Suchergebnisse

Male mortality is known to be lower than female mortality in South Asia in normal times. But it has also been observed that during crisis periods, this ordering is reversed. The experience of the 1974 famine of Bangladesh, as analyzed in this study, confirms this reversal of relative mortality rates. But the usual explanations offered for this reversal are not borne out by the data pertaining to this country. Mortality ratios by age for Bengal: 1931 and 1943

While existing scholarship examines how Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) electronic monitors (EMs) harm immigrants, less is known about the effects of these surveillance technologies on their children. Based on interviews and ethnographic observations with 39 Latin American immigrant parents monitored via EM between 2015 and 2018 in Los Angeles, California, this study asks: How do ICE's EMs operate as surveillance tools that spill over to impact parent–child relationships and children's well-being as their parent's experience criminalization, punishment, and exclusion? The findings demonstrate that this supposedly "humane" alternative to detention and deportation is responsible for distinct childhood distress. Specifically, EMs impact children's well-being in two ways: by producing fear that parents will be apprehended and deported and by functioning as visual stigmas that signal criminality and engender shame and anger. EMs also deteriorate the quality of children's relationships in two ways: by inflicting stress and fear upon parents and by contracting children's social networks because parents shackled to EMs often become a liability to co-ethnic community members.

The present research program was designed to make optimum use of selected laboratory and analytical methods for purposes of simulating a relatively complex man-machine system. Results of this research program indicate that the laboratory approach, when applied within a systems framework, offers an efficient and meaningful method for the evaluation of ECM effectiveness.

Abstract
Given that economic growth is associated with increased life expectancy, declines in cognitive ability among the elder is a critical problem across the developed world. In this paper, we analyze the causal effect of the death of a spouse on the surviving spouse's cognitive ability using the fixed effect model. The reliability of the estimates is enhanced by robustness checks, such as an event study model, to attend to potential threats to identification. Results show that, on average, spousal loss significantly reduces the cognitive functioning of the surviving spouse. We also study heterogeneity in the effect of spousal loss, finding that co-residing with children greatly mitigates the negative effect of bereavement.

Sustainable development is a process in which the exploitation of resources, investment directives, technological development and institutional change harmonize in a way that enhances both the present and future capabilities for the purpose of fulfilling human needs, which is compatible with the Iraqi society, especially the effects of the conditions that swept Iraq after 2003 and the resulting military operations. And the many events that followed, which prevented the continuity of the sustainable development approach. These conditions had a direct impact on the indicators of development in Iraq, through the destruction of technical infrastructure services, including them and communities, such as educational, health and cultural services, in addition to the widespread devastation caused in various areas of life. The economic and social ones, and the manifestations of deterioration and slackness deepened to the extent that the Iraqi society lost the characteristics of a civilized and cohesive society. Since Iraq is one of the oil-exporting countries that has large financial surpluses, which makes those in charge of developing development plans for the economy face the inevitability of finding solutions and mechanisms to exploit these surpluses in a way that contributes to achieving sustainable development in the economic field in particular, due to the effects that sovereign funds exercise on the state From many aspects, this overall effect comes through its effects on economic variables and macro policies in the local economy.