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From the perspective of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EM/CA), the concept of positioning may offer a compellingly rich metaphor for understanding identity and relations. There appears, however, to be no such analytical concept in EM/CA. Instead, the EM/CA approach offers concepts such as alignment-affiliation, identities and membership categories — all of them based on actional resources on the micro-level of talk. The aim of this article is to inquire if EM/CA tools for the analysis of identities and relations in talk might be considered interesting from the perspective of positioning theory. To do so, we offer EM/CA analyses of narrative and non-narrative data in which the in situ negotiation of identities and relations plays a major role.

Es ist nicht nur recht beschwerlich, sich durch die vielen unterschiedlichen diskursanalytischen Ansätze zur Untersuchung von Gesprächsinteraktionen hindurchzukämpfen. Eine zusätzliche Herausforderung besteht darin zu verstehen, ob und auf welche Art und Weise die je spezifische Methodik der hinter ihr liegenden theoretischen Komplexität gerecht wird. Hier scheinen Methoden notwendig, die hinreichend sensibel sind, um an der durch sie vermittelten Empirie überhaupt die Komplexität der dahinterliegenden Theorien zu demonstrieren, aus denen heraus erst der Wert und die Bedeutsamkeit einer Analyse entstehen kann. Um diese nicht einfache Aufgabe zu verdeutlichen, sollen zunächst einige aktuell diskutierte Spannungen zwischen zwei besonders prominenten Ansätzen – der Kritischen Diskursanalyse (CDA) und der Konversationsanalyse (CA) – beleuchtet werden. Im besonderen gilt die Aufmerksamkeit einigen neueren methodologischen Bemühungen um eine Verbindung zwischen CDA and CA. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zu zeigen versucht, dass die "Positioning Analysis" einen gangbaren Weg bereithält, um die diskrepanten methodologischen Orientierungen mit den geteilten theoretischen Überzeugungen von CDA und CA zu vereinbaren.

The present paper is a study of narrative and its relation to the construction of conflicting identities in interaction. The paper is concerned with a group of young Greeks who categorise themselves as members of a particular subculture, but also construct a number of other, often conflicting, identities through the stories they tell in the course of their conversations with two researchers. By focusing on the many narratives these people volunteer to recount to the researchers, the paper aims to delve into narrative positioning and its relation to the plurality of emerging identities in the specific encounters. Particular emphasis is placed on the young people's attempt to delegitimate established figures of power and authority in order to legitimate their own group and present a positive image of themselves. By providing a detailed discussion of identities as constructed in situated discourse, the paper also aims to stress the dynamics of identity construction in context. (Narrative positioning identity construction, Plurality of identities In-group relations, Delegitimation, Category affiliation)

In this paper, we share the results of a self - study of our experience as university supervisors in a study abroad program for U.S. pre - service teachers. We share the shifts in our thinking that occurred as a result of our daily conversations about our work as teacher educators. Our reflections led us to new understandings of the nuances of field experiences, our constructions of pre - service teachers in the field, and the necessity of personal and professional renewal for faculty, not only as critical friends, but as peer relief.

Der vorliegende Artikel ist das Resultat eines kleinen interdisziplinären Projekts zu Geschichtsbewusstsein, in dem wir Verfahren und Denkweisen von "Memory Research" – selbst ein interdisziplinäres Unterfangen – und Gesprächsforschung als linguistische und soziologische Disziplin kombiniert haben. Basis für die empirische Arbeit waren Interviews mit BesucherInnen der Eröffnungszeremonien für das Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities (HL-Zentrum) in Oslo und das Falstad-Zentrum nördlich von Trondheim, Gedenkstätte eines ehemaligen SS-Strafgefangenenlagers und Menschenrechtszentrum. Der Artikel ist gleichzeitig ein programmatischer Versuch zu zeigen, dass Geschichtsbewusstsein am verlässlichsten in der Rekonstruktion von konkreter sprachlicher Interaktion zugänglich wird.Im ersten Teil des Artikels beleuchten wir die öffentliche Erinnerungskultur im Zusammenhang mit dem Holocaust und der deutschen Besatzung in Norwegen und reflektieren über die Funktion von Erinnerungsstätten. Dieser Teil bildet den Rahmen für die folgenden mikroanalytischen Rekonstruktionen zweier Gesprächsausschnitte, in denen wir die Brechungen zwischen offizieller Erinnerungskultur und privaten Sinngebungsprozessen und Orientierungsbedürfnissen sichtbar machen. ; This article is the result of an interdisciplinary endeavor to study the topic of historical consciousness, in which theoretical and methodological approaches of memory research (an interdisciplinary discipline in itself) and conversation analysis (a discipline integrating sociological and linguistic concepts) are combined. The study was empirically based on interviews with visitors of the opening ceremonies for the Holocaust Centre in Oslo and the Falstad-Centre near Trondheim (a memorial site and human rights center). One of our aims in the article is to demonstrate that historical consciousness can best be traced in actual social interaction and how the conversation analytic approach can be employed to make it accessible.We begin the article by giving an ...

In terms of positioning theory (Harré & van Langenhove, 1999), a person who has lost a contest may be said to have been forcibly positioned as a 'loser.' This threat to social identity requires some repair. Narrators may then tell stories in which they re-position themselves and other actors—collaborators, judges, publics—in new plots ("the real story") that exonerate them and repair their threatened social identities. This narrative positioning of the other is also a reflexive positioning of the self, and comprises a careful crafting of one's persona. These dynamics are explored in stories about carnival contests celebrated annually in Andalucía, Spain. In these contests, minstrel groups prepared for months in advance compete with one another for formal prizes before singing their repertoire on the streets. Narratives of identity repair are examined from the autores (directors) of groups that have lost in these contests. (Narrative Identity, Positioning Theory, Conversation Analysis, Carnival, Spain)

One of the reasons for the social significance of pop-cultural formats like TV series is how they are communicatively processed in interactions. This book uses video recordings of conversations between students about series to develop an analytical model that allows researchers to investigate community-forming activities and knowledge construction, and to relate them to the media and aesthetic resources of series for practices of positioning.

Der vorliegende Artikel ist das Resultat eines kleinen interdisziplinären Projekts zu Geschichtsbewusstsein, in dem wir Verfahren und Denkweisen von "Memory Research" - selbst ein interdisziplinäres Unterfangen - und Gesprächsforschung als linguistische und soziologische Disziplin kombiniert haben. Basis für die empirische Arbeit waren Interviews mit BesucherInnen der Eröffnungszeremonien für das Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities (HL-Zentrum) in Oslo und das Falstad-Zentrum nördlich von Trondheim, Gedenkstätte eines ehemaligen SS-Strafgefangenenlagers und Menschenrechtszentrum. Der Artikel ist gleichzeitig ein programmatischer Versuch zu zeigen, dass Geschichtsbewusstsein am verlässlichsten in der Rekonstruktion von konkreter sprachlicher Interaktion zugänglich wird. Im ersten Teil des Artikels beleuchten wir die öffentliche Erinnerungskultur im Zusammenhang mit dem Holocaust und der deutschen Besatzung in Norwegen und reflektieren über die Funktion von Erinnerungsstätten. Dieser Teil bildet den Rahmen für die folgenden mikroanalytischen Rekonstruktionen zweier Gesprächsausschnitte, in denen wir die Brechungen zwischen offizieller Erinnerungskultur und privaten Sinngebungsprozessen und Orientierungsbedürfnissen sichtbar machen.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures and Tables -- 1: Introduction -- Book Structure -- References -- Part I -- 2: Female Role Models in a Male-Dominated Workplace: Do We Still Need Their Influence Today? -- Introduction -- Women's Under-Representation -- Role Models -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: "Oh, it's actually quite nice up here": Reflections on Prejudice, Partiality and Division and Moral Challenges to Inclusivity Created by Gender, Class and Region -- Context -- Problems with Bias -- Gender Bias -- Regional Bias -- Class Bias -- Conclusion -- References -- 4: Prisoners of Inclusivity: Perspective on Spirituality, Humanism and Place -- Introduction -- Research Approach -- Positioning Our Conversations: Spirituality, Humanism and Place -- Building the Prison of Inclusivity -- Revisiting the Prison of Inclusivity -- Researchers' Reflections -- References -- 5: A Critical Analysis of Masculinity During Mentoring in Contemporary Schools -- Masculinity and Contemporary Patterns of Maleness -- Gender Inequality and Education -- Males in Schools -- Methodology -- Male Participants -- Men Entering Teacher Training -- Analysis: The Intersectionality of Maturity and Gender -- Young Male Trainees -- Conclusions -- References -- 6: Understanding Gender Categorisation in a Binary Society -- Introduction -- Background to the Study -- Gender as a Category -- Gender Categories: "How Would You Describe Your Gender Identity?" -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II -- 7: "Enough of this PC-crazed Nonsense": The Backlash Against Gender Equality as Personified by Emma Watson -- Political Correctness -- Methodological Approach -- Anti-PC Disengagements -- Distancing Strategies -- Naming Practices -- Conclusions -- References -- 8: Agreement and Disagreement About Social Changes Regarding Saudi Women on Twitter -- Introduction.

This article advocates an understanding of 'positioning' as a key to the analysis of identities in interaction within the methodological framework of conversation analysis. Building on research by Bamberg, Georgakopoulou and others, a performative, interaction-based approach to positioning is outlined and compared to membership categorization analysis. An interactional episode involving mock stories to reveal and reproach an inadequate identity-claim of a co-participant is analysed both in terms of practices of membership categorization and positioning. It is concluded that membership categorization is a core element of positioning. Still, positioning goes beyond membership categorization in a) revealing biographical dimensions accomplished by narration and b) by uncovering implicit performative claims of identity, which are not established by categorization or description.

Despite Erikson's (1968) proposal that identity is a psychosocial task, most existing research in developmental psychology has conceptualized personal identity as an individual, "internalized" phenomenon. The present case study aimed to elucidate how emerging adult friends co-construct personal identities by multiply positioning themselves while dialoguing about their romantic and sexual desires. The participating friends were two White, heterosexual, 19-year-old women, college roommates. We combined microanalysis of positioning in their conversation with analysis of the friends' individual interviews about their recorded conversation. This dual perspective provided a situated understanding of identity positioning on several planes—vis-à-vis the interactional partner (e.g., She needs support, I'm supporting), the romantic partner under discussion (e.g., I'm mature, he's immature), and dating relationships generally (e.g., okay with casual relationships). Findings are discussed in relation to theories of personal identity development and the interlocutor's role in negotiating the developmental tasks of identity and intimacy.

Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 'It Would Be Better to Talk About Death' -- Opening Conversations -- Collecting Conversations -- Structuring Conversations -- References -- 2 Improper or Proper Conversations? -- Introduction -- Improper Conversations? -- Positioning Death -- Ariès' Interpretation -- Death Denied? -- Death Recognised -- Positioning Childhood -- Ariès' Interpretation -- Childhood: Images and Perspectives -- The New Sociology of Childhood -- Space for Both Death and Childhood -- Perspectives on Death and Childhood -- Uneasy Conversations -- Sharing Secrets -- Summary and Moving Forward -- Proper Conversations? -- Stepping Through the Stained Glass Window -- Critical Humanism -- Feminism -- 'New' Sociology of Childhood -- Participation and Putting 'Stuff' in a Box -- Focus Groups -- 'Stuff' in a Box -- Ethics -- Summary -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Death: 'It's Sexy and Stuff' -- Introduction -- You Find Yourself Falling in Love with Vampires -- I Want to Die like Peter Petrelli -- The Everyday Hero -- If They Stab You … That's It! -- It's All About Famous People Who Die -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Letting Death Out of the Box -- Introduction -- Stories for Telling -- 'Dear Harold' and Others -- Nothing Is Quite the Same -- The Body -- Objects for Remembering: Memento Mori -- Virtual Memories for Sharing: Death on-Line -- Deaths for Staging: Songs, Souls and Science Fiction -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 'We're All Made of Dead People' -- Introduction -- The Inevitability of Death -- The Positives and Negatives of Death -- What if Your Parents Die? -- Reflections on Life as a Series of Small Deaths -- What Happens After Death? -- An Afterlife? -- No Afterlife? -- Possibilities? -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 'We're OK with Death' -- Introduction -- Death in Everyday Life -- Thinking and Talking About Death

Introduction -- Chapter 1. What is late-stage dementia? -- Chapter 2. Thinking about communication in late-stage dementia -- Chapter 3. Analyzing interaction involving people living with late-stage dementia -- Chapter 4. Preparing food together: The role of directives -- Chapter 5. Sitting down: Embodied directives -- Chapter 6. Words and things: The affordance of things -- Chapter 7. Scrubbing potatoes: Staging and parsing -- Chapter 8. Assisted eating: Intercorporeal interaction -- Chapter 9. Conversations without words: Proto-conversation -- Chapter 10. Partner positioning: An interactional strategy -- Chapter 11. Communication for support and support for communication.

In this article, I take a relational and discursive perspective on young children's self observed in daily natural conversations, and consider the process of semiotic mediation in the observer's recognition. Based on the ideas of co-construction of relationships and identities in conversation, and using excerpts of dialogues between a young child and her mother that deal with the child's experiences at daycare center (<i>hoikuen</i> in Japan) recorded during their car rides, I present how the self of young children in relation to others appears to observers. I regard this genre of self – 'presentational self' – as a kind of Gestalt quality appearing in the act of positioning and in the configuration of the child and others presented through the conversation. As a basis of this process, I will discuss the semiotically mediated process of differentiation in 2 aspects of the conversation: first, in the process of conversation when the children and the partners make further extensions of what is shared, and second, in the array of self and others as exposed in the conversation.