Suchergebnisse

In recent years, the European Union's restrictive measures against the Russian Federation in response to the conflict in Ukraine have been the subject of many wide-ranging analyses, in the fields of political science, international relations and economics. Nevertheless, in the field of law, there is still a lack of efforts in assessing them. This work is an attempt to look at this topic through the prism of European Union law. The first part of the paper examines the legal regulation of the European Union restrictive measures (sanctions). Beginning with the origins of the European Union, the issue of the origins of Common Foreign and Security Policy is examined. As well as the manner in which economic sanctions were adopted in those times. The paper goes on to examine the effects of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon as regards the analysis of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The author examines the unique position of this policy in the Treaty on European Union and in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, further consistently assessing the role of its actors: the Member States and Union institutions The next part outlines the implementing measures for this policy area (for example, the nature of the Council decisions). Finally, it focuses on one of the instruments of the Common Foreign and Security Policy - the legal mechanism for restrictive measures. The paper describes their goals, principles, as well as procedural aspects: adoption, implementation, monitoring processes. Following this, the second part of the work first briefly describes the events of 2014, from the mass demonstrations of Ukrainian citizens against the non-signature of the Association Agreement with the European Union, to the illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia - an unprecedented act of aggression against another sovereign state (the first since the end of the second world war ), finally leading to the European Union adopting the above-mentioned measures aimed at correcting the behavior of the Russian regime. The third part deals with the specific restrictive measures concerning the Russian Federation and the actions taken by its leadership: (a) in response to actions that directly harm Ukraine's territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence; (b) trade restrictions regarding Crimea and Sevastopol; (c) and finally the sectoral / economic measures against Russia. The fourth part examines the first cases brought before the General Court of the European Union and the Court of Justice of the European Union

In this report, our objective is to provide a snapshot of the current situation of the governance and management of migration in Hungary, the regulatory landscape, citing and reflecting on developments and events occurred between 2011 and 2018. Section 1) gives a statistical overview of international migration to Hungary. The data displayed shows the main patterns of asylum seeker flows, their recognition rates and the scale of people being expelled from the territory. We briefly describe the demographic composition of third-country nationals residing in the country, closing the section with a few remarks on migratory balance. Section 2) outlines the political, cultural and socio-economic context in which migration management enfolds. It briefly introduces the linguistic and religious cleavages and the political and institutional arrangements of the state. Without engaging in a thorough analysis, we will try to pin down those critical socio-economic and political factors that are accountable for the current escalation of tensions. In doing so, we move on to Section 3) that gives an insight on how the constitutional organization of the state has been altered and restructured over the past years, thus establishing an ideological, legal and institutional base for the transformation of the migration and asylum framework. Section 4) accounts for the legislative and institutional framework of immigration and asylum by introducing the major Acts that govern the field, the authorities that are responsible for the implementation of the policy, and the Government's migration strategy. Since the recent developments fundamentally changed the scope of the framework, now representing its basic tenets, instead of discussing the amendments in a separate section, the refugee crisis driven reforms will be embedded here. In chronological order we will address all major amendments since 2015 that affected the legislative framework. Section 5) explains the legal status of foreigners, including asylum applicants, beneficiaries of international protection, the main categories of third country nationals legally residing in the country in terms of the type of residence permit they hold, irregular migrants, and unaccompanied minors. In describing the situation of asylum seekers, we will outline the first main stages of the application procedure. Reception conditions and detention of asylum seekers, however, being subject of another work package of the project, are out of the scope of the report. Finally, in Section 6) we will analyse the national framework compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights based on the Court's case law in relation to migration and asylum.

Die Länder, in denen sich hochwertige technologische Unternehmen ansiedeln, werden auch im zukünftigen globalen Wettbewerb eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dabei sind insbesondere Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer sind in ihrer Transformation zu Industrieländern auf eigene technologische Unternehmen und Industrien angewiesen. Dies hat gerade auch die Transformation, die Japan und Südkorea zwischen den 1960er und 1990er Jahren durchlau-fen haben, offenbart. Indien und China – die beiden entwicklungsstärksten Schwellenländer – setzen ebenfalls auf eine aufstrebende ICT-Industrie, um sich zu Industrieländern zu entwickeln. Jedoch ist der Erfolg der beiden bevölkerungsreichen Länder unterschiedlich beschaffen. Während Indien weiterhin an einer umfassenden Entwicklung seine ICT-Industrie scheitert, vermag es China bereits erste Erfolge zu verzeichnen. Im Kontext dieser unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen un-tersucht diese Dissertation nun die Ursachen, um auch erste Schlüsse für das Entwicklungs-potenzial anderer Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer zu ziehen. Dabei behandelt diese Dis-sertation zwei zentrale empirische Forschungsfragen: 1) Welche Faktoren erklären die wett-bewerbsfähige Entwicklung der ICT-Industrie in Indien und China? 2) Warum haben sich die ICT-Industrien in Indien und China zwischen 1980 bis 2015 jeweils unterschiedlich entwi-ckelt? Um die Forschungsfragen zu untersuchen, wurden zunächst auf theoretischer Ebene relevante Innovations- und Wettbewerbstheorien, sowie industriepolitische Theorien auf ihr Erklä-rungspotenzial diskutiert. Dabei erwies sich eine modifizierte Version des Diamond-Modells nach Micheal Porter als am besten geeignet, um die empirische Untersuchung zu leiten. Als zentrale Forschungsmethode wurde wiederum die vergleichende Fallstudie ausgewählt. Diese griff auf Deskriptive Analysen und Informationsvisualisierung sowie Regressionsanalysen zurück, um das existierende Material weiter zu verdichten und aufzubereiten. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen zunächst, dass sich die ICT-Industrie Indiens im Vergleich zur umfassenden ICT-Industrie Chinas lediglich auf ICT-Dienstleistungen, Softwareprodukte und dazugehörige Dienstleistungen konzentriert hat. Im Gegensatz zu China sind die Ge-schäfte der ICT-Industrie Indiens dabei auch äußerst ähnlich. Als die entscheidenden Fakto-ren für diese Unterschiede wurden die Nachfrageorientierungen identifiziert. Während sich ICT-Industrie in Indien an der Auslandsnachfrage orientiert, stützt sich die ICT-Industrie in Chinas auf die Binnennachfrage. Dies hängt vor allem damit zusammen, dass die chinesische Industriegesellschaft eine große Binnennachfrage generieren kann. Damit sind ihre Konsu-menten auch relativ bereiter, neue Technologien aus der ICT-Industrie aufzunehmen und von ihnen zu profitieren. In Indien existiert eine solche inländische Offenheit jedoch nicht, wes-wegen vor allem die Auslandsnachfrage die Entwicklung der ICT-Industrie bedingt und limi-tiert. Aus einer nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsperspektive ist die ICT-Industrie in China ebenfalls bes-ser aufgestellt als die ICT-Industrie in Indien. So befindet sich letztere noch ausschließlich auf den nachgeordneten Abschnitten der globalen Wertschöpfungskette und wird daher weiterhin sehr abhängig von ausländischen Unternehmen der übergeordneten Abschnitte bleiben. Da-mit ist die Entwicklung der ICT-Industrie in Indien insbesondere von Wechselkursverände-rungen abhängig, welche eine starke Bedeutung für die Auslandsnachfrage besitzen. Im Ge-gensatz zu Indien ist die ICT-Industrie Chinas wiederum dabei, auf sämtliche Abschnitte der globalen Wertschöpfungskette der ICT-Industrie vorzudringen. So konnte die ICT-Industrie in China bereits ein umfassendes ICT-Ökosystem entwickeln, welches äußerst positive Sy-nergieeffekte leistet. Dadurch können einige chinesische Unternehmen womöglich sogar während des Übergangs von der jetzigen 4G-Technologie zur 5G-Technologie endgültig zu globalen, wettbewerbsfähigen ICT-Unternehmen aufsteigen. Schlussfolgernd ist die ICT-Industrie Chinas damit ein typisches Beispiel für den allmähli-chen 'Catch Up', bei dem sie sich beinahe vollständig auf die inländische Industriegesell-schaft stützen kann. Die ICT-Industrie in Indien ist wiederum ein typisches Beispiel für 'Leap Frogging', da sie weiterhin stark auf die Agrarwirtschaft angewiesen ist. Dies belegt insbe-sondere auch der Entwicklungsgrad der Basisinfrastruktur. Diese Erkenntnisse sollten auch in die Entwicklungspolitik anderer Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer einfließen, da sie aufzeigen, welche Bedeutung die Ankurbelung der inländischen Binnennachfrage und die Entwicklung von ICT-Ökosystemen für die zukünftige globale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Länder besitzen. Damit sind aber auch unausweichlich weitere Politikfelder wie Soziales und Bildung betroffen.

State estimation, i.e. determining the trajectory, of a maneuvering target from noisy measurements collected by a single or multiple passive sensors (e.g. passive sonar and radar) has wide civil and military applications, for example underwater surveillance, air defence, wireless communications, and self-protection of military vehicles. These passive sensors are listening to target emitted signals without emitting signals themselves which give them concealing properties. Tactical scenarios exists where the own position shall not be revealed, e.g. for tracking submarines with passive sonar or tracking an aerial target by means of electro-optic image sensors like infrared sensors. This estimation process is widely known as bearings-only tracking . On the one hand, a challenge is the high degree of nonlinearity in the estimation process caused by the nonlinear relation of angular measurements to the Cartesian state. On the other hand, passive sensors cannot provide direct target location measurements, so bearings-only tracking suffers from poor target trajectory estimation accuracy due to marginal observability from sensor measurements. In order to achieve observability, that means to be able to estimate the complete target state, multiple passive sensor measurements must be fused. The measurements can be recorded spatially distributed by multiple dislocated sensor platforms or temporally distributed by a single, moving sensor platform. Furthermore, an extended case of bearings-only tracking is given if heterogeneous measurements from targets emitting different types of signals, are involved. With this, observability can also be achieved on a single, not necessarily moving platform. In this work, a performance bound for complex motion models, i.e. piecewisely maneuvering targets with unknown maneuver change times, by means of bearings-only measurements from a single, moving sensor platform is derived and an efficient estimator is implemented and analyzed. Furthermore, an observability analysis is carried out for targets emitting acoustic and electromagnetic signals. Here, the different signal propagation velocities can be exploited to ensure observability on a single, not necessarily moving platform. Based on the theoretical performance and observability analyses a distributed fusion system has been realized by means of heterogeneous sensors, which shall detect an event and localize a threat. This is performed by a microphone array to detect sound waves emitted by the threat as well as a radar detector that detects electromagnetic emissions from the threat. Since multiple platforms are involved to provide increased observability and also redundancy against possible breakdowns, a WiFi mobile ad hoc network is used for communications. In order to keep up the network in a breakdown OLSR (optimized link state routing) routing approach is employed.

International audience ; This article aims at understanding the way political journalists – whose identity, centrality and professional practices are totally changed by social networking sites – use the discourses produced on Twitter as objective insights from a "connected" public opinion. While this "public opinion" cannot be scientifically proven, it is presented as unquestionable in the journalistic discourse. By stageing this "public opinion", journalists hold a masterful and hybrid position that sits between that of expertise and info-divertissement. Our semio-pragmatic and discourse analysis will focus on the French political television program Des paroles et des actes and, in particular, on the final sequence dedicated to feedback from Internet users. The sequence is presented by a journalist "specialized" in social networking sites, responsible for passing on the words and opinion of "the French people". ; Este artículo apunta a entender cómo los periodistas –cuya identidad, centralidad y prácticas profesionales están cambiando por completo por los sitios de redes sociales– utilizan los tecnodiscursos producidos en Twitter como elementos objetivos de una opinión pública "conectada". Esta opinión pública no puede ser científicamente comprobada; sin embargo, el discurso periodístico no la cuestiona. Escenificar esta "opinión pública" permite ante todo colocar al periodista en una postura magistral e híbrida, entre pericia e infotainment. Nuestro análisis semiopragmático y discursivo tratará del programa político de televisión francés Des paroles et des actes y, más particularmente, de la secuencia final en la que se escuchan las reacciones de los internautas. Esta secuencia es animada por un periodista "experto" en las redes sociales, encargado de transmitir la palabra y la opinión de "los Franceses". ; Cet article vise à comprendre la manière dont les journalistes politiques – bousculés dans leur identité, leur centralité et leurs pratiques professionnelles par les réseaux socionumériques – se saisissent de discours produits sur Twitter comme éléments objectifs d'une opinion publique « connectée ». Or, si cette dernière ne peut être scientifiquement prouvée, elle trouve dans les discours journalistiques une évidence qui empêche toute remise en question. Mettre en scène cette « opinion publique » permet surtout de replacer le journaliste dans une position magistrale et hybride, entre expertise et info-divertissement. Notre analyse sémio-pragmatique et discursive porte sur l'émission Des paroles et des actes et plus particulièrement la séquence finale dédiée aux réactions des internautes animée par un journaliste « expert » des réseaux socionumériques chargé de relayer la parole et l'opinion des « Français ».

International audience ; Ce chapitre ambitionne de saisir le rôle de l'amitié dans l'essor et le maintien des mouvements de femmes. L'enquête menée dans les cinq villes a confirmé la spécificité de l'amitié dans la construction des mobilisations féministes, par contraste avec les formes organisationnelles des militantismes gauchistes et syndicalistes. Par ailleurs, cette attention au compagnonnage de militantes féministes permet de comprendre pourquoi et comment, au-delà de la disparition des collectifs eux-mêmes, les sociabilités et fréquentations militantes peuvent perdurer.Dans le sillage de quelques travaux cherchant à saisir les sociabilités féministes, il convient d'ôter à ces liens toute dimension insondable, pour restituer les logiques sociales et genrées qui commandent leur distribution et leurs normes d'expression. Nous avons choisi la catégorie d'amitié car elle ne réduit la focale ni aux sociabilités communes à de nombreux militantismes, ni à la solidarité qui n'est qu'une de ses dimensions, ni à la sororité et à son aspect potentiellement essentialisant. Si l'amitié est un vecteur à la fois de production d'identité de soi et de solidarité politique, les descriptions que font les militantes de leurs engagements introduisent un intérêt supplémentaire à l'usage sociologique de cette notion : la compréhension de sa portée socio-politique. En effet, dans les groupes féministes, il arrive que l'amitié supplante les règles de codification militante et leur en procure la substance, de telle sorte que la délimitation des espaces militants suit les frontières esquissées par des complicités préalables.Cette entrée par l'amitié permet alors de saisir des profils de militantes plus minoritaires au sein de la population étudiée, c'est-à-dire des femmes dont la première, voire la seule allégeance est devenue le féminisme. De manière réciproque, l'aptitude des rapports amicaux à « mobiliser » prend un sens plus aigu dans des groupes informels, où la faiblesse de « l'encadrement » peut mettre en péril le maintien de l'engagement. De sorte que l'épuisement des groupes est souvent corrélé à l'essoufflement de ces rapports.Les récits de vie, associés à une analyse rétrospective des trajectoires, font apparaître la (dis)continuité des relations amicales sur la durée, permettant ainsi de prolonger l'examen de la portée politique des amitiés dans le temps, tout en évaluant l'importance du tissu de sociabilités localisé dans leur maintien. En raison de ces particularités, l'amitié dans les groupes féministes, sans doute davantage que dans d'autres espaces contestataires, crée des conditions propices à l'engagement militant et se déploie à mesure que les liens de solidarité façonnent le militantisme, vécu comme un soutien. Enfin, l'intensité des compagnonnages noués perdure dans le temps.

Dans un entretien filmé mis en ligne en 2009, François Élie décrit les développeurs de logiciels libres comme une communauté d'amateurs, jeunes, se nourrissant essentiellement de « fun » et de « pizzas ». Il ajoute qu'un jour, il va pourtant « falloir qu'ils paient un loyer, qu'ils aient une famille, et qu'ils travaillent dans la vraie vie » (Élie, 2009). François Élie voulait jouer avec les stéréotypes attachés à la culture hacker pour dénoncer le travail non payé dans l'économie open source. Mal lui en prit : il fut la cible de plusieurs commentaires irrités de la part de ceux qu'il entendait défendre. Certains militants du logiciel libre lui reprochèrent de mépriser les gens dont la motivation principale est la passion, non l'intérêt financier, et il fut accusé d'importer indûment les valeurs et les normes du secteur marchand au sein d'une sphère d'activité dont les finalités n'ont souvent rien à voir avec la recherche d'un profit.Cette anecdote fait ressortir la difficulté qu'il peut y avoir à penser des activités accomplies par passion comme un travail méritant rémunération. Elle montre aussi que les logiciels libres ne constituent plus depuis longtemps un espace séparé de façon étanche de la sphère marchande. Ils sont au contraire devenus des briques indispensables de l'économie numérique, sans que leurs producteurs soient pour autant toujours rémunérés.Ces quelques constats invitent à confronter le projet social du free software, tel qu'il a été élaboré au cours des années 1980, avec les transformations des industries informatiques et des entreprises du Web.C'est là le premier objectif de cet article, qui entend lier une analyse de l'idéologie3 du free software à une économie politique du numérique. Nous nous appuierons ensuite sur la notion de « commun » (Coriat, 2015 ; Cornu, Orsi et Rochfeld, 2017) pour tenter de déplacer le cadre discursif et normatif posé par le mouvement du logiciel libre. Nous ne nous intéresserons alors plus uniquement à la protection de certains biens informationnels contre les dynamiques d'enclosure, mais également aux conditions économiques et sociales de leur production et de leur usage. En d'autres termes, introduire la notion de « commun » permet de ne pas considérer les logiciels libres uniquement comme des ressources sur lesquelles les utilisateurs ont certains droits, mais aussi comme les produits d'un travail et les enjeux d'une distribution de valeur. C'est ce déplacement des questions scientifiques, politiques et militantes, dont nous essaierons de préciser les enjeux ; Du modèle du logiciel Libre au modèle productif des communs Les licences pair à pair contre le free software ?

The five years from 2010 to 2014 witnessed significant developments in the further education and training (FET) sector in Ireland. This period culminated in the launch, in 2014, of the first ever National FET Strategy in the history of the state which set out a roadmap to achieve the vision of a world-class FET system in Ireland. This research aims to explain how and why these developments took place and if the developmental trajectory is consistent with realising the vision of a world-class FET system. This research takes a case study approach to assessing the evolution of FET in Ireland from a skill formation perspective. The primary focus of this case study is the period from 1973, when Ireland joined the EEC, up to 2014 and the launch of the FET Strategy. The critical analysis of the developmental trajectory examines FET as part of the skill formation institution of the state. Accordingly, this research is placed within the theoretical framework of historical institutionalism. Given the aim of having a ?world-class? FET system in Ireland, the research begins with a review of the international context of skill formation systems in advanced economies. This is followed by a review of the evolution of skill formation in Ireland prior to 1973. Four themes emerge from these reviews which scaffold the analysis of the two primary data sources in this research ? convergence of education and training, active labour market policy, convergence of certification and qualifications, and regionalisation and rationalisation of the public administration of further education and training. 32 published government policy documents are analysed using a semantic content analysis, and 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key policy actors in the FET policy space to assess the relationships between the key stakeholders over this period, analysed with the frame of the ?iron triangle of government?, i.e. the state, executive agencies, and interest groups. The results of the analyses are triangulated and 32 findings emerge from the research. Based on Busemeyer?s concept of the skill regime, this study proposes a model for an Irish Skill Regime which identifies the inter-institutional relationship within the skill formation space. The need to optimise the quality and balance of these relationships is also highlighted. In addition, the legacy of neglect and underinvestment has resulted in a capacity deficit in the FET sector in Ireland. There is a need for significant investment to address this deficit if the ambition of a ?world-class? FET system is to be achieved.

BACKGROUND: Most training programs for self-management of chronic diseases in Korea currently involve face-to-face interactions primarily in a health care setting. Therefore, older Koreans living in the community continue to seek other training opportunities for the management of chronic diseases. This has led to the development of new training methods, such as mobile health (mHealth) care, which are valuable in community centers and homes. OBJECTIVE: This feasibility study (1) developed an mHealth training protocol to empower community-dwelling elderly individuals to manage their chronic diseases; (2) examined the feasibility of delivering this mHealth training protocol to elderly individuals through mobile tablets and applications (apps); and (3) discussed the contextual and methodological challenges associated with the development of this protocol. METHODS: The mHealth training protocol was developed based on the eHealth Enhanced Chronic Care Model and comprised of four phases. Phase 1 included standardized technology (mobile tablets) training using guidebooks, demonstrations, and guided practice. Phase 2 included provision of standardized information about disease management that was obtained from governmental and professional health care organizations. Phase 3 included provision of training on the use of high-quality mHealth apps that were selected based on individual diagnoses. Phase 4 included encouraging the patients to practice using self-selected mHealth apps based on their individual needs. Quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative content analyses of user evaluations were used to assess the feasibility and user acceptance of this protocol. RESULTS: Of the 27 older adults included in this study, 25 completed all 4 weeks of the mHealth training. The attrition rate was 7% (2/27), and the reasons included time conflicts, emotional distress, and/or family discouragement. The men required little or no training for Phase 1, and in comparison with men, women seemed to depend more on the mHealth trainers in Phase 3. Gender, level of education, and previous experience of using smartphones were associated with the speed of learning, level of confidence, and overall competence. CONCLUSIONS: A tailored and personalized approach is required to develop mHealth training protocols for older adults. Self-management of chronic diseases via mHealth training requires careful consideration of the complex nature of human behavior, emotional responses, and familial influences. Therefore, integration of a theoretical, clinical, and technical approach is necessary for the successful development and implementation of an mHealth training program that targets older adults with chronic diseases in a community setting. ; open

International audience ; This article aims at understanding the way political journalists – whose identity, centrality and professional practices are totally changed by social networking sites – use the discourses produced on Twitter as objective insights from a "connected" public opinion. While this "public opinion" cannot be scientifically proven, it is presented as unquestionable in the journalistic discourse. By stageing this "public opinion", journalists hold a masterful and hybrid position that sits between that of expertise and info-divertissement. Our semio-pragmatic and discourse analysis will focus on the French political television program Des paroles et des actes and, in particular, on the final sequence dedicated to feedback from Internet users. The sequence is presented by a journalist "specialized" in social networking sites, responsible for passing on the words and opinion of "the French people". ; Este artículo apunta a entender cómo los periodistas –cuya identidad, centralidad y prácticas profesionales están cambiando por completo por los sitios de redes sociales– utilizan los tecnodiscursos producidos en Twitter como elementos objetivos de una opinión pública "conectada". Esta opinión pública no puede ser científicamente comprobada; sin embargo, el discurso periodístico no la cuestiona. Escenificar esta "opinión pública" permite ante todo colocar al periodista en una postura magistral e híbrida, entre pericia e infotainment. Nuestro análisis semiopragmático y discursivo tratará del programa político de televisión francés Des paroles et des actes y, más particularmente, de la secuencia final en la que se escuchan las reacciones de los internautas. Esta secuencia es animada por un periodista "experto" en las redes sociales, encargado de transmitir la palabra y la opinión de "los Franceses". ; Cet article vise à comprendre la manière dont les journalistes politiques – bousculés dans leur identité, leur centralité et leurs pratiques professionnelles par les réseaux socionumériques – se saisissent de discours produits sur Twitter comme éléments objectifs d'une opinion publique « connectée ». Or, si cette dernière ne peut être scientifiquement prouvée, elle trouve dans les discours journalistiques une évidence qui empêche toute remise en question. Mettre en scène cette « opinion publique » permet surtout de replacer le journaliste dans une position magistrale et hybride, entre expertise et info-divertissement. Notre analyse sémio-pragmatique et discursive porte sur l'émission Des paroles et des actes et plus particulièrement la séquence finale dédiée aux réactions des internautes animée par un journaliste « expert » des réseaux socionumériques chargé de relayer la parole et l'opinion des « Français ».

Personal Status of Moroccans regarding the Spanish Legal System: some remarks and de lege ferenda proposals Abstract: In order to regulate the personal status of Moroccans with habitual residence in Spain, it is necessary in advance to analyze the four factors that determine the legal and political framework of the issue: migratory, social, technical and religious. Secondly it is required to study the changes of the Private International Law systems in Western and Muslim countries, which increase the distance between them. Finally, this work will attempt to answer the question posed at the beginning since human communion between neighbours compel host States to establish a transnational legal framework to regulate those family situations emerged and developed in this geopolitical area. Keywords: personal status, family, migration, religion, Private International Law, European countries, Islamic countries, cooperation. ; El estatuto personal de los marroquíes ante el ordenamiento jurídico español: observaciones y propuestas de lege ferenda Resumen: Para reglamentar el estatuto personal de los marroquíes residentes en España es menester de antemano analizar los cuatro factores que conforman en marco jurídico-político de la cuestión: el migratorio, el social, el técnico y el religioso. Seguidamente resulta preciso estudiar los cambios en los sistemas de Derecho internacional privado en los países occidentales y musulmanes, los cuales amplifican la distancia entre ellos. Por último, este trabajo aportará una tentativa de respuesta a la cuestión planteada al principio dado que la comunión humana entre pueblos vecinos obliga a los Estados de acogida a dotarse de un marco jurídico transnacional para reglamentar las situaciones familiares nacidas y desarrolladas en el espacio geopolítico que ocupan. Palabras clave: estatuto personal, familia, migración, religión, Derecho internacional privado, países europeos, países musulmanes, cooperación. ; Résumé : Pour réglementer le statut personnel des marocains qui résident dans Espagne faut-il analyser d'abord les quatre facteurs qui composent le cadre juridique et politique relatif au sujet : migratoire, social, technique et religieux. Après cette tâche, il est nécessaire étudier les changements dans les systèmes de Droit international privé des pays occidentaux et des pays musulmans, lesquels amplifient la distance entre eux. Finalement, cet article offrira une tentative de réponse à la question posée au début étant donné que la communion humaine entre des peuples voisins oblige les Etats d'accueil à se doter d'un cadre juridique transnational pour réglementer les situations familiales survenues et développées dans l'espace géopolitique qu'ils occupent. Mots clés : statut personnel, famille, migration, religion, Droit international privé, pays européens, pays musulmans, coopération.

Many measures customarily employed within states to provide checks to and surveillance of the exercise of power, such as public elections, are not available with regard to the political institutions of global governance. For this reason, the accountability of such institutions is frequently a subject of particular discussion. A key institution in global governance whose legitimacy is constantly being challenged is the Group of 20 (G20). In this paper, we analyse the existing mechanisms pertaining to the accountability of the G20 and discuss the challenges that the new role of the G20 with regard to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development poses to them. To do so, we develop a concept of accountability which is applicable to the G20 as an institution of global governance. According to this concept, accountability consists of three elements: transparency, justification, and the possibility of sanctions in response to the activities of the institution. In addition, many accountability mechanisms fulfil an additional function with respect to the internal learning of an institution from past experiences. Based on this conceptualisation of accountability, we identify interaction with the media, the publication of accountability reports, and the interaction process with Engagement Groups from business, academia, and civil society as the most important accountability mechanisms of the G20. These mechanisms differ with regard to their primary addressees as well as with regard to the elements of accountability they are contributing to. In order to increase the accountability of the G20, several suggestions can be made, particularly in light of the demands set by its new role in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. To increase the effectiveness and credibility of its accountability processes, the G20 should facilitate a more independent evaluation of its activities such as by its Engagement Groups or through public discussion. For this to become possible, the work of the G20 must first and foremost become more transparent. Possible ways of achieving this range from the establishment of a permanent website, over the allowing of selected civil society members to attend its working group meetings, to publishing agendas and minutes. Self-reports should concentrate on descriptions rather than evaluations and should cover G20 policies relevant to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda coherently. Such improvements in the existing system of accountability mechanisms cannot fully compensate for the shortcomings – also with regard to accountability – that are related to the limited membership of the G20. Nevertheless, they would constitute important steps forward towards a more accountable G20.

Para limitar los efectos perjudiciales de la existencia de distintas prácticas supervisoras en un mercado de servicios financieros común se procedió a la implantación de un Mecanismo Único de Supervisión (MUS) de escala comun itaria. Sin embargo, el ámbito de aplicación de esta supervisión única es limitado y no se extiende a la totalidad de Estados miembros de la Unión. Así, mientras que los Estados Miembros de la Eurozona se encuentran automáticamente integrados en el MUS, lo s que no tienen el euro por moneda oficial deben solicitar su adhesión voluntaria mediante formalización de una cooperación estrecha. Esta dualidad de regímenes incide en el proceso de convergencia comunitaria, introduciendo distorsiones y generando dos ni veles de integración diferenciados. Se procede al análisis de los distintos factores (económicos, políticos, jurídicos.) que pueden favorecer o disuadir a los países que se plantearan la incorporación. Concluyendo que no existirá una decisión óptima univer sal para estos Estados, sino que la misma dependerá de diversas circunstancias (bancarización, estabilidad del sistema financiero, reputación del supervisor nacional.). En cualquier caso, la brecha que separa a los Estados integrados o no en el MUS es tran sitoria, y se cerrará con la paulatina adhesión de los miembros de la UE al euro ; A European Single Supe rvisory Mechanism was established in order to limit adverse effects of having different supervisory practices on a common financial services market.However, the scope of this single supervision is restricted and it does not extend over the European Union as a whole. Thus, whereas Eurozone members are automatically integrated into the SSM, non - euro area Member States have to apply for voluntary membership through the formalization of a close cooperation. Such duality of regimes hinders the convergence proce ss at Community level, introducing distortions and generating two different degrees of integration. Taking these premises into account, this article analyses the various factors (economic, political, legal.) that may favour or discourage countries consider ing their incorporation into the SSM, concluding that there is not a universal optimal decision for opting States. Conversely, the resolution they adopt will depend on particular circumstances such as development of banking sector, stability of financial s ystem, reputation of national supervisors, among others. In any case, the gap between Member States which are integrated into the SSM and those which are not is transitory, and it will be closed as a consequence of the gradual incorporation of the EU membe rs to the euro.

The Development Bank of Ethiopia is a specialized financial institution established to promote the national development agenda through development finance and close technical support to viable projects from the priority areas of the government by mobilizing fund from domestic and foreign sources while ensuring its sustainability. While financing development projects, however, the bank faces different, in their nature and causes, kinds of problems. One of these problems is delay in project implementation resulting cost overrun, repeated additional loan and loan repayment rescheduling request. The purpose of the study was to assess the causes for project implementation delay. This study investigates the causes of delay in project implementation for DBE financed projects to determine the most important according to the key project participants; internal (bank and project owners) and external factors. The research identifies and analyses whether the major causes of project implementation delay are attributed to project owner related factor or the Banks related factor or whether delay is attributed to some external factors such as government, supplier and contactor related factors like poor customs clearing, infrastructure problems, delays in the procurement machineries and materials required for the projects., rework due to design errors etc. The target populations (projects) for the study were selected from DBE Head Office financed projects and 68 projects were selected as sample for the study purpose. For this study 136 respondents from DBE and different Projects were selected. The study used both primary and secondary data collection methods. The primary data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data was derived from the project's files, recorded documents by bank and different documents such as annual reports, journals, articles, various books, websites, other published and unpublished sources and relevant documents. The data from the completed questionnaires was studied, re-coded and entered into the computer using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze quantitative data. The descriptive statistics included standard deviation, means and percentages. The quantitative collected data was analyzed by establishing the regression tools of the various factors identified as causes for project implementation delay. The results of the study showed that project implementation is negatively affected by owners, bank and external related causes. As a result if project implementation delay is occurred and continued, the bank will not be able to collect its loan on time which ultimately may lead to loss in the operation of the bank

Die EU-Lebensmittelpolitik betrifft primär den Bereich der Sicherheit der Lebensmittel vom Erzeuger bis hin zum Verbraucher. Dabei werden folgende Punkte in den Mittelpunkt gestellt: - Lebensmittel müssen sicher und nahrhaft sein. - Hohe Standards bei Tiergesundheit, Tierschutz und Pflanzenschutz müssen gewährleistet werden. - Informationen zu Ursprung, Inhalt, Kennzeichnung und Verwendung von Lebensmitteln müssen deutlich angegeben werden. Da Lebensmittelpolitik für die EU ein zentrales Thema ist, existieren umfassende Rechtsvorschriften zur Sicherheit von Lebensmitteln, Futtermitteln und Lebensmittelhygiene. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf Dokumente der Europäischen Kommission eingegangen, die das Hauptthema der Lebensmittelsicherheit betreffen. Insbesondere werden - das Weißbuch zur Lebensmittelsicherheit (2000); - die Bekanntmachung der Kommission mit dem Titel "EU-Leitlinien für Lebensmittelspenden" (2017); - die Bekanntmachung der Kommission über die Bereitstellung von Informationen über Stoffe oder Erzeugnisse, die Allergien oder Unverträglichkeiten auslösen (2017) berücksichtigt. Diese Texte sind auf der Web-Seite Eur-Lex recherchierbar und dabei sind Parallelversionen bis zu drei Sprachen lesbar. Das ermöglicht den direkten Vergleich unter den Texten in den verschiedenen Sprachen. Berücksichtigt werden die englisch- und die deutschsprachige Auffassung der Dokumente, da Arbeitssprachen der Europäischen Kommission nämlich vorwiegend Englisch, Deutsch und Französisch sind (s. Sprachenregelung in den EU-Organen). Die französische Version wird aus Platzgründen nicht untersucht. Die gesammelten Dokumente werden zuerst übereinzelsprachlich analysiert in Bezug auf ihre pragmatisch-kommunikativen Charakteristika, die in Abhängigkeit von der Textsorte festgestellt werden können, und auf thematisch-strukturelle Merkmale. Zu den ersten gehören z.B. der fachliche Kommunikationskontext und die dominanten Sprachfunktionen; zu den zweiten gehört die Strukturierung der Texte in Zusammenhang mit der Themenentfaltung. Die genannten Merkmale sollten in der deutsch- und in der englischsprachigen Version ähnlich sein, da es um inhaltlich äquivalente Texte geht. Was die deutsch- und englischsprachigen Texte unterscheidet, ist die Verwendung von bestimmten sprachlichen Mitteln, um eine bestimmte Sprachfunktion auszuüben oder um die Themen zu entwickeln. Beispielsweise wird die reglementierend-direktive Funktion (Fandrych/Thurmair 2011: 31) in einigen deutschen Textpassagen durch die Verwendung von Modalverben (Präsens Indikativ, Aktivform) ausgeübt, in den englischen durch syntaktisch komplexere Verbalformen (e.g. Partizipien), die König/Gast (2012: 120) als "substitution forms" definieren (e.g. must kann durch Formen wie be obliged to and be forced to ersetzt werden). Ein Beispiel aus der Bekanntmachung der Kommission über die Bereitstellung von Informationen über Stoffe oder Erzeugnisse, die Allergien oder Unverträglichkeiten auslösen: Deutsch Englisch Nach den neuen Bestimmungen müssen die Verbraucher immer über das Vorhandensein von Allergenen informiert werden, auch bei nicht vorverpackten Lebensmitteln. In particular, under the new legislation it is required that the information on the presence of allergens in foods is always provided to the consumers, including on non-prepacked foods. Im genannten Beispiel liegt der Fokus auf den Verbrauchern im deutschsprachigen Text, auf information im englischsprachigen. Die der vergleichenden Analyse zugrunde liegende Hypothese ist, dass die Benutzung unterschiedlicher Sprachmittel nicht nur auf die syntaktisch-semantische Struktur Konsequenzen hat, sondern auch auf die Informationsstruktur des Textes. Die Leitfragen der Untersuchung lauten: - Wie beeinflussen die unterschiedlichen (lexikalischen und syntaktischen) Sprachmittel der deutschen und der englischen Sprache die informative Organisation der Texte? - Führt die 'diskrepante' Informationsstruktur zwischen den zwei Sprachversionen zu einer differenten Themenfokussierung? Literatur Bundesregierung (2013): Sprachenregelung in den EU-Organen (https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Lexikon/EUGlossar/S/2005-11-22-sprachenregelung-in-eu-behoerden.html, 30.04.2018) Cosmai, D. (2007): Tradurre per l'UE. Hoepli. Fandrych, C. / Thurmair, M. (2011): Texsorten im Deutschen. Stauffenburg. König, E. / Gast, V. (2012): Understanding English-German Contrasts. Erich Schmidt Verlag. Musan, R. (2017): Informationsstruktur. Universitätsverlag Winter Heidelberg. Raus, R. (2010): Multilinguismo e terminologia dell'Unione Europea. Problematiche e prospettive. Hoepli. Reis, M. (1993): Wortstellung und Informationsstruktur. De Gruyter. Web-Seiten https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ (30.04.2018)