previous pregnancy; the remaining two women attended a midwifery led unit for all of their care. In relation to the choice agenda, most of the women who participated in this study were not aware that they had a choice about who provided their care or where they would have their care. The midwife focus groups concurred with the women's findings and suggested that a lack of time was a significant factor hindering the formation of a partnership relationship. Midwives felt that this was exacerbated by the paperwork they were required to complete in order to audit care and meet the 'payment by results' agenda (DoH, 2003b). During the focus groups midwives identified strategies which could be implemented to enhance midwifery led care, including offering antenatal care to small groups of women and undertaking an antenatal home visit towards the end of pregnancy, to provide women with the time to discuss any issues that they wanted to explore in more depth. The findings from this study contribute to the current body of knowledge on midwifery led care particularly in providing the women's perspective on partnership working. Women want to experience midwifery care that meets their psycho-social needs as well as bio-medical needs through a model of care that provides continuity. In contrast to previous research findings, the women in this study described community based care as mechanistic, clinically focused and time bound, more in line with an obstetric model of care than a midwifery model. However, midwifery led care offered within a birth centre was perceived by women as providing a more holistic, social model of care. Whilst continuity of care is not a new concept, what this study contributes is that despite successive administrations supporting partnership working and informed choice over the past twenty years, most of the women in this study did not experience this level of care. The findings from this study resulted in the development of a midwifery partnership model as a theoretical framework that could be utilised in future research studies to evaluate the extent to which a partnership relationship exists within a range of midwifery care settings.

The rock dug graves are one of the few archaeological signs of the early medieval rural landscape in the central part of Iberia. This paper studies the evidence of that kind of tombs in a wide region, the central-western Iberian Peninsula, with an special focus in two specific areas, the territories of Ciudad Rodrigo and Sierra de Ávila. The role of the graves as spatial markers in order to enforce the social and economic control over some farming and pasture areas inside the territories of local communities is the most probable hypothesis, according to the results of the research. The tombs have been used by the members of these communities as a reference of the kin-group memory from 7th to 10th century, so they could be explained like a significant fragment of a sacred landscape, although they were placed in areas where there was not any ecclesiastical organization. The implementation of the parish system between 12th and 13th centuries, which was a consequence of the political integration of the Central-Western Iberia into the Christian monarchies (a process described by the traditional Spanish historiography as repoblación) broke the previous model of burial practices. The cemeteries were linked to parishes, which were built in new places, and it was imposed by the new ecclesiastical organization. Therefore an ecclesiastical landscape was created, and, as a consequence, a new local identity was shaped. However, the row-organised cemeteries of some central places related to the Leonese repoblación in 10th century were an exception. The Church could use the symbolic capital of these ancient burials to shape the new ecclesiastical landscape. They were the places where some parishes were built during 12th century. ; Le sepolture scavate nella roccia sono uno dei pochi indizi disponibili per tentare di comprendere le logiche del paesaggio rurale altomedievale nel centro della penisola iberica. Dallo studio delle evidenze identificabili in una vasta regione, il centro-ovest iberico, e in particolare dei casi specifici costituiti da due aree, Ciudad Rodrigo e la Sierra de Ávila, si può ipotizzare il ruolo delle tombe come marcatori territoriali e di controllo sociale ed economico degli spazi agrari e di allevamento delle comunità locali. Infatti, lungo i secoli dal VII al XI, i loro membri usarono la memoria familiare e comunitaria a questo scopo: ciò ha permesso di considerare le tombe come elementi di un paesaggio sacralizzato, nonostante fossero inserite in aree in cui mancava ogni forma di organizzazione ecclesiastica. L'introduzione della rete parrocchiale fra XII e XIII secolo, conseguenza dell'inglobamento di questa regione nelle monarchie cristiane ‒ un lungo processo descritto dalla storiografia tradizionale come repoblación (ripopolamento) ‒ fece, infatti, venir meno questo antico modello di organizzazione dello spazio. In seguito i cimiteri parrocchiali e le chiese furono costruiti in luoghi nuovi, imposti dalla nuova organizzazione ecclesiastica. Si crearono, dunque, ex novo, un paesaggio ecclesiastico e una nuova identità locale. Un caso diverso fu, invece, quello delle necropoli sorte nei central places connessi con la repoblación attuata lungo il X secolo. Questi cimiteri furono infatti ricuperati dalla istituzione di chiese parrocchiali che riutilizzarono a favore della loro nuova centralità tutto il capitale simbolico delle antiche sepolture. ; Le sepolture scavate nella roccia sono uno dei pochi indizi disponibili per tentare di comprendere le logiche del paesaggio rurale altomedievale nel centro della penisola iberica. Dallo studio delle evidenze identificabili in una vasta regione, il centro-ovest iberico, e in particolare dei casi specifici costituiti da due aree, Ciudad Rodrigo e la Sierra de Ávila, si può ipotizzare il ruolo delle tombe come marcatori territoriali e di controllo sociale ed economico degli spazi agrari e di allevamento delle comunità locali. Infatti, lungo i secoli dal VII al XI, i loro membri usarono la memoria familiare e comunitaria a questo scopo: ciò ha permesso di considerare le tombe come elementi di un paesaggio sacralizzato, nonostante fossero inserite in aree in cui mancava ogni forma di organizzazione ecclesiastica. L'introduzione della rete parrocchiale fra XII e XIII secolo, conseguenza dell'inglobamento di questa regione nelle monarchie cristiane ‒ un lungo processo descritto dalla storiografia tradizionale come repoblación (ripopolamento) ‒ fece, infatti, venir meno questo antico modello di organizzazione dello spazio. In seguito i cimiteri parrocchiali e le chiese furono costruiti in luoghi nuovi, imposti dalla nuova organizzazione ecclesiastica. Si crearono, dunque, ex novo, un paesaggio ecclesiastico e una nuova identità locale. Un caso diverso fu, invece, quello delle necropoli sorte nei central places connessi con la repoblación attuata lungo il X secolo. Questi cimiteri furono infatti ricuperati dalla istituzione di chiese parrocchiali che riutilizzarono a favore della loro nuova centralità tutto il capitale simbolico delle antiche sepolture.

In the Master Paper, the implementation of the principle of stability of labour relations in cases of transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof is discussed upon. The Article 138 of the Labour Code of Republic of Lithuania foresees only a partial protection of the employees and a succession of the labour relations in case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, i.e. a transfer can be considered a lawful reason for terminating the labour relations. A process of transfer often does not take place not for prospectlessness of the business or dishonesty of the employer, but because of a complex character of the process itself as well as the related legal and bureaucratic problems. Not only the assignee and the assignor, but also employees of the enterprise take an interest in a transfer of the enterprise/business or parts hereof, in particular the consequences of such a transfer. In case of a transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof, an employee suffers mostly: the settlement with the employees often is made non-timely and sometimes is not made at all, employees are discharged groundlessly, losing their jobs and the key means of their subsistence. Frequently, employers delay or fail providing to employees information in writing on their intention to transfer the enterprise/business or a part hereof; on the day of transfer, the planned actions, the causes of the transfer, its phases as well as the economical and social consequences that can impact the employee; on the changes of the conditions, including related to the work, remuneration for work and requalification. To make the process smooth and to minimize the social and economical consequences, it is important to establish procedures and rules applicable in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof that would ensure a proper implementation of the principle of the stability of labour relations and execution of the duties of the parties of the labour relations. In the Master Paper, the formulated provisions are based on the international labour standards, scientific references as well as the results of an analysis of the practice of investigation of civil cases at the Supreme Court of Lithuania and European Court of Justice; they should be useful for improving the norms of labour law related to the principle of stability of labour relations and the restrictions on termination of labour relations and reorganizing an enterprise (in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof) as well as for a protection of the rights of employees. The specific concepts singled out in the Paper should be taken into consideration on developing and improving the norms of the Labour Code and other legal norms for regulating the legal status and reorganization of enterprises as well as labour relations. To ensure a succession of employment contracts or labour relations as well as a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, Lithuania should harmonize the structure of its labour law with the law of the European Community, in particular with the Directive No. 2001/23/EC. Operation and implementing of legal norms is predetermined by their transparency. A transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof is bound with application of several legal norms, so confusion and violations of laws are unavoidable. This sphere is sensible both in the social and economic respect, so the legal norms for its regulation should be coordinated and clear both for an employer and an employee as well as an owner of a business. Upon the growing dynamism of business, the presumption that a transfer of the enterprise/business should be regulated by a special norm in future cannot be ignored. The results of the investigation should help to a person engaged in applying legal norms to assess the goals and the criteria of implementing of the relevant norms, to avoid errors in ensuring a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof. The provided recommendations can be usable for supervision and control of implementing the labour laws, execution of scientific works on a similar subject and teaching students in the programme of law. In addition, the recommendations can be usable by professionals involved in harmonizing legal norms of Republic of Lithuania with the law of European Union. Using these materials, an employer or an owner of business will be able to carry out a transfer of the enterprise/business in a more rational way and thus avoid disputes bound with labour relations.

In the Master Paper, the implementation of the principle of stability of labour relations in cases of transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof is discussed upon. The Article 138 of the Labour Code of Republic of Lithuania foresees only a partial protection of the employees and a succession of the labour relations in case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, i.e. a transfer can be considered a lawful reason for terminating the labour relations. A process of transfer often does not take place not for prospectlessness of the business or dishonesty of the employer, but because of a complex character of the process itself as well as the related legal and bureaucratic problems. Not only the assignee and the assignor, but also employees of the enterprise take an interest in a transfer of the enterprise/business or parts hereof, in particular the consequences of such a transfer. In case of a transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof, an employee suffers mostly: the settlement with the employees often is made non-timely and sometimes is not made at all, employees are discharged groundlessly, losing their jobs and the key means of their subsistence. Frequently, employers delay or fail providing to employees information in writing on their intention to transfer the enterprise/business or a part hereof; on the day of transfer, the planned actions, the causes of the transfer, its phases as well as the economical and social consequences that can impact the employee; on the changes of the conditions, including related to the work, remuneration for work and requalification. To make the process smooth and to minimize the social and economical consequences, it is important to establish procedures and rules applicable in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof that would ensure a proper implementation of the principle of the stability of labour relations and execution of the duties of the parties of the labour relations. In the Master Paper, the formulated provisions are based on the international labour standards, scientific references as well as the results of an analysis of the practice of investigation of civil cases at the Supreme Court of Lithuania and European Court of Justice; they should be useful for improving the norms of labour law related to the principle of stability of labour relations and the restrictions on termination of labour relations and reorganizing an enterprise (in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof) as well as for a protection of the rights of employees. The specific concepts singled out in the Paper should be taken into consideration on developing and improving the norms of the Labour Code and other legal norms for regulating the legal status and reorganization of enterprises as well as labour relations. To ensure a succession of employment contracts or labour relations as well as a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, Lithuania should harmonize the structure of its labour law with the law of the European Community, in particular with the Directive No. 2001/23/EC. Operation and implementing of legal norms is predetermined by their transparency. A transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof is bound with application of several legal norms, so confusion and violations of laws are unavoidable. This sphere is sensible both in the social and economic respect, so the legal norms for its regulation should be coordinated and clear both for an employer and an employee as well as an owner of a business. Upon the growing dynamism of business, the presumption that a transfer of the enterprise/business should be regulated by a special norm in future cannot be ignored. The results of the investigation should help to a person engaged in applying legal norms to assess the goals and the criteria of implementing of the relevant norms, to avoid errors in ensuring a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof. The provided recommendations can be usable for supervision and control of implementing the labour laws, execution of scientific works on a similar subject and teaching students in the programme of law. In addition, the recommendations can be usable by professionals involved in harmonizing legal norms of Republic of Lithuania with the law of European Union. Using these materials, an employer or an owner of business will be able to carry out a transfer of the enterprise/business in a more rational way and thus avoid disputes bound with labour relations.

International audience ; This special issue of the Electronic Journal of Digital Enterprise (e-JDE), on Concepts and Tools for Knowledge Management (KM), develops the argument that the governance of knowledge seems to be the Scientific Policy able to creating value with regard of human and its evolution in cultures and civilizations. The duty of good governance is a consideration of the transfer of knowledge related to scientific and technological progress. Intrinsically, this process requires a system of organization and knowledge management by implementing knowledge production and its influence in society.The objective of the ISKO-Maghreb Chapter is to contribute in understanding the factors that organize knowledge and phenomena that affect the information society. Actions to be undertaken by the scientific ISKO society must take into account socio-cultural, cognitive and economic in the strategic management of knowledge. Towards the knowledge society, it should be seen in its dynamic, its content and its interaction with science and technology associated to universities, companies and politics.In this context, a first orientation is pedagogical attempt to answer the question "what is known about the knowledge and its organization?". Then the issue is moving towards the societal issues of knowledge, theory and practice, to provide clarification to a convergence of KM (Knowledge Management) approaches. Education, science, culture, communication and technology remain the major themes covered by ISKO-Maghreb, for the development of the knowledge organization, expertise management and collective intelligence.In volume 1-01, , N° 37:- Nouha Taifi, from (Industrial Engineeriing Department, Mohammadia School of Engineering, University Mohammed V - Morocco), presents the "Strategic and Technological Aspects of Institutional Change: Engineering of a new mindset of Information and Knowledge Management Systems". - Khaled Gaaloul, Marwane El Kharbili and Henderik Proper, from ((Public Research Centre Henri Tudor - Luxembourg, University of Mluxembours, Luxembourg), present the "Secure Governance in Enterprise Architecture - Access Control Perspective". - Karel Soumagnac and Anne Lehmans, from (IUFM, Université de Bordeaux - France), discuss on the « Classement, indexation et rangement de ressources partageables dans une communauté de pratique ouverte : le cas de l'écoconstruction ». - Badrina Gasmi and Hassina Nacer, Nacer Boudjlida, from (University of Béjaia, Algeria and Lorraine University - France), focuse the study on "Competence Discovery and Composition".In volume 2-01, , N° 37:- DRISSI S., AMIRAT A., "Système hypermédia d'enseignement à distance: Conception et évaluation.", 2-01, , N° 37"An adaptive e-learning hypermedia system: design and evaluation."- JABLOUN M., SAYEB Y., BEN GHEZALA H., "Ontologie orientée compétence : Aide à la conception d'une architecture d'entreprise", 2-01, , N° 37"Enterprise Ontology Oriented Competence: a support for Enterprise Architecture"- BOURKACHE N. S. SIDHOM; M. LAGHROUCHE, "Apprentissage numérique pour la recherche d'informations en imagerie médicale : Modélisation des filtres de Gabor", 2-01, , N° 37"Digital learning in information retrieval based on image content : Gabor filter's method."- VERLAET L., GALLOT S.,, "Sites hypermédia : nouvelles formes de technologies ? Entre intelligence collective et web sémantique.", 2-01, , N° 37"Hypermediating sites : towards new forms of technology intelligence ? Between collective intelligence and semantic web"

Les secteurs d'assemblages d'automobiles et de fabrication de pièces de rechange en Colombie décrivent les pressions exercées par l'environnement compétitif international sur l'efficience et la qualité. Ces pressions ont entraîné l'adoption de nouvelles formes d'organisation du travail et le changement quasi général des politiques du personnel durant les quinze dernières années. Un ensemble de transformations significatives des relations de travail dans cette branche de l'industrie est analysé et illustré dans cet article, sur la base d'informations qualitatives des trois plus importantes usines terminales du pays et de deux grandes compagnies de fabrication de pièces de rechange. Bien que les dynamiques ne soient pas homogènes, il est possible de dire que le processus le plus général est celui de l'affaiblissement de la négociation collective et des relations industrielles, base pour l'interaction et l'accord entre capital et travail. Les politiques du personnel et les formes d'organisation de la production sont arrivées presque partout à une définition autoritaire et unilatérale des relations et des conditions de travail par les entreprises. Les nouveaux modèles de relations de travail sont formés par des pratiques d'organisation et de gestion du personnel qui combinent des mécanismes traditionnels de contrainte et de flexibilité (politiques antisyndicales et travail temporaire) avec des stratégies élaborées et subtiles pour faire naître un sentiment d'appartenance parmi les travailleurs et un engagement face aux objectifs des entreprises (endoctrinement dans le discours de la compétitivité de l'entreprise, appels à la participation et à l'autocontrôle pour arriver à de meilleurs standards de qualités, pratiques néopaternalistes, entre autres). ; Los sectores de ensamble de autos y fabricación de autopartes en Colombia describen las presiones que ejerce el entorno competitivo internacional sobre la eficiencia y la calidad. Estas presiones han incidido en la adopción de nuevas formas de organización del trabajo y en el cambio casi generalizado de políticas de personal durante los últimos quince años. En este artículo se analiza e ilustra un conjunto de transformaciones significativas en las relaciones laborales en esta rama industrial, con base en información cualitativa de las tres más importante plantas terminales del país y de dos notables compañías fabricantes de componentes. Aunque las dinámicas no son homogéneas, se puede decir que el proceso más generalizado ha sido el debilitamiento de la negociación colectiva y las relaciones industriales, como bases para la interacción y el acuerdo entre capital y trabajo. Las políticas de personal y formas de organización de la producción han conducido en casi todas los espacios a una definición autoritaria y unilateral de las relaciones laborales y de las condiciones de trabajo por parte de las empresas. Los nuevos modelos de relaciones laborales se van conformando a través de prácticas organizativas y de gestión de personal que combinan mecanismos tradicionales de coacción y flexibilidad (políticas antisindicales y trabajo temporal) con elaboradas y sutiles estrategias para generar entre los trabajadores sentido de pertenencia y compromiso con los fines de las empresas (adoctrinamiento en el discurso empresarial de la competitividad, llamados a la participación y autocontrol para el logro de mejores estándares de calidad, prácticas neopaternalistas, entre otras). ; The auto-assembly and auto-part fabrication sectors in Colombia reflect the pressures exercised by the international competitive setting on efficiency and quality. These pressures have affected adopting new ways of organising work and the almost generalised change of personnel policy during the last fifteen years. This article analyses and illustrates a set of significant transformations in labour relations in this branch of industry, based on qualitative information from Colombia's three most important terminal plants and from two notable component-making companies. Even though the dynamics are not homogeneous, it can be said that the most generalised process has been the weakening of collective negotiation and industrial relations as bases for interaction and agreement between capital and work. Personnel policies and ways of organising production have led (in almost all spaces) to companies imposing an authoritarian and unilateral definition of labour relations and working conditions. New labour relations' models have been shaped by organisational and personnel management practices combining traditional coaction and flexibility mechanisms (anti-union and temporary work policies) with elaborate and subtle strategies for generating a sense of belonging amongst workers and commitment to a company's ends (indoctrination in company discussion of competitiveness, being called on to participate and achieve self-control in reaching better standards of quality, neopaternalist practices, etc.).

El suministro eléctrico yace trascendente hacia el movimiento de la humanidad y su importe comprende un elemento concluyente para gran parte de la competitividad económica. En razón de ello, la electricidad perenemente disfruta de ser indispensable en todos los países y ha sido supervisada por sucesivos gobiernos. (Alvarado, Lavilla y Muro, 2009). En este sentido, son diversos los elementos que intervienen para garantiza el paso de la energía eléctrica tanto en el ámbito industrial, productivo y social. De esta forma, existe el esquema reglamentario en el nivel nacional donde Colombia fija posición en cuanto al esquema de funcionamiento de su sistema eléctrico, donde abarca aspectos que controlan el que hacer comercial, técnico y económico de quienes se encuentran involucrados, empresas prestadoras de servicio, usuarios y gobierno. De modo que, el suministro de electricidad se discurre un servicio público, sustentado en nociones como la continuidad, ampliación y cobertura, entre otros. Sin embargo, menciona Alarcón (2016) que, en un análisis cuidadoso de la falta de suministro eléctrico óptimo de Colombia, se aprecia que ha afectado la escala de los planes de emergencia diseñados para evitar un alto impacto económico. Ello pone en duda la eficiencia del sistema eléctrico para garantizar principios como los mencionados anteriormente, siendo la eficiencia según Cossío (2015) no un fin en sí mismo considerado sino más bien un camino para lograr el propósito del sistema de supervisión. Debido a lo anterior se expone el presente estudio con el objeto de establecer la eficiencia del servicio público de energía eléctrica y materialización de los principios de continuidad, ampliación y cobertura, analizando régimen tarifario bajo los criterios del Análisis económico del derecho. Para lo cual el siguiente documento se estructura inicialmente por planteamiento del problema que comprende Justificación y Objetivos, seguido por el capítulo I, que muestra el desarrollo del objetivo primero, detallar el esquema general de prestación del servicio público de energía eléctrica, mientras el capítulo II, plantea sobre el objetivo segundo, la comprobación de los principios de ampliación, cobertura y continuidad del servicio público de energía eléctrica. ; The electricity supply lies transcendent towards the movement of humanity and its amount comprises a conclusive element for a large part of economic competitiveness. As a result, electricity perennially enjoys being indispensable in all countries and has been supervised by successive governments. (Alvarado, Lavilla and Muro, 2009). In this sense, there are various elements that intervene to guarantee the passage of electrical energy in the industrial, productive and social spheres. In this way, there is a regulatory scheme at the national level where Colombia sets a position regarding the operating scheme of its electrical system, where it covers aspects that control the commercial, technical and economic activities of those who are involved, service providers , users and government. So, the supply of electricity is a public service, based on notions such as continuity, expansion and coverage, among others. However, Alarcón (2016) mentions that, in a careful analysis of the lack of optimal electricity supply in Colombia, it can be seen that it has affected the scale of the emergency plans designed to avoid a high economic impact. This calls into question the efficiency of the electrical system to guarantee principles such as those mentioned above, being efficiency according to Cossío (2015) not an end in itself considered but rather a way to achieve the purpose of the supervision system. Due to the foregoing, this study is presented in order to establish the efficiency of the public electricity service and materialization of the principles of continuity, expansion and coverage, analyzing the tariff regime under the criteria of the Economic Analysis of Law. For which the following document is initially structured by approaching the problem that includes Justification and Objectives, followed by chapter I, which shows the development of the first objective, detailing the general scheme for the provision of public electricity service, while chapter II , raises the second objective, the verification of the principles of expansion, coverage and continuity of the public electricity service. ; Magister en Derecho Público ; http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co ; Maestría