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There is an increasing pressure on scholars to publish to further or sustain a career in academia. Governments and funding agencies are greedy of indicators based on scientific production to measure science output. But what exactly do we know about the relation between publication levels and advances in science ? How do social dynamics and norms interfere with the quality of the scientific production ? Are there different regimes of scientific dynamics ? The present study proposes some concepts to think about scientific dynamics, through the modeling of the relation between science policies and scholars' exploration-exploitation dilemmas. Passing, we analyze in detail the effects of the " publish or perish " policy, that turns out to have no significant effects in the developments of emerging scientific fields, while having detrimental impacts on the quality of the production of mature fields.

There is an increasing pressure on scholars to publish to further or sustain a career in academia. Governments and funding agencies are greedy of indicators based on scientific production to measure science output. But what exactly do we know about the relation between publication levels and advances in science ? How do social dynamics and norms interfere with the quality of the scientific production ? Are there different regimes of scientific dynamics ? The present study proposes some concepts to think about scientific dynamics, through the modeling of the relation between science policies and scholars' exploration-exploitation dilemmas. Passing, we analyze in detail the effects of the " publish or perish " policy, that turns out to have no significant effects in the developments of emerging scientific fields, while having detrimental impacts on the quality of the production of mature fields.

In more than two decades of nature tourism development in Mexico mainly by indigenous companies, these organizations emerge and disappear without you have obtained a characterization of them. Hence the importance of this document, the product of an exploratory and descriptive research, which provides an overview of indigenous nature tourism companies from a number of categories like, your offer, origin, organization, certifications, among others. The methodology used was documentary analysis and processing of electronic and printed information sources designed ad hoc basis. Among the main findings highlight that these businesses are concentrated in multicultural and biodiverse regions; profit social organizations are responding to the market, the interest of the community and sustainability initiatives. Mostly are products of sectoral government interventions to combat poverty and environmental conservation. They are subject to traditional customs and practices that although amalgamate, can also mean obstacles in their business development. However, its main strength is its capital that has value to tourism for its natural and cultural heritage. Although offered all forms of nature tourism, they have developed mainly ecotourism. They are complementary to traditional economic activities of communities but which can contribute to improving the quality of life of its members from the recognition of their own natural, cultural and social wealth and empowerment of the social group productive options. . ; En más de dos décadas de desarrollo del turismo naturaleza en México principalmente por empresas indígenas, surgen y desaparecen estas organizaciones sin que se cuente con una caracterización de ellas. De ahí la importancia de este documento, producto de una investigación exploratoria y descriptiva, que proporciona un panorama general de las empresas indígenas de turismo naturaleza a partir de una serie de categorías como, su oferta, origen, organización, certificaciones, entre otras. La metodología empleada fue la recolección de información de documentos electrónicos e impresos, su procesamiento en una base diseñada ad hoc y su análisis posterior. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos destacan, que estos negocios se concentran en las regiones multiculturales y de mayor biodiversidad; son organizaciones sociales lucrativas que responden al mercado, al interés de la colectividad y a iniciativas de sustentabilidad. En su mayoría son producto de intervenciones gubernamentales sectoriales de combate a la pobreza y para la conservación ambiental. Están sujetos a usos y costumbres tradicionales que si bien los amalgaman, también pueden significar obstáculos en su desarrollo empresarial. Sin embargo su principal fortaleza es su capital social que ha puesto en valor para el turismo sus patrimonios naturales y culturales. Aunque ofertan todas las modalidades de turismo naturaleza, han desarrollado fundamentalmente el ecoturismo. Son opciones productivas complementarias a las actividades económicas tradicionales de las comunidades pero que pueden contribuir al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de sus miembros a partir del reconocimiento de sus propias riquezas naturales, culturales y sociales y al empoderamiento del grupo social.

Written by international leaders in the field of alcoholism this book provides an interdisciplinary source of information on alcoholism that links together science, policy, and public health in order to emphasise the importance of scientific knowledge with deciding public health policy.

Abstract Background It is overwhelmingly acknowledged by the scientific community that evolution and global climate change (GCC) are undeniably supported by physical evidence. And yet, both topics remain politically contentious in the United States. It is thought that students' conceptions of the nature of science (NOS) may be key factors in their attitudes towards evolution and GCC. Our study explored this hypothesis guided by the following questions: Do changes in NOS conceptions correlate with changes in attitudes towards evolution or GCC? If there are correlations, are they similar for evolution and GCC? What demographic factors affect these correlations? Methods Previously-developed tools were used to measure students' conceptions of the nature of science and attitudes towards evolution, while national public opinion poll questions were used to measure attitudes towards GCC. Demographic questions were produced to target factors thought to influence attitudes towards evolution or global climate change. Overall sample size was N = 620. Principle components analysis was used to determine which variables accounted for the most variation, and those variables were analyzed using correlation tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA to test for significant correlations and interaction effects. Results Changes in students' attitudes towards evolution and global climate change were both positively correlated with shifts in conceptions about the nature of science. Attitudes towards evolution were negatively correlated with religiosity. Knowledge of evolutionary science was positively correlated with attitudes towards evolution, but knowledge about GCC was not significantly correlated with attitudes towards GCC. The strongest correlates of GCC attitudes were political leanings. Conclusions Findings support the hypothesis that a better understanding of NOS may lead to changes in attitudes towards politically contentious ideas that are not scientifically contentious. Though attitudes towards evolution correlated strongly and significantly with a number of other factors including knowledge of evolutionary science and religiosity, expected non-political correlates with attitudes towards GCC were absent. Giving students a good conception of the modern nature of science may lead to views that are closer to those of the scientific community. This study provides novel evidence of a linkage between student acceptance of evolution and attitudes towards GCC, that is, NOS conceptions.

Aimed at an international readership, this book offers a representative collection of essays by the German philosopher, Georg Picht (1913-1982), who was a specialist in Greek philosophy, practical philosophy and philosophy of religion. Picht's themes address different disciplines, such as ancient philosophy, systematic philosophy and political analysis, and often contain critical statements on significant developments from the European Enlightenment to the Cold War era. Other essays offer a distinctive interdisciplinary approach characteristic of the author. These contributions are relevant to both philosophy and science as they discuss, for instance, philosophical definitions of space and time or the relationship between history and evolution. Another part of the book includes texts on art that present Picht's authentic definition of art and his theory of the interdependence of art and politics. - For the first time, key texts of the German philosopher and political thinker Georg Picht are presented to a global readership in English. - Like Nietzsche's philosophy, Picht's work is grounded in his outstanding professionalism in the different fields of classics, embracing not only textsand theories of the great thinkers from the pre-Socratic to the post-Aristotelian and Stoic philosophies but also the main currents of ancient literature. - Picht's importance as a political author and public adviser is exceptional, and may explain why his lifelong friend Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker - another pioneer presented in this series - called him his "teacher"

The review establishes that the philosophy of science of the second half of the XX century contains an accurate image of the society that was formed in the first 15 years of the XXI century thanks to digital communication technologies. Based on the analysis of modern research in the field of social sciences, it is shown that this global, postmodern, neoliberal society of post-truth and post-humanism created by digital communication technologies caused a corresponding radical restructuring of the social sciences.

This wide-ranging book critically reviews the ways in which religious and non-religious belief systems interact with scientific methods, traditions and theories. Moving beyond the traditional focus on the United States, the book shows how debates about science and belief are firmly embedded in political conflict, class, community and culture.

Regardless of the country of origin of the tax law, it always remains the interference law. It is meant to create social relationships non-existing beyond it1. The essence of these relationships demonstrates itself in the fact, that state representations imposing the obligation of tax performance upon a particular subject do not establish a simultaneous obligation of ensuring an immediate reciprocal performance for the subject benefit from the side of state or any local administrative unit2. A specific character of the legal tie, that is being established between the addressee of norm - a taxpayer /in some cases also with other subjects, i.e. other taxpayers, collectors or successors in right / and a legislator demands the acceptance of, on the one hand for the needs of tax law a closed system of sources and, on the other hand, the conditions of their interpretation (taking into consideration that legal norms resulting for the system of sources are not always transparent in spite of aiming at such transparency). The issue becomes crucial wherever, beside the local legal regulations, the subjects are obliged to use norms of foreign law as well. In the conditions of Poland or other countries that are the members of the European Union it implies that using the tax law and explaining its contents procedure should be based on respecting both constitution resolutions as well as norms of the European Union law.

The Scientometric study on 'Polymer Science Research in India' based on Science Citation Index-Expanded shows that publication in polymer science by Indian scientists has increased steadily during the period 1999–2012. Total of 25,566 records were retrieved from the SCI for 1999–2012. In terms of world share, India stood at seventh position. India contributed only 4.38 per cent of publications to world output during 1999–2012. The authorship study validates that now-a-days multiple authorship prevails in almost all fields especially science subjects. Therefore, Lotka law when applied in our study does not pass the test. The institutions involved in polymer science research in India are mostly government supported academic institutions. The presence of private research laboratories is negligible. The Indian scientists in polymer science are collaborating with international scientists mostly in terms of joint publications. Out of top 40 journals, there are 34 foreign journals and are mostly from USA and UK. The analysis of subject categories shows that the polymer science is a multi-disciplinary field.