Suchergebnisse

ABSTRACT
Born in periods of crises, utopias adopt a threefold structure: a critique of society, a spatial arrangement, and a new society sustained by this spatial arrangement. Accordingly, space and architecture are recognized as spatial levers to address crises and change societies. However, three problematic characteristics emerge from an analysis of past and contemporary utopias. First, utopias do not always advocate for new societal orders, as some tend to consolidate the existing ones. Second, they have evolved to be increasingly tangible. Third, while appearing as collective narratives, they are written by a single hand, allowing little variations. To address these issues and revitalize their critical potency, utopias could act as beacons rather than concrete projects, work on processes rather than goals, and build collective narratives rather than monologues. Eventually, the article illustrates architecture's twofold rationale: a means to physically build space and a critical tool to reflect on society.

Sustainable urban planning and urban renewal are major challenges of the 21st century. In this context, Urbanism and Town Planning proposes a geohistorical approach to urban construction. The city and its neighborhoods are studied through their materials and general layout, which sometimes reveal a logic of economic profitability, prestige and social equity, and sometimes a more innovative approach from an environmental perspective. Across these elements, unbuilt spaces (distinctive streets and squares) and built spaces (commercial and residential areas, both individual and collective) form a three-dimensional grid of "voids" and "solids", characteristic of urban landscapes and lifestyles. Supported by numerous original examples, this book is a comprehensive summary of the most tangible elements of urban planning and development; elements that must be put into context in order to think concretely about the development of the cities of the future.

Sustainable urban planning and urban renewal are major challenges of the 21st century. In this context, Urbanism and Town Planning proposes a geohistorical approach to urban construction. The city and its neighborhoods are studied through their materials and general layout, which sometimes reveal a logic of economic profitability, prestige and social equity, and sometimes a more innovative approach from an environmental perspective. Across these elements, unbuilt spaces (distinctive streets and squares) and built spaces (commercial and residential areas, both individual and collective) form a three-dimensional grid of "voids" and "solids", characteristic of urban landscapes and lifestyles. Supported by numerous original examples, this book is a comprehensive summary of the most tangible elements of urban planning and development; elements that must be put into context in order to think concretely about the development of the cities of the future

AbstractIn a perspective of exceptional environmental change, the role of unbuilt and green spaces to improve urban resilience has increasingly attracted the interest of the scientific community. The conceptualisation of cities as urban landscapes has drawn a parallel between their spatial and ecological dimensions. Both urban morphology and urban ecology have examined the structure of cities form. However, we still do not completely understand how anthropogenic processes and ecosystems have been dynamically interacting in the formation of the urban structure. Thus, this article carries out a comprehensive analysis of built and unbuilt spaces in a case study with the objective to reveal the underlying morpho-ecological periods and patterns in the urban ecosystem. Morphological periods (temporal analysis) and ecological patterns (spatial analysis) are examined in combination through the hypothesis of nested scales at different resolutions operated at the macro, meso and micro levels of the urban landscape. By identifying common denominators across urban morphology and landscape ecology, the study is also a contribution to interdisciplinary research. The proposed framework set up the foundation for a more systematic quantitative assessment of the urban ecosystem across different disciplinary traditions while supporting a new urban landscape design culture based on the evidence of ecological constructs. An accurate explanation of how built forms symbiotically interacted with the ecological dimensions of the landscape over time is also crucial to predict the effects of environmental change and promote future sustainable planning agendas.

La progettazione del paesaggio, avendo per oggetto (spesso) le aree non edificate delle nostre città, è responsabile della forma stessa degli spazi aperti, ovvero di quel "tessuto connettivo", di quella "trama", di quella "intelaiatura", entro cui si colloca la parte costruita della città. Da qualche anno, anche nel nostro Paese, la pianificazione dei "vuoti" ha incominciato ad essere letta come elemento di qualità del tessuto urbano, da impiegare contestualmente alla costruzione della città. L'articolo, dopo una riflessione sul ruolo degli spazi aperti nel governo e nella progettazione del paesaggio, descrive due casi studio caratterizzati da un inedito approccio nel gestire e pianificare l'architettura dei vuoti. ; Landscape planning often focuses on the unbuilt areas of our cities; it is therefore responsible for the very form of empty spaces, that is to say the "tessuto connettivo", "trama", "intelaiatura" into which the built part of the city fit. For some years, in Italy, the planning of empty spaces has begun to be viewed as an element of the quality of urban landscape, to be used simultaneously with the construction of the city. The article, having reflected on the role of empty spaces in the government and in landscape design, describes two case studies that are characterized by a new approach in managing and planning the architecture of empty spaces.

Urban planning includes the institutional means used to control urban development. Over theyears, the French urban plans saw their goals modified towards a more controlled urbanspace management (SRU and Grenelle laws).Besides, environmental and spatial protection issues were reinforced by European legislation,which made the environmental assessment compulsory for some plans (in 2001 for Europe,applied in France in 2005).This PhD research aims to propose a complementary assessment approach to the currentindicators contained in the local plan's assessments, and, more broadly, to question theimpacts of the local plans on urban areas. In fact, the local plan indicators seem to be moreadapted for a city sustainability performance analysis than for an analysis of the quality ofthe regulations contained in the plans.This approach starts with the creation of a set of indicators, which are expected to show theeffects of the local plan, focusing on "regulatory planning criteria" (zoning, constraints for abuilding shape and parcel layout, public facilities and amenities) and "sustainable planning"(based on the SRU and Grenelle laws definitions). Finally, the aggregation of the indicators,by the use of multicriteria and statistical analysis, will supply regulatory planners not onlywith a tool for better understanding of the complex regulations but also a decision aidingtool, whose purpose is to facilitate the choices planners have to make for the evolution ofthe zoning and the regulation. The local plan of the city of Toulouse will be used as a casestudy to show the application of the approach. ; La planification urbaine regroupe les moyens institutionnels mis en oeuvre pour gérer lesévolutions urbaines. Au cours du temps, les documents de planification urbaine français ontvu leurs objectifs évoluer en vue d'une gestion plus maîtrisée des espaces urbanisés (loisSRU et Grenelle). Aussi, la question de la protection de l'environnement et des espaces a étérenforcée par la législation européenne qui a obligé certains documents ...

Urban planning includes the institutional means used to control urban development. Over theyears, the French urban plans saw their goals modified towards a more controlled urbanspace management (SRU and Grenelle laws).Besides, environmental and spatial protection issues were reinforced by European legislation,which made the environmental assessment compulsory for some plans (in 2001 for Europe,applied in France in 2005).This PhD research aims to propose a complementary assessment approach to the currentindicators contained in the local plan's assessments, and, more broadly, to question theimpacts of the local plans on urban areas. In fact, the local plan indicators seem to be moreadapted for a city sustainability performance analysis than for an analysis of the quality ofthe regulations contained in the plans.This approach starts with the creation of a set of indicators, which are expected to show theeffects of the local plan, focusing on "regulatory planning criteria" (zoning, constraints for abuilding shape and parcel layout, public facilities and amenities) and "sustainable planning"(based on the SRU and Grenelle laws definitions). Finally, the aggregation of the indicators,by the use of multicriteria and statistical analysis, will supply regulatory planners not onlywith a tool for better understanding of the complex regulations but also a decision aidingtool, whose purpose is to facilitate the choices planners have to make for the evolution ofthe zoning and the regulation. The local plan of the city of Toulouse will be used as a casestudy to show the application of the approach. ; La planification urbaine regroupe les moyens institutionnels mis en oeuvre pour gérer lesévolutions urbaines. Au cours du temps, les documents de planification urbaine français ontvu leurs objectifs évoluer en vue d'une gestion plus maîtrisée des espaces urbanisés (loisSRU et Grenelle). Aussi, la question de la protection de l'environnement et des espaces a étérenforcée par la législation européenne qui a obligé certains documents d'urbanisme àintégrer une évaluation environnementale (en 2001 pour l'Europe, applicable en France en2005).Cette thèse propose une démarche d'évaluation complémentaire aux systèmes d'indicateursdes évaluations des Plans Locaux d'Urbanisme et plus largement de questionner l'impact desPLU sur le territoire urbanisé. En effet, les indicateurs des évaluations des PLU semblentrenseigner plus sur les performances durables des villes que sur la qualité du dispositifd'urbanisme règlementaire.La démarche proposée se base sur la création d'un corpus d'indicateurs devant montrer leseffets du PLU par rapport à des « critères » qui sont du ressort de l'urbanisme règlementaire(zonage, contraintes formelles du bâti et d'aménagement de la parcelle, équipements publicset aménités urbaines) et de « l'urbanisme durable » (au sens des lois SRU et Grenelle).Enfin, l'agrégation des indicateurs par analyses multicritères et statistiques permettront auxrédacteurs des PLU de disposer d'un outil de compréhension des règles complexes ainsi qued'un outil d'aide à la décision, en vue de faciliter les choix d'évolution du zonage et desrèglements. La démarche est appliquée au PLU de Toulouse.

Urban agriculture in Côte d'Ivoire is an important activity in terms of food security, employment and response to environment. However in Bouaké, this agriculture and mainly gardening faces to a new land dynamics around intra-urban shallow. This situation results to emergence of new actors because of new stakes that represent shallows. As consequences we have a reduction of cultivated areas, an instability and a casualization of this type of agriculture. By analysis, it appears that of this sallow's upgrading leads a redefinition of operating rules of flooded fields, witch were dropped to gardeners. More, this public servitudes and unbuilt areas subject to illegal land commercial transaction and anarchic buildings. We deduce a modification of these spaces operating rules, problems of land government and a neglect of urban agriculture in public politics and city management in Côte d'Ivoire.

Streets-in-the-sky were conceptualized by architects Alison and Peter Smithson as collective space, an articulation between individual and civitas. This essay argues that streets-in-the-sky are a particularly democratic type of urban element, which also has many positive sustainability potentials. The first use of this concept was in the Smithson's unbuilt Golden Lane estate (1952), which became a hallmark in post-WW2 debates over urban structure, domesticity, and social housing. Park Hill, the first streets-in-the-sky estate by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, was a success in the 1960s. The Smithsons continued to explore the idea in several urban projects, only to put it to built form in Robin Hood Gardens (1968–1972). These estates have adapted streets-in-the-sky and afterward evolved to very different states of maturity. While Park Hill is a refurbished Grade II listed building, Robin Hood Gardens is awaiting full demolition. Streets-in-the-sky were generally abandoned in more recent housing schemes, but the situation of these estates suggests that no consensus exists as to their urban value. Here, we analyze streets-in-the-sky at the time of their emergence as a concept. To assess their cultural, morphological, social, and political implications, we explore their development in built and unbuilt housing schemes, using the above mentioned case-studies to point out how streets-in-the-sky evolved, including their possible role in important urban debates of the present. Since many social housing estates employing streets-in-the-sky have been and continue to be demolished in redevelopment projects, we aim to understand what losses— aesthetic, functional, and environmental—may be implied in the decimation of this element of urban form. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Methods of articulating the morphological structure of slums can have considerable potential in better planning for site-specific design or policy responses for these areas in the contemporary city. Although urban morphology traditionally studies landscapes as stratified residues with distinct divisions between lot and boundary, built and unbuilt, the authors find these definitions insufficient to address the complexity of slum morphology. Through this article, the authors' identify that morphological analysis of informal settlements needs to be sensitive to the dynamics and the absence (or blurring) of physical boundaries. By analyzing the spatial impact of social, economic, and political factors, situational and site factors, building typologies, and configurations of circulation space, an attempt to articulate the morphological structure of slums is made. Aiming to overcome the current polarization in the literature between the formal and informal city, this article adds to the ongoing research on the study of challenges within contemporary cities, by providing new methodologies for studying the morphology of slum urbanization and shaping planning practice.

Methods of articulating the morphological structure of slums can have considerable potential in better planning for site-specific design or policy responses for these areas in the contemporary city. Although urban morphology traditionally studies landscapes as stratified residues with distinct divisions between lot and boundary, built and unbuilt, the authors find these definitions insufficient to address the complexity of slum morphology. Through this article, the authors' identify that morphological analysis of informal settlements needs to be sensitive to the dynamics and the absence (or blurring) of physical boundaries. By analyzing the spatial impact of social, economic, and political factors, situational and site factors, building typologies, and configurations of circulation space, an attempt to articulate the morphological structure of slums is made. Aiming to overcome the current polarization in the literature between the formal and informal city, this article adds to the ongoing research on the study of challenges within contemporary cities, by providing new methodologies for studying the morphology of slum urbanization and shaping planning practice.

Methods of articulating the morphological structure of slums can have considerable potential in better planning for site-specific design or policy responses for these areas in the contemporary city. Although urban morphology traditionally studies landscapes as stratified residues with distinct divisions between lot and boundary, built and unbuilt, the authors find these definitions insufficient to address the complexity of slum morphology. Through this article, the authors' identify that morphological analysis of informal settlements needs to be sensitive to the dynamics and the absence (or blurring) of physical boundaries. By analyzing the spatial impact of social, economic, and political factors, situational and site factors, building typologies, and configurations of circulation space, an attempt to articulate the morphological structure of slums is made. Aiming to overcome the current polarization in the literature between the formal and informal city, this article adds to the ongoing research on the study of challenges within contemporary cities, by providing new methodologies for studying the morphology of slum urbanization and shaping planning practice.

This article uses historical and ethnographic methods to examine the primarily East-Central European Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM). I ask how and why the IOM has survived as an institution since its inception in 1987, working especially with the personal archive of Vratislav Kubišta. Kubišta was a metallurgist and former Deputy Director General at IOM who after retirement sought to develop a local deep-sea mining museum. This is a story about the work that archives do, but even more about how institutions maintain archives. I draw on recent work in the history and anthropology of time and archival practice to situate IOM's history and Kubišta's collection in narratives of ruin, the unbuilt, and the experience of multiple temporalities within spaces of resource speculation and anticipation. I suggest that IOM's history highlights the contingencies of resources in the temporality of indefinite pause, their attendant data, and scientific labor and life under the shifting political, economic, and scientific circumstances of the ongoing not-yet. In broadening the history of what is once more a hotly contested potential resource, this account speaks to the claims of contemporary would-be seabed miners, who frequently frame the practice in terms of innovation, urgency, and novelty.

Paper Street system as determinant of urban and social structure of central areas of Novi Sad and Sombor is dedicated to study of complex relations of urban planning and architecture, relation which is key for every building of the city. In the first part is dealing with theoretical understanding of street systems and their relationships with all important elements of urban morphology. Elements of urban morphology is analysed thought interaction with street systems, because is it part of the built environment which include social, economic, traffic, demographic, political and technological components of contemporary settlements, and forming the spaces especially for public functions, in the first socialisation and traffic. Theoretical basis from the first part of the work are used for establishment of criteria for analysis of urban spaces of central areas of two Vojvodinas towns. Fragments of the one square kilometre are analysed with following criteria: configuration of the land and influence on the street system, morphology of street system, socialisation places, elements of identity, presence of vegetation and water. Direction of analysis and studious critical valorisation is to the open – unbuilt – public – social urban spaces. ; Rad pod naslovom Ulična mreža kao determinanta urbane strukture Novog Sada, Sombora posvećen je istraživanju kompleksnih odnosa urbanog planiranja i arhitekture, odnosa koji su ključ svakog gradograđenja. U prvom delu se bavi teorijskim proučavanjem uličnih sistema i njihovom odnosu sa svim važnim elementima urbane morfologije. Urbana morfologija se u prvom delu rada analizira kroz interakciju sa sistemom ulica, jer je ona deo građene sredine koja u sebe uključuje socijalne, ekonomske, saobraćajne, demografske, političke i tehnološke komponente savremenih naselja, a formira površine isključivo za javne funkcije, prvenstveno socijalizaciju i saobraćaj. Proučavanja iz prvog dela rada služe kao teorijska osnova za utvrđivanje kriterijuma za analzu konkretnih urbanih prostora ...

La fotografía tiene el poder de remover las emociones y el pensamiento contribuyendo a la construcción de conocimiento. Desde la aparición de la herramienta fotográfica las imágenes han servido de mecanismo activador en la producción arquitectónica, sus códigos ubican épocas, modos y modas, y (des)contextualizadas ayudan a entender y potencian la reflexión y la generación de un nuevo saber. Las fotografías de arquitecturas no construidas o concebidas con una corta vida, ayudan al constructo del pensamiento arquitectónico, al igual que lo hacen las imágenes generadas desde diferentes modos de estar y producir entendimiento en el espacio cultural, estableciendo etapas de evolución y nuevos paradigmas. El espacio doméstico es un buen ejemplo de desarrollo en el constructivo social, afectado inevitablemente por momentos históricos y cambios culturales. Las fotografías conservadas sobre prototipos, artefactos y dispositivos domésticos no construidos, al igual que la narrativa de imágenes que documentan movimientos sociales, posicionamientos culturales y políticas espaciales, son hoy día la base de nuestras investigaciones y erudición arquitectónica. Photography has the power to stir emotions and thinking contributing both to the construction of knowledge. Since photography was discovered images have been used as an activator of different mechanisms for architectural production. Its codes situate epochs, ways of living and trends, and decontextualized this images help to understand and enhance thinking and the production of new knowledge. Photographs of unbuilt architecture help to create architectural thinking, as well as images generated from different ways of being and which produce comprehension in the cultural space do, setting stages of evolution and new paradigms. Domestic space is good example of development in social construction, affected by historical periods and cultural changes. The existing photographs about prototypes, domestic gadgets and devices which were not built, as well as the narrative of the images which document social and political movements, cultural positions and spatial politics, are the basis of our architectural research and learning nowadays.