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In the United States many important programs are paid from trust funds. At a time when major social insurance funds are facing insolvency, this book provided the first comprehensive study of this significant yet little-studied feature of the American welfare state. Equally importantly, the author investigates an enduring issue in democratic politics: can current officeholders bind their successors? By law, trust funds, which get most of their money from earmarked taxes, are restricted for specific uses. Patashnik asks why these structures were created, and how they have affected political dynamics. He argues that officeholders have used trust funds primarily to reduce political uncertainty, and bind distant futures. Based on detailed case studies of trust funds in a number of policy sectors, he shows how political commitment is a developmental process, whereby precommitments shape the content of future political conflicts. This book will be of interest to students of public policy, political economy and American political development

International audience ; The results pointed out in the note 'The significance of geographic location in island studies' by McElroy & Lucas (2014) suggest that the economic performance of small islands is inversely related to their remoteness from the rest of the world and positively related to their political affiliation to a large country. In this note, I propose some policy implications and review some theoretical explanations for this result. I also present similar results obtained with a gravity model of tourism demand for small islands.

International audience ; The results pointed out in the note 'The significance of geographic location in island studies' by McElroy & Lucas (2014) suggest that the economic performance of small islands is inversely related to their remoteness from the rest of the world and positively related to their political affiliation to a large country. In this note, I propose some policy implications and review some theoretical explanations for this result. I also present similar results obtained with a gravity model of tourism demand for small islands.

The regulation of public utilities, C. H. Harrison; Some present-day issues of public utility regulation, E. W. Bemis; What certain cities have accomplished without state regulation, S. P. Jones; Constructive policy for public service corporations, C. Day; What regulation must accomplish if it is to be permanent, J. M. Eshleman; Open discussion.

Nearly half of all Americans will be diagnosed with an invasive cancer—an all-too ordinary aspect of daily life. Through a powerful combination of cultural analysis and memoir, this stunningly original book explores why cancer remains so confounding, despite the billions of dollars spent in the search for a cure. Amidst furious debates over its causes and treatments, scientists generate reams of data—information that ultimately obscures as much as it clarifies. Award-winning anthropologist S. Lochlann Jain deftly unscrambles the high stakes of the resulting confusion. Expertly reading across a range of material that includes history, oncology, law, economics, and literature, Jain explains how a national culture that simultaneously aims to deny, profit from, and cure cancer entraps us in a state of paradox—one that makes the world of cancer virtually impossible to navigate for doctors, patients, caretakers, and policy makers alike. This chronicle, burning with urgency and substance leavened with brio and wit, offers a lucid guide to understanding and navigating the quicksand of uncertainty at the heart of cancer. Malignant vitally shifts the terms of an epic battle we have been losing for decades: the war on cancer

El artículo contribuye al debate sobre la regulación de los hidrocarburos no convencionales y el agua en Argentina. El tratamiento de los problemas ambientales surgió en la agenda internacional a inicios de la década del setenta del siglo XX y tuvo rápida recepción en la institucionalidad ambiental de Argentina. A lo largo del artículo, primero se discuten los aspectos técnicos centrales de la exploración y explotación de los hidrocarburos convencionales y no convencionales. Posteriormente se presenta el marco normativo e institucional que encuadra la política ambiental en el país, en particular frente a los hidrocarburos y el agua. Por último, se propone avanzar en la regulación ambiental de la actividad con la sanción de una ley de presupuestos mínimos de protección ambiental. ; The article contributes to the debate about the regulation of non-conventional hydrocarbons and water in Argentina. "e treatment of environmental problems emerged on the international agenda at the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century and had a quick reception in the Argentina environmental institution. Firstly, throughout the article, are discussed central technical aspects of exploration and exploitation of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons. "en, it is presented the policy and institutional framework governing the environmental policy in the country, especially to hydrocarbons and water. Finally, it is proposed to advance in the environmental regulation of the activity with the sanction of minimum budgets law on environmental protection. ; L'article contribue sur le débat sur la réglementation des hydrocarbures non conventionnels et l'eau en Argentine. Le traitement des problèmes environnementaux est né dans l'agenda international au début des années soixante-dix du XXe siècle et il avait la réception rapide dans les institutions environnementales en Argentine. Tout au long de l'article, premier les aspects techniques centraux de l'exploration et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures conventionnels et non conventionnels sont discutés. Ensuite se présente le cadre réglementaire et institutionnel encadrant la politique environnementale dans le pays, en particulier devant les hydrocarbures et l'eau. En$n, il est proposé de faire avancer la réglementation environnementale de l'activité avec la sanction d'une loi des budgets minimums pour la protection de l'environnement. ; O artigo contribui para o debate sobre a regulamentação dos hidrocarbonetos não convencionais e água na Argentina. O tratamento de problemas ambientais surgiu na agenda internacional no início da década de setenta do século XX e teve recepção rápida nas instituições ambientais da Argentina. Ao longo do artigo primeiro são discutidos aspectos técnicos centrais da prospecção e exploração de hidrocarbonetos convencionais e não convencionais. Mais tarde, apresenta-se o quadro político e institucional que rege a política ambiental no país, em particular frente aos hidrocarbonetos e água. Finalmente, propõe-se avançar a regulamentação ambiental da atividade com a promulgação de uma lei sobre a proteção ambiental mínimo. ; Fil: Caceres, Veronica Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina

AbstractSince the late 20th century, a combination of sociodemographic changes and increasing costs of pensions, health and social care challenged the intergenerational welfare contract. Besides, governments have been substituting more parts of care services for informal care. Given this reality, little is known to what extent informal cares prefer a higher government responsibility. Nonetheless, they demonstrate solidarity towards other generations through their actions. In this article, we question whether the intensity of informal caregiving, expressed in hours a week, and age group affects preferences towards welfare distributions and policies supporting informal caregivers. To do so, we have used a unique dataset of stratified, representative data about intergenerational exchanges between individuals in Belgium. We only see a significant effect of high intensity caregiving on general welfare state support. For the policy that targets informal caregivers we see no differences between informal caregivers and non‐carers. We argue that informal care status or age cannot fully grasp people's preferences of welfare state support, but lies in the intersection of individual characteristics. A recent study about informal caregivers in Flanders highlighted significant differences in support needs across age groups. Notably, the persons at working age, would feel most helped by reconciliation measures such as paid informal care leave. Moreover, support needs correlated with the intensity of caregiving, as those providing 10 h or more expressed a greater need for financial support, work‐life balance policies and help from professional services (Bracke et al. Zorgenquête 2021: Inhoudelijk rapport, 2022). Recognizing the importance of different support needs of informal caregivers, underscores the necessity for comprehensive approaches in family and informal care policies to address both caregiver and recipient needs effectively.

AbstractStreet food helps to characterise Southeast Asia as a popular gastronomic destination for tourism. However, confusion regarding its translation can make it difficult to understand the nature of its food types and selections. This study aims to examine how street food names in Malaysia are translated from Chinese to English and explore the cultural influence found within the translations of street food names. This study adopts a qualitative case study with thirty-six types of translations for mouse noodle, nineteen types for Hokkien Mee, twenty-two types for Wan Tan Mee, and seven types for Kueh Chap. Data analysis encompassed both the micro content analysis for food translation techniques with changes in content and linguistic aspects of translation varieties and the macro-analysis from an ethnography approach with a semi-structured interview comprised of perspectives from ten food vendors and twenty consumers. The analysis of the interviews is guided by linguistic and cultural factors. This study found that street food names were translated with transliteration, literal translation, amplification, omission, and their combinations—the results showed that transliteration was the most frequently used technique. In detail, the changes made in the translations were in both content and linguistic aspects—mainly addition, omission, restructuring, lexical, and morphological changes. The results also showed that the factors that played a major role include knowledge (background knowledge and linguistic competence), time, and culture (localisation and cultural policy). The ethnographic description explained how these factors result in transliteration within the social relations of Chinese Malaysians. In conclusion, the transliteration based on Chinese dialects and its varieties in spelling has labelled Malaysia a multicultural destination, in which its diverse cultures are intermingled in the translations of street food names.

AbstractSolid waste segregation plays a critical role in effective waste management; however, the practice remains at a low level in developing countries like Ethiopia. Despite the persistent nature of the problem, there are limited studies to date that can provide sufficient empirical evidence to support appropriate efforts by policy makers and practitioners, particularly in the context of the developing world. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze household practices and determinants of solid waste segregation in the urban areas of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, data were generated through a household survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations. The collected quantitative data were cleaned, encoded, and statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS, while thematic analysis was undertaken to evaluate and describe the qualitative data. The data analysis revealed that only 21.3% of respondents reported frequent solid waste segregation, while about half (45.5%) segregated solid waste rarely. Conversely, a considerable proportion (28.7%) of the respondents reported not segregating solid waste, and the remaining 4.5% of respondents were unsure about the practice. This implies that only one-fifth of the total sampled respondents actually implement solid waste segregation practices at the household level. The chi-square test showed that respondents' awareness/training (P = 0.000) and use of social organizations to discuss waste management (P = 0.001) are significantly associated with the practice of solid waste segregation. This highlights the need to focus on awareness-raising efforts among the general public in order to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of individual households and residents toward solid waste segregation practices. Additionally, enabling policies, sufficient infrastructure, and incentive mechanisms can also help enhance wider adoption of the practices.

AbstractIn both HIV science and public health policy, efforts to end the HIV epidemic are increasingly focusing on molecular HIV surveillance as a helpful tool for identifying, intervening in and controlling the disease. HIV surveillance is meant to identify clusters of genetically similar viral strains in near real-time in communities and areas where transmissions occur, and then to intervene by means of enhanced public health approaches. This article critically engages with how molecular HIV surveillance—a practice and technology portrayed as a benign public health intervention—empties and purifies many of the social and political contexts of HIV transmissions. McClelland et al. (Crit Public Health 1–7, 2019) see the rise of molecular HIV surveillance as a form of "repurposing" of clinical phylogenetic testing done in the context of HIV care. In this article, I argue that this so-called repurposing can be understood as a form of "translation". Looking at how phylogenetic HIV testing has been translated from clinical, patient-centered use to a form of molecular HIV surveillance, I seek to map some of the potential ethical and epistemological pitfalls of such a translational process. More specifically, I look at the unintended consequences of translating a particular evidence-based practice—phylogenetic HIV testing—from one usage to another. To this end, I engage with Michel Foucault and his work on the biopower of medicine, exploring how such power disciplines subjects into undergoing a form of medical surveillance that influences norms and behaviors. Ultimately, I argue that the translation of phylogenetic testing from patient-centered care in the clinic to a form of epidemiological surveillance needs to be critically examined in order to avoid ethical and potentially detrimental consequences for HIV-affected communities.

In this special issue of Historical Social Research, indicators are considered epistemic devices that render the world governable by quantification. While endowed with an aura of objectivity, indicators are not neutral devices. Instead they transform the world they claim to describe. Against the backdrop of a global proliferation of indicators, we argue in favour of research that strategically focuses on the processes that lead to the institutionalisation and systematic use of key indicators in politics compared to cases in which these processes fail. This type of research strategy could enhance the accumulation of systematic knowledge as well as the relevance of social studies of quantification. Furthermore, we propose a heuristic for analysing how indicators are involved in shaping imaginations of the future following the three distinct dimensions of meaning (factual, social, temporal) as introduced by Luhmann. We also review diachronic and synchronic approaches to analysing the genesis and use of indicators in order to derive testable hypotheses about the gap between indicator design and policy use. Finally, we introduce the articles of this special issue.

International audience ; The Covid-19 pandemic as a collective experience has brought certain minority experiences closer to the majority's. The most obvious example have been the 2020 lockdowns, which has suddendly given able-bodied individuals the experience of the homeboundedness known to crips. Some other parallels constitute an unexpected positive impact of the pandemic, which has generally increased the level of solidarity in a common ordeal. Nevertheless, most pre-pandemic social vulnerabilities have perpetuated and even worsened. From proven correlations between one's level of precarity and vulnerability to Covid-19 to documented cases of treatment refusal to crip patients as a ressource-saving policy, most marginalities have been exacerbated by the pandemic and its handling. Although in many cases this exacerbation results from correlation and unpredictable/unsolvable practical issues, it seems very important to assert that such disparities in individuals' vulnerabilities to the pandemic also result from deliberate political choices or death-bearing ideologies. ; La pandémie de CoViD-19, vue comme expérience collective, a eu un effet de convergence des vécus minoritaires avec ceux de la « norme sociale ». L'exemple le plus évident est le confinement, qui a soudainement placé les personnes valides dans la même situation d'assignation à domicile que les personnes handicapées, mais de nombreux autres parallèles se dessinent. Cette convergence s'inscrit dans les effets positifs inattendus de la pandémie, avec le surcroît de solidarités occasionnées par l'épreuve commune. Cependant, les groupes sociaux les plus vulnérables avant la pandémie le sont restés, et ont subi celle-ci avec plus de violence. Des corrélations entre la précarité et l'exposition au CoViD-19 aux cas de refus de soins aux patients handicapés au nom du triage par manque de ressources, les différentes formes de marginalités ont été exacerbées par la pandémie. S'il s'agit dans certains cas de corrélations et d'effets imprévus ou impossibles à ...

International audience ; The Covid-19 pandemic as a collective experience has brought certain minority experiences closer to the majority's. The most obvious example have been the 2020 lockdowns, which has suddendly given able-bodied individuals the experience of the homeboundedness known to crips. Some other parallels constitute an unexpected positive impact of the pandemic, which has generally increased the level of solidarity in a common ordeal. Nevertheless, most pre-pandemic social vulnerabilities have perpetuated and even worsened. From proven correlations between one's level of precarity and vulnerability to Covid-19 to documented cases of treatment refusal to crip patients as a ressource-saving policy, most marginalities have been exacerbated by the pandemic and its handling. Although in many cases this exacerbation results from correlation and unpredictable/unsolvable practical issues, it seems very important to assert that such disparities in individuals' vulnerabilities to the pandemic also result from deliberate political choices or death-bearing ideologies. ; La pandémie de CoViD-19, vue comme expérience collective, a eu un effet de convergence des vécus minoritaires avec ceux de la « norme sociale ». L'exemple le plus évident est le confinement, qui a soudainement placé les personnes valides dans la même situation d'assignation à domicile que les personnes handicapées, mais de nombreux autres parallèles se dessinent. Cette convergence s'inscrit dans les effets positifs inattendus de la pandémie, avec le surcroît de solidarités occasionnées par l'épreuve commune. Cependant, les groupes sociaux les plus vulnérables avant la pandémie le sont restés, et ont subi celle-ci avec plus de violence. Des corrélations entre la précarité et l'exposition au CoViD-19 aux cas de refus de soins aux patients handicapés au nom du triage par manque de ressources, les différentes formes de marginalités ont été exacerbées par la pandémie. S'il s'agit dans certains cas de corrélations et d'effets imprévus ou impossibles à ...

The Chinese tradition -- Reformers, warlords, and communists -- PRC politics under Mao : 1949-1976 -- Deng Xiaoping and his protégés : 1976-2012 -- The era of Xi Jinping -- The politics of the economy -- Crime and punishment : the legal system of the PRC -- The role of the military -- Education -- Quality-of-life issues : health, demography, and the environment -- Conformity and dissent : the arts, the media, and social control -- Ethnic minorities and national integration -- Foreign policy.

Values are fundamental to political attitudes. Ideals like freedom, equality, democracy, and fairness give us standards to judge whether conditions are good or bad and whether policy solutions are preferable or detrimental. 'Political Persuasion' examines how partisan communicators recruit social and political values to persuade the public to support their positions on controversial issues, making it one weapon in the arsenal that communicators and political entrepreneurs deploy to shape public opinion