Suchergebnisse

Summary: Responsible financial decisions are part of an ideal that allows people to deal adequately with their daily lives. To address this challenge, governments and different types of institutions have designed strategies for the general public to be better equipped and informed in managing their available financial resources. However, academic literature shows that the inherent characteristics of individuals act as control variables when explaining gaps. This work highlights the importance of the dimensions associated with the behaviour, knowledge and attitudes of women living in a district of Medellín. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire was applied and the information was analysed using descriptive statistics and contingency tables, as well as an orderly logistical model for the level of knowledge. Performance on the behavioural side reveals higher interest to pay debts on time and to consider whether they can pay something before buying it. In the knowledge dimension, results show a low financial indicator, mainly for women with a higher number of children and without information on these topics. On the actitudinal side, women with two or more children, married and with higher incomes have a more austere financial attitude. ; Resumen: Las decisiones financieras responsables hacen parte de un ideal que le permite a las personas afrontar de forma adecuada su cotidianidad. Para hacer frente a este reto, gobiernos y distintos tipos de instituciones han diseñado estrategias para que la población, en general, esté mejor equipada y fundamentada a la hora de gestionar sus recursos financieros disponibles. No obstante, la literatura académica muestra que las características inherentes a las personas actúan como variables de control en el momento de explicar la existencia de brechas. Así, este trabajo pone de relieve la importancia de las dimensiones asociadas al comportamiento, el conocimiento y las actitudes de las mujeres que habitan en un barrio de Medellín. Para este fin se aplicó un cuestionario ...

Summary: Domestic or household work has been considered as an activity that does not bring value to the economies of the countries. The environment of discrimination in which people are exposed to this activity has resulted in a situation of vulnerability that affects mainly women, combined with the problems faced by this labour sector in a number of countries, since there is no legal framework or comprehensive public policies that, in terms used by the ILO, promote decent or decent work. The purpose of this study is to provide information on the very complex legal situation in which this group of workers develops on the basis of an analysis based on the comparative method of comparing various national laws governing domestic or household work in Latin America. As a result of this task, the aim is to set out the work and efforts of each country, in the legislative field, aimed at removing barriers to the formalisation of employment relationships and the exercise of human and labour rights, on the premise that every worker, regardless of the activity he or she carries out, must enjoy an environment free of discrimination, with access to employment and social security benefits. ; Resumen: El trabajo doméstico o del hogar se ha considerado como una actividad que no reporta un valor a la economía de los países. El ambiente de discriminación en el que se ven inmersas las personas que desempeñan esta actividad ha traído como consecuencia una situación de vulnerabilidad que afecta principalmente a mujeres, aunado a la problemática que enfrenta este sector laboral en diversos países, pues no se cuenta con el marco jurídico ni con políticas públicas integrales que propicien, en términos utilizados por la OIT, el trabajo digno o decente. Este estudio tiene como finalidad brindar información para dar a conocer la situación jurídica tan compleja en la que se desarrolla este grupo de trabajadores a partir de un análisis que tendrá como base el método comparativo de diversas legislaciones nacionales que regulan el trabajo ...

Since the 1950s, the number of doctorate recipients has risen dramatically in the United States. In this paper, we investigate whether the longevity of doctorate recipients' publication careers has changed. This is achieved by matching 1951–2010 doctorate recipients with rare names in astrophysics, chemistry, economics, genetics and psychology in the dissertation database ProQuest to their publications in the publication database Web of Science. Our study shows that pre-PhD publication careers have changed: the median year of first publication has shifted from after the PhD to several years before PhD in most of the studied fields. In contrast, post-PhD publication career spans have not changed much in most fields. The share of doctorate recipients who have published for more than twenty years has remained stable over time; the shares of doctorate recipients publishing for shorter periods also remained almost unchanged. Thus, though there have been changes in pre-PhD publication careers, post-PhD career spans remained quite stable.

709 786 12 3 ; S ; [EN] Programmable integrated photonics is an emerging new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware resource configurations, capable of implementing an unconstrained variety of functionalities by suitable programming, following a parallel but not identical path to that of integrated electronics in the past two decades of the last century. Programmable integrated photonics is raising considerable interest, as it is driven by the surge of a considerable number of new applications in the fields of telecommunications, quantum information processing, sensing, and neurophotonics, calling for flexible, reconfigurable, low-cost, compact, and low-power-consuming devices that can cooperate with integrated electronic devices to overcome the limitation expected by the demise of Moore¿s Law. Integrated photonic devices exploiting full programmability are expected to scale from application-specific photonic chips (featuring a relatively low number of functionalities) up to very complex application-agnostic complex subsystems much in the same way as field programmable gate arrays and microprocessors operate in electronics. Two main differences need to be considered. First, as opposed to integrated electronics, programmable integrated photonics will carry analog operations over the signals to be processed. Second, the scale of integration density will be several orders of magnitude smaller due to the physical limitations imposed by the wavelength ratio of electrons and light wave photons. The success of programmable integrated photonics will depend on leveraging the properties of integrated photonic devices and, in particular, on research into suitable interconnection hardware architectures that can offer a very high spatial regularity as well as the possibility of independently setting (with a very low power consumption) the interconnection state of each connecting element. Integrated multiport interferometers and waveguide meshes provide regular and periodic geometries, formed by ...

35 52 10 4 ; S ; [EN] Every day it becomes more necessary to control crops because of the environmental problems, such as the lack of water for irrigation. Therefore, the use of precision agriculture becomes more evident. When it comes to making decisions on crops, the need of applying the concept of Smart Agriculture, which focuses on utilizing different sensors and actuators, is evident. As the number of IoT devices used in agriculture grows exponentially, it is necessary to design the implemented network so that the data is transmitted without problems. This paper shows a wireless network design, in which we use the information collected by the sensors of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) formed by Access Points (AP) to transmit the data to a network that monitors the crops and its irrigation system. In addition, through simulations, we show the maximum number of nodes that should be connected to an AP in order to have an efficient network. This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P. This work has also been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR. García-García, L.; Parra-Boronat, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J.; Lorenz, P. (2018). Practical Design of a WSN to Monitor the Crop and its Irrigation System. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(4):35-52. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i4.14147

19 37 4 1 ; S ; [EN] At the present, the concept of `startup¿ has been rapidly and globally spread. Startups are emerging companies with scalable business models, generally linked to innovation and technological developments, mass sales oriented and then designed to grow fast. The profitability derived from their development leads a large number of entrepreneurs and investors to participate towards their expansion. However, it is significant the number of startups that are dissolved each year, as only one out of ten emerging companies continue operative after three years of operation, which is mainly due to the value proposition and financial needs inherent to its development. Therefore, in order to promote their growth, several actors have been created, who represent currently the international entrepreneurial ecosystem. The aim of this article is not only to develop the concept of startup, but to study the evolution of investment and its geographical distribution, identifying those agents that have arisen in response to the expansion and development of these new companies. ; [ES] En la actualidad, se ha extendido rápida y globalmente el concepto de `startup¿. Se trata de empresas emergentes con modelos de negocio escalables, asociadas generalmente a la innovación y al desarrollo de tecnologías e internet y orientadas a la masificación de las ventas, diseñadas para escalar velozmente. La rentabilidad derivada de su desarrollo atrae a gran cantidad de emprendedores e inversores. Sin embargo, el número de startups que se disuelven anualmente es significativamente alto, solo una de cada diez empresas emergentes sigue activa tras tres años de funcionamiento, debiéndose principalmente a la propuesta de valor y las necesidades financieras inherentes a su desarrollo. En consecuencia, con la finalidad de promover su crecimiento, se han creado numerosos actores que en la actualidad representan el ecosistema emprendedor internacional. A través de este trabajo, se persigue desarrollar el concepto de startup, estudiar la ...

The referendum is often criticised for being very undeliberative. In contrast to the 'non-coercive force of the better argument', which lives on the deliberative ideal, the vote punishes a balance of power: the law of the largest number. The secrecy of the vote also does not encourage a deliberative attitude. This article highlights a practice — justified voting — which could make the act of voting and referendums more deliberative by promoting a more deliberative attitude in the insular and stimulating public debate. Combined with the use of mini-audiences, it opens up new opportunities for referendum democratic participation. ; On reproche souvent au référendum d'être très peu délibératif. En opposition avec la « force non coercitive de l'argument meilleur » qui habite l'idéal délibératif, le vote sanctionne un rapport de force : la loi du plus grand nombre. Le secret du vote n'incite pas non plus à une attitude délibérative. Cet article met en avant une pratique – le vote justifié – susceptible de rendre l'acte de vote et les référendums plus délibératifs en promouvant une attitude plus délibérative dans l'isoloir et en stimulant le débat public. Combinée à l'usage de mini-publics, elle ouvre des perspectives nouvelles à la participation démocratique référendaire.

8 11 18 ; S ; [EN] Although many nanodevices have been described in recent years, nanoparticles capable of communicating with each other have been barely reported. Traditional communication technologies cannot be applied on the nanoscale, but a potential approach to achieve this goal is to mimic how nature communicates by exchanging information using molecules. Based on these concepts, some examples using DNA, enzymes and small molecules for information processing, nanoparticles capable of modulating chemical communication between cells and nanoparticles that can communicate with each another have been reported. Communication between nanodevices may find applications in different areas and a number of future new results are envisioned in this research field. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A. Llopis-Lorente is thankful to the La Caixa Banking Foundation for his PhD grant. The authors are grateful to the Spanish Government (MINECO Projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1, CTQ2014-58989-P, CTQ2015-71936-REDT and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047). The authors also thank the Comunidad de Madrid (S2013/MIT-3029, Programme NANOAVANSENS) for support. ; Llopis-Lorente, A.; Diez-Sánchez, P.; Sánchez, A.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Martinez-Ruiz, P.; Villalonga, R. (2018). Toward chemical communication between nanodevices. Nano Today. 18:8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2017.09.003

This collective book takes over the actions of a colloquium organised in November 2015 at Jean Moulin Lyon University 3. The majority of contributions are due to French authors. They address a reality whose consideration is important for a proper understanding of the effects of European integration on national legal systems, including in areas which, as in the case of part of social law, fall within the exclusive competence of the Member States. This is the existence of 'normative competition' within the European Union. In order to grasp a number of facets of this phenomenon in the most diverse forms (even in the law of nationality, with some states 'selling' their golden passports), the book is organised in four parts, each of which brings together several contributions. ; Cet ouvrage collectif reprend les actes d'un colloque organisé en novembre 2015 à l'Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3. Les contributions sont en majorité dues à des auteurs français. Elles abordent une réalité dont la prise en compte est importante pour la bonne compréhension des effets de la construction européenne sur les ordres juridiques nationaux, y compris dans des domaines qui, comme c'est le cas d'une partie du droit social, relèvent de la compétence exclusive des États membres. Il s'agit de l'existence d'une « concurrence normative » au sein de l'Union européenne. Pour appréhender plusieurs facettes de ce phénomène aux formes les plus diverses (il s'observe même dans le droit de la nationalité, certains États « vendant » leurs passeports à prix d'or), l'ouvrage est organisé en quatre parties, qui regroupent chacune plusieurs contributions

57 69 ; SWORD ; [EN] Galicia is a region in NW Spain which is usually affected by a high number of forest fires, and it should meet the current regulations regarding the distance between forests and buildings. This paper aims to identify and characterize woodlands and classify buildings according to their fire risk, for a 36 km2 area in Forcarei (Pontevedra, Spain). We used LiDAR data to generate three spatial models (DTM: Digital Terrain Model, DSM: Digital Surface Model and nDSM: Normalized Digital Surface Model) and two statistics to characterize the forest stands (density of dominant trees per hectare and their average height). The identification of forested areas was performed using an object-based classification method using the intensity image, the height model and an orthophotograph of the area, and a kappa coefficient of 0.82 was obtained in the validation. The woodlands were reclassified according to the magnitude of a possible fire, based on the density and the average height of the woodlands. The forest stands were mapped according to the magnitude of a possible fire and it was found that 1.18 km2 would be susceptible to a low magnitude fire, 3.75 km2 to a medium magnitude fire and 2.25 km2 to a fire of a high magnitude. Afterwards, it was determined whether the buildings in the area complied with the legislation relating to minimum distance from the forested areas (30 meters). For those that did not meet this distance, the risk of damage in case of a wildfire was calculated. The result was that 43.01% of buildings in the area complied with the regulations, 9.95% were located in a very low risk area, 25.74% in a low risk location, 12.37% in a medium risk area and 8.93% were in a high or very high risk area. Robles, A.; Rodríguez-Garrido, MA.; Alvarez-Taboada, MF. (2016). Characterization of wildland-urban interfaces using LiDAR data to estimate the risk of wildfire damage. Revista de Teledetección. (Special Issue):57-69. doi:10.4995/raet.2016.3967. ; Revista oficial de la Asociación Española de ...

Initiation of the desk study and archaeological inventory survey described here are the plans of the municipality of Emmen to replace caravans with caravan homes in various places. In addition, there is an increase in the number of places of employment in a number of caravan locations and a transfer of ownership. As these plans are accompanied by soil interference, an archaeological preliminary investigation is necessary. This survey shall be carried out in accordance with the Law on archaeological conservation of monuments. According to the policy map of the municipality of Emmen, the Gierzwalje and Valtherlaan sites are subject to a research obligation. For the Lijsterveld and VLearning Ackers site, the planned work falls within the exemption limits and does not require archaeological research. The municipality of Emmen commissioned MUG Ingenieursbureau, Archeology Division, to carry out desk research and archaeological inventory research. For both sub-locations, a medium to high archaeological expectation was assumed on the basis of the desk study and the policy map of the municipality of Emmen. The high expectation was based, inter alia, on the location on the flank of the Honds back and the occurrence of podlox soils. Historical construction is not known within the sub-areas. There were also no earlier archaeological values or archaeological surveys carried out previously within the sub-areas. Archaeological values are known in the surrounding area. On the basis of the soil map, the Gierzwalu sub-site was known to have been present in the area of peat, which was later extracted. Peat growth started from late neolithicum. It is therefore likely that from late neolithicum to the late Middle Ages, when the area is extracted, it was not possible to live in the research area. However, loose findings can be expected from this period, such as the neolithic adulteration found in the surrounding area until iron time. In the immediate vicinity of the subsite Valtherlaan, discoveries are known from the mesolithicum up ...

As a product of the Arab Spring, a series of social protests began in March 2011 in the Syrian Arab Republic, which the Assad regime severely repressed. Over time, three years later, the situation has become a non-international armed conflict which, due to its characteristics and actors involved, threatens to become an international one. At present, due to the evolution of the conflict, the government has control over part of the territory and a number of non-state armed groups have control over another side. In addition, there has been a conflict in some of the Kurdish territory in Syria. 2 The Human Rights Council of the United Nations (UN) has taken various initiatives with regard to the conflict in Syria and, in September 2011, decided to set up and mandate an independent international Commission on the situation in the Syrian Arab Republic, for purposes which, through investigation procedures, determine whether the parties to the armed conflict were committing violations of fundamental rights and whether the rules of international humanitarian law were being respected. Department of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. Institute for International Relations ; Como producto de la primavera árabe, en el mes de marzo de 2011 comenzaron a producirse una serie de protestas sociales en la República Árabe de Siria, que el régimen de al Asad reprimió duramente. A medida que paso el tiempo, sucedidos ya tres años del mismo, dicha situación se ha convertido en un conflicto armado no internacional que por sus características y actores involucrados, amenaza con convertirse en internacional. En efecto, en la actualidad, debido a la evolución del conflicto, el gobierno tiene control sobre parte del territorio y diversos grupos armados no estatales tienen el control de otra parte. A ello, se ha sumando la conflictiva situación que se vive en parte del territorio kurdo que se encuentra en territorio sirio2. El Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), ha tomado diversas ...

During the last century, the chemical industry has synthesised and marketed more than 100 000 chemicals without a marketing authorisation procedure. The effects of these substances on human health are therefore particularly poorly known. The article first analyses the development of policy strategies for controlling these molecules since the 1960s. It shows the differences in approach between the USA and Europe. It then seeks to characterise the process that led to the adoption of the REACH Regulation (December 2006) after lengthy controversy and negotiations. This regulation does not radically innovate and it takes on board processes already identified in European policies. However, REACH marks a number of significant changes linked to the integration of the Precision Principle into environmental policies. In particular, it retains the reversal of the burden of proof (from public to industrial) for the production of knowledge on potentially hazardous substances. The transfer of much of the action and responsibility to the industry does not solve all the problems of implementation and reduction of uncertainty. ; REACH Regulation : A European Uncertainty Policy The Building of an Indirect Policy Making Process for Chemical Hazards Over the last century, the chemical industry has synthesised and commercialised more than 100,000 chemicals with no premarket authorization. The effects of those chemicals on human health remain therefore largely unknown. This article first analyses the political strategies that have aimed at controlling those chemicals over the past 50 years, and casts a light on the differences between Europe and the United States. Then it characterizes the political process that has resulted in the adoption of REACH in December 2006 after intense controversies and negotiations. This Regulation is not a complete innovation, quite to the contrary it has derived from political processes rooted in European policies. However, REACH implies some changes linked to the integration of the Precautionary ...

25 31 2 ; SWORD ; [EN] Companies need to become innovative and in order to do so, they must learn how to be able to manage the talent of their workforce In this working paper we have reviewed the literature concerning the concept of innovation as a key for the challenge for change in companies to establish a synthesis and a classification of the types of innovation required. We propose a number of competencies needed by the different staff members (support, technicians, managers, etc) as well, so that they can succeed in being innovative in different ways. This paper has been written with financial support from the Project "Construcción de un cuestionario de factores psicosociales para el diagnóstico de condiciones de trabajo y efectos sobre la salud y la satisfacción laboral. Adaptación a entornos docentes universitarios" (PAID-05-11-2846) of the Universitat Politècnica de València, and also with financial support from the European Union witihin the Project 518132-LLP-1-2011-1-FI-ERASMUS-FEXI "INCODEInnovation Competencies Development". We would also like to thank Ms Mercedes Gutiérrez, Service Marketing Coordinator for South Europe and the Mediterranean Area in OTIS, Spain, and Mr. Miguel Aparicio, one of the CTOs (Chief Technology Officer) in INDRA, Spain, for their valuable comments and advice in the area of recruiting graduates and competences required in the professional world of the 21st Century. Marin-Garcia, JA.; Aznar-Mas, LE.; Gonzalez-Ladrón-De-Guevara, F. (2011). Innovation Types and Talent Management for Innovation. Working Papers on Operations Management. 2(2):25-31. doi:10.4995/wpom.v2i2.926

One of the main characteristics of today's democratic societies is their pluralism. As a result, liberal political philosophers often claim that the state should remain neutral with respect to different conceptions of the good. Legal and social policies should be acceptable to everyone regardless of their culture, their religion or their comprehensive moral views. One might think that this commitment to neutrality should be especially pronounced in urban centres, with their culturally diverse populations. However, there are a large number of laws and policies adopted at the municipal level that contradict the liberal principle of neutrality. In this paper, I want to suggest that these perfectionistlaws and policies are legitimate at the urban level. Specifically, I will argue that the principle of neutrality applies only indirectly to social institutions within the broader framework of the nation-state. This is clear in the case of voluntary associations, but to a certain extent this rationale applies also to cities. In a liberal regime, private associations are allowed to hold and defend perfectionist views, focused on a particular conception of the good life. One problem is to determine the limits of this perfectionism at the urban level, since cities, unlike private associations, are publicinstitutions. My aim here is therefore to give a liberal justification to a limited form of perfectionism of municipal laws and policies. ; Une caractéristique centrale des sociétés libérales démocratiques contemporaines est leur pluralisme. Conséquemment, les philosophes politiques libéraux affirment souvent que l'État devrait demeurer neutre face aux différentes conceptions du bien. Les lois et politiques sociales devraient être acceptables aux yeux de tous, peu importe leur culture, leur religion ou leurs valeurs morales. On pourrait croire que ce principe de neutralité devrait s'appliquer à plus fortes raisons dans les centres urbains, caractérisés par une population culturellement très diversifiée. Il existe pourtant ...