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Wood Measurement Rules Maine Department of Agriculture, Food & Rural Resources, Division of Quality Assurance & Regulations, Augusta, Maine, 2006. Contents: Chapter 380: General Provisions / Chapter 381: General Requirements for Wood Transactions / Chapter 382: Measurement of Wood and Declaration of Quantity / Chapter 383: Measurement and Prompt Furnishing of Measurement Tally Sheets / Chapter 384: Complaints and Investigations / Chapter 385: Licensing of Wood Scalers / Appendix ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/me_collection/1177/thumbnail.jpg

Wood is a source of funds for certain business entities regardless of form ofownership and filling the state and local budgets, and also the object of protection and restoration. However, timber resources, especially as raw material, are often illegally exported in large volumes from Ukraine. This situation made the public authorities of Ukraine establish a moratorium on timber exports as raw material. The purpose of the paper is to study current problems and prospect for wood export in Ukraine. Conducting the research we analyzed quantitative and qualitative indicators of wood exports from Ukraine. We have considered the main prerequisites for "features of government regulation of entrepreneurship related to the realization and export of timber for temporary ban the export of timber in raw form". After that we compared the export value of wood within the regions of Ukraine. We have also investigated Ukrainian export market of wood in specific countries. The authors analyzed corrupt practices of government and entrepreneurship in the management of forestry and considered accounting features of wood in Ukraine as well. Thus the conclusions are as follows. Significant impact on the reduction of forest area in Ukraine is caused by local residents of forest areas that use wood for their own needs and commerce. Not only Ukrainian corruption is responsible for the smuggling scheme of timber export. In addition, large quantities of wood are illegally cut down and sold on the domestic market. The law is important for a huge number of stored wood. At the same time, public authorities should oversee survival of forestry enterprises of different ownership. Concerning private business, the public financial and commercial institutions supported by the National Bank of Ukraine, should have different methods of financing and investment to create a foundation for healthy competition between public and private wood recycling. ; Проанализированы количественные и качественные показатели экспорта древесины из Украины. Рассмотрены главные предпосылки относительно особенностей государственного регулирования деятельности субъектов предпринимательской деятельности, связанной с реализацией и экспортом лесоматериалов относительно временного запрета экспорта лесоматериалов в необработанном виде. Проведено сравнение величины экспорта древесины между областями Украины. Исследован рынок экспорта украинской древесины в конкретные страны. Проведен анализ коррупционных схем государственных органов власти и предпринимательской деятельности по ведению лесного хозяйства. Рассмотрены особенности учета древесины в Украине. ; Проаналізовано кількісні та якісні показники експорту деревини з України. Розглянуто головні передумови стосовно особливостей державного регулювання діяльності суб'єктів підприємницької діяльності, пов'язаної з реалізацією та експортом лісоматеріалів щодо тимчасової заборони експорту лісоматеріалів у необробленому вигляді. Здійснено порівняння величини експорту деревини між областями України. Досліджено ринок експорту української деревини у конкретні країни. Здійснено аналіз корупційних схем держаних органів влади та підприємницької діяльності щодо ведення лісового господарства. Розглянуто особливості обліку деревини в Україні.

Рассматривается такая разновидность нарушения законодательства об охране лесов, как самовольная порубка леса, являвшаяся в дореволюционный период одним из самых распространенных преступлений. Основными причинами широкого распространения самовольных порубок были особенности правового и экологического сознания крестьян, нашедшего практическое отражение в нормах обычного права. Крестьяне рассматривали лес как общедоступный природный объект, пользоваться которым может каждый желающий, поскольку ни один человек не прикладывал усилий для его выращивания. По мере того, как лес становился для государства ценным стратегическим материалом, начинается ограничение свободного лесопользования населения. Основным способом борьбы с самовольными порубками являлось ужесточение наказаний за их совершение. При Петре I была введена смертная казнь за рубку ценных корабельных дубов, затем на протяжении XVIII и XIX вв. происходило постепенное смягчение наказаний. Данный вид преступлений относился к разряду имущественных, поэтому основным видом наказания, которое было предусмотрено за его совершение, являлся денежный штраф. Меры, предпринимаемые государством для борьбы с самовольными порубками, были не слишком эффективны, поскольку было важно сформировать в обществе рациональное отношение к лесу.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-24 ; The article examines an unauthorized cutting of forest as a kind of a violation of forest legislature which was one of the most widespread crimes in the prerevolutionary period in Russia. The unauthorized cutting of forest was caused by specific features of legal and ecological mentality of peasants. Peasants considered forests as a public natural object which could be used by everyone who wanted. While forests turned into valuable strategic recourses uncontrolled forest exploitation began to be restricted. The main method of fight against unauthorized cutting was toughening of punishments. Peter the First introduced a death penalty for cutting of valuable ship oaks. During the 18th and 19th centuries the punishments became softer. This kind of crimes were considered as property crimes and were punished with fines. The measures which the state used to fight against unauthorized cutting of forest were not effective enough so it was necessary to form rational attitude to the forest in the society.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-24

Рассматривается применение метода имитационного моделирования по определению размера расчетной лесосеки. На примере нескольких вариантов определяется объем расчетной лесосеки в зависимости от различных методов ее исчисления. ; Under the effective legislation 4 approaches are applied in calculation of estimated allowable cut: uniform use cut, 1st, 2nd and integral cuts. The approach selection is determined first of all by forest age structure however the calculation is done for several decades ahead with regard to mature stand regeneration real time often it is not sufficient. To address this problem system dynamics and simulation modeling approach based on iThink. This software advantage is that a researcher should not have software and language skills. Simulation enables consideration of various factor impacts as well as their output impact rate. Spruce stand age structure 4 options in 3750 ha forest lot aged 81 years were sampled. The estimated allowable cut is defined for every option by various calculations. 1st age allowable cut was the most various among all age forest age structure options. It varied within the 30 year period gradually reaching a balanced condition equaling uniform utilization cut estimated by rotation upper limit. This balance is reached over 2 thinning limits. 1 specifics of addressed estimated allowable cur calculations needs highlighting. Reliable annual cut value that is defined over time significantly lower the integral estimated cut than in 1st and 2nd age cuts. The offered approach enables annual specification of estimated allowable cut that is urgent in its under use conditions as well as opportunities to analyze various forest management strategies. Literature cited Rosleshoz order of 27.05.2011 «On estimated allowable cut procedure».

This study contains non-clear cuttings analysis, evaluation of their quality and made mistakes. Object of the study – State forest enterprises of Šiauliai and Kuršėnai. The aim of the study – Estimate how do the main cuttings, made by the organization of forest exploration match their theoretical specifications (clear and non-clear cuttings proportion) and evaluate the quality of non-clear cuttings made. Methods of the study – document analysis, research data analysis Results of the study. During the past three years non-clear cuttings in the state forest enterprise of Šiauliai took from 9 to 19% of main cuttings made and this rate is less then it should be. During the period of 2003-2007 forestry of Šiauliai theoretically should have cut from 91 to 98% clearly and from 2 to 9 % non-clearly of main cuttings planned. During the past five years in the organization of forest exploitation plans for clear cutting were 2-7% larger than it should theoretically be and plans for non-clear cuttings were only 13-30% of the theoretical value. Whereas actual clear cuttings in the forestries were 1-6% higher and non-clear cutting took from 32 to 97% of their theoretical value. During the period of year 2008-2009 organization of forest exploitation made plans for forestry of Šiauliai, that where 2-6% higher for clear-cuttings and were form 29 to 72% from theoretical value for non-clear cuttings. In the state forest enterprise of Šiauliai the shelter wood cuttings in the stands with desirable tree species undergrowth took 66% of main non-clear cuttings. In the state forest enterprise of Kuršėnai two-cycle wood cuttings also took even 66% of main non-clear cuttings. The main mistake made during planning non-clear cuttings is too low value of desirable tree species undergrowth.

1. The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the most serious threats to pine forests across the world. Detected in Europe in 1999, it has largely spread despite containment measures. 2. Following the European Union regulations, the requested eradication measure is to fell, remove and dispose of all susceptible plants within a clear-cut zone (CCZ) of a radius of 500 m around any infected tree. This measure is controversial since its effectiveness is questioned. 3. An individual-based model, describing the dispersal of the nematode vector and the nematode transmission, was used to estimate the relationship between the radius and the effectiveness of the CCZ at eradicating the PWN. 4. Clear-cutting of a 500-m radius is poorly effective in non-fragmented pine forests since it reduces the number of PWN transmissions by only 0.6%–11.5%. To significantly reduce the number of transmissions, the radius should be between 14 and 38 km, which is not technically nor ethically feasible. 5. Policy implications. Our results, based on model simulations at a fine spatial scale, prove that clear-cutting susceptible trees 500 m around any infested tree—as requested by EU regulation to eradicate the PWN—is not effective in large and continuous pine forests. Instead, strengthened surveillance and sanitation felling could be explored.

The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most serious threats to pine forests across the world. Detected in Europe in 1999, it has largely spread despite containment measures. Following the European Union regulations, the requested eradication measure is to fell, remove and dispose of all susceptible plants within a clear-cut zone (CCZ) of a radius of 500 m around any infected tree. This measure is controversial since its effectiveness is questioned. An individual-based model, describing the dispersal of the nematode vector and the nematode transmission,was used to estimate the relationship between the radius and the effectiveness of the CCZ at eradicatingthe PWN. Clear-cutting of a 500 m-radius is poorly effective in non-fragmented pine forests since it reduces the number of PWN transmissions by only 0.6 % 11.5 %. To significantly reduce the number of transmissions, the radius should be between 14 and 38 km, which is obviously not technically nor ethically feasible.Policy implications. Our results, based on model simulations at a fine spatial scale,prove that clear-cutting susceptible trees 500 m around any infested tree –as requested by EU regulation to eradicate the pine wood nematode –is not effective in large and continuous pine forests. Instead, strengthened surveillance and sanitation felling could be explored. ; Le nématode du pin (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, est l'une des plus importantes 59espèces invasives menaçant les forêts de pins dans le monde. Après avoir été détecté en Europe en 1999, il s'est rapidement propagé au Portugal puis en Espagne, malgré les mesures mises en place pour le contenir .Selon la réglementation de l'Union Européenne, la mesure relative à l'éradication consiste à abattre, retirer et éliminer tous les végétaux sensibles dans une zone de coupe à blanc (CCZ) d'un rayon de 500 m autour de tout arbre infecté par le PWN. Cette mesure est controversée car son efficacité est incertaine. Un modèle individu-centré,décrivant la dispersion de ...

Международные требования к лесопользованию, а также законодательные акты РФ определяют необходимость сохранения биоразнообразия. На основании материалов комплексных исследований последствий сплошнолесосечных и выборочных рубок в коренных хвойных и производных мягколиственных насаждениях предложена система мероприятий по сохранению биоразнообразия при заготовке древесины. В качестве пути сохранения биоразнообразия предлагается закрепление в законодательном порядке выделения ключевых биотопов (участков леса, имеющих особое значение для сохранения биологического разнообразия) и ключевых элементов древостоя (деревьев или мертвой древесины, имеющих особое значение для сохранения биологического разнообразия). Указанные ключевые биотопы и ключевые элементы древостоя предлагается выделять при отводе лесосек. Сохранение их не только обеспечит сохранение биологического разнообразия, но и будет способствовать восстановлению вырубок коренными древесными породами, предотвратит эрозию почвы, ухудшение гидрологического режима, смену пород. Другими словами, сохранение ключевых биотопов и ключевых элементов древостоя создает каркас для формирования коренных хвойных насаждений при сохранении экологической обстановки и минимизации отрицательных последствий лесозаготовок. Отмечается, что сохранение ключевых биотопов и ключевых элементов древостоя не приведет к сокращению объемов заготовки древесины, а напротив, улучшит экономические показатели лесозаготовок. Последнее объясняется низкими таксационными показателями на вырубках деревьев, особенно в отношении товарной структуры. Предлагается для лесов Пермского края разработать методические рекомендации по сохранению биоразнообразия при заготовке древесины, а также внести требование сохранения ключевых биотопов и ключевых элементов древостоя в правила заготовки древесины. ; International requirements for forest management as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation determine the need for biodiversity conservation. On the of complex researches data concerning the consequences of final and selective cutting in climax forests as well in derivative soft-wooded forests the system of measures to preserve biodiversity in wood cutting has been presented. To secure in a legislative way allocation of key biotopes (forest blocs having an utmost importance for biologic biodiversity preservation) as well as forest stands key elements (trees or dead wood having particular importance for biologic diversity preservation) is proposed as one of the ways to preserve biologic diversity. Mentioned key biotopes and forest stands are proposed to single out in cutting sires allocation. Their preserving will not only secure biodiversity preserving but will result in restoring these sites by climax species, prevent soil erosion, hydrologic regime worsening, species replacement. An other words, key biotopes and key elements of stands form a frame for climax coniferous stands raising ecologic situation preserves the same level, cutting negative consequences are minimized. At is noted that key biotopes and stands key elements preservation will not result in volume of forest harvesting cutting down just on the contrary, it will make better harvesting economic showing. The latter is explained by low estimation data of trees being left on cutover sites, especially as concerns marketable structure. For the forests of Perm region it is recommended to work out methodic recommendations for biodiversity preservation in forest harvesting as well as to include requirements to preserve key biotopes and stands key elements in the rules for wood cutting.

The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most serious threats to pine forests across the world. Detected in Europe in 1999, it has largely spread despite containment measures. Following the European Union regulations, the requested eradication measure is to fell, remove and dispose of all susceptible plants within a clear-cut zone (CCZ) of a radius of 500 m around any infected tree. This measure is controversial since its effectiveness is questioned. An individual-based model, describing the dispersal of the nematode vector and the nematode transmission,was used to estimate the relationship between the radius and the effectiveness of the CCZ at eradicatingthe PWN. Clear-cutting of a 500 m-radius is poorly effective in non-fragmented pine forests since it reduces the number of PWN transmissions by only 0.6 % 11.5 %. To significantly reduce the number of transmissions, the radius should be between 14 and 38 km, which is obviously not technically nor ethically feasible.Policy implications. Our results, based on model simulations at a fine spatial scale,prove that clear-cutting susceptible trees 500 m around any infested tree –as requested by EU regulation to eradicate the pine wood nematode –is not effective in large and continuous pine forests. Instead, strengthened surveillance and sanitation felling could be explored. ; Le nématode du pin (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, est l'une des plus importantes 59espèces invasives menaçant les forêts de pins dans le monde. Après avoir été détecté en Europe en 1999, il s'est rapidement propagé au Portugal puis en Espagne, malgré les mesures mises en place pour le contenir .Selon la réglementation de l'Union Européenne, la mesure relative à l'éradication consiste à abattre, retirer et éliminer tous les végétaux sensibles dans une zone de coupe à blanc (CCZ) d'un rayon de 500 m autour de tout arbre infecté par le PWN. Cette mesure est controversée car son efficacité est incertaine. Un modèle individu-centré,décrivant la dispersion de l'insecte vecteur ainsi que la transmissiondu PWN, a été utilisé pour estimer la relation entre le rayon de la coupe à blanc et son efficacité à éradiquer le PWN. Une coupe à blanc d'un rayon de 500 m est très peu efficace dans une forêt de pins non 70fragmentée car elle ne peut réduire le nombre de transmissions du PWN que de 0.6% à 11.5 71%. Pour réduire de manière significative ce nombre de transmissions, le rayon devrait être de 14 à 38 km, ce qui n'est de façon évidente pas envisageable d'un point de vue technique ou éthique. Implications politiques. Nos résultats, issus de simulations conduites à une échelle spatiale fine, prouvent que la coupe des végétaux sensibles dans un rayon de 500 m autour de tout arbre infecté –comme demandée par la réglementation de l'Union Européenne pour éradiquer le nématode du pin–n'est pas efficace dans les grandes forêts de pins non fragmentées. À la place, le renforcement de la surveillance et des coupes sanitaires ciblées devraient être envisagé

The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most serious threats to pine forests across the world. Detected in Europe in 1999, it has largely spread despite containment measures. Following the European Union regulations, the requested eradication measure is to fell, remove and dispose of all susceptible plants within a clear-cut zone (CCZ) of a radius of 500 m around any infected tree. This measure is controversial since its effectiveness is questioned. An individual-based model, describing the dispersal of the nematode vector and the nematode transmission,was used to estimate the relationship between the radius and the effectiveness of the CCZ at eradicatingthe PWN. Clear-cutting of a 500 m-radius is poorly effective in non-fragmented pine forests since it reduces the number of PWN transmissions by only 0.6 % 11.5 %. To significantly reduce the number of transmissions, the radius should be between 14 and 38 km, which is obviously not technically nor ethically feasible.Policy implications. Our results, based on model simulations at a fine spatial scale,prove that clear-cutting susceptible trees 500 m around any infested tree –as requested by EU regulation to eradicate the pine wood nematode –is not effective in large and continuous pine forests. Instead, strengthened surveillance and sanitation felling could be explored. ; Le nématode du pin (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, est l'une des plus importantes 59espèces invasives menaçant les forêts de pins dans le monde. Après avoir été détecté en Europe en 1999, il s'est rapidement propagé au Portugal puis en Espagne, malgré les mesures mises en place pour le contenir .Selon la réglementation de l'Union Européenne, la mesure relative à l'éradication consiste à abattre, retirer et éliminer tous les végétaux sensibles dans une zone de coupe à blanc (CCZ) d'un rayon de 500 m autour de tout arbre infecté par le PWN. Cette mesure est controversée car son efficacité est incertaine. Un modèle individu-centré,décrivant la dispersion de l'insecte vecteur ainsi que la transmissiondu PWN, a été utilisé pour estimer la relation entre le rayon de la coupe à blanc et son efficacité à éradiquer le PWN. Une coupe à blanc d'un rayon de 500 m est très peu efficace dans une forêt de pins non 70fragmentée car elle ne peut réduire le nombre de transmissions du PWN que de 0.6% à 11.5 71%. Pour réduire de manière significative ce nombre de transmissions, le rayon devrait être de 14 à 38 km, ce qui n'est de façon évidente pas envisageable d'un point de vue technique ou éthique. Implications politiques. Nos résultats, issus de simulations conduites à une échelle spatiale fine, prouvent que la coupe des végétaux sensibles dans un rayon de 500 m autour de tout arbre infecté –comme demandée par la réglementation de l'Union Européenne pour éradiquer le nématode du pin–n'est pas efficace dans les grandes forêts de pins non fragmentées. À la place, le renforcement de la surveillance et des coupes sanitaires ciblées devraient être envisagé