Purpose: Nowadays, governments around the world are active in constructing the high-speed railway. Therefore, it is significant to make research on this increasingly prevalent transport. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, we simulate the process of the passenger's travel mode choice by adjusting the ticket fare and the run-time based on the multi-agent system (MAS). Findings: From the research we get the conclusion that increasing the run-time appropriately and reducing the ticket fare in some extent are effective ways to enhance the passenger sharing of the high-speed railway. Originality/value: We hope it can provide policy recommendations for the railway sectors in developing the long-term plan on high-speed railway in the future.
Purpose: Nowadays, governments around the world are active in constructing the high-speed railway. Therefore, it is significant to make research on this increasingly prevalent transport. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, we simulate the process of the passenger's travel mode choice by adjusting the ticket fare and the run-time based on the multi-agent system (MAS). Findings: From the research we get the conclusion that increasing the run-time appropriately and reducing the ticket fare in some extent are effective ways to enhance the passenger sharing of the high-speed railway. Originality/value: We hope it can provide policy recommendations for the railway sectors in developing the long-term plan on high-speed railway in the future. ; Peer Reviewed
Purpose: Nowadays, governments around the world are active in constructing the high-speed railway. Therefore, it is significant to make research on this increasingly prevalent transport. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, we simulate the process of the passenger's travel mode choice by adjusting the ticket fare and the run-time based on the multi-agent system (MAS). Findings: From the research we get the conclusion that increasing the run-time appropriately and reducing the ticket fare in some extent are effective ways to enhance the passenger sharing of the high-speed railway. Originality/value: We hope it can provide policy recommendations for the railway sectors in developing the long-term plan on high-speed railway in the future. ; Peer Reviewed
Introduction -- Putting PNR data into context privacy and personal data protection in the EU and in the US -- Right to privacy and right to protection of personal data under the ECHR and the chart -- Birth of PNR data and the EU - US PNR Agreement -- From theory to practice what is the added value of PNR Data? -- Evaluation of the EU - US PNR Agreement with the European and EU legal framework for privacy and personal data protection -- The border a crossroads for terrorists and criminals? -- Conclusion.
Appbasierte Vermittlungen von taxiähnlichen Beförderungen konfligieren mit dem Personenbeförderungsrecht und waren Gegenstand gerichtlicher Untersagungen. Die Untersuchung beleuchtet vor diesem Hintergrund die Regulierung des Rideselling (Uber) als Ausprägung der Sharing Economy. Die Prüfung zeigt, dass das Personenbeförderungsgesetz (PBefG) gegenüber den digitalen Beförderungsmodellen des Rideselling, Ridesharing und Ridepooling zwar offener ist, als es in der Debatte bisweilen anklingt, jedoch einer vollständigen Hebung des Effizienzpotentials der Plattformen entgegensteht. Insoweit gilt es Optionen einer möglichen künftigen Regulierung des Rideselling zu eruieren. Der methodische Rahmen für die genuin rechtliche Bewertung der Legislativvorschläge wird zuvor in einem Grundlagenkapitel entwickelt. Abschließend widmet sich die Arbeit der aktuellen Reform durch das Gesetz zur Modernisierung des Personenbeförderungsrechts vom 16. April 2021. / »The Regulation of Rideselling. Passenger Transportation Law Analysis of Digital Transportation Models of the Sharing Economy«: App-based intermediation of taxi-like transportation conflicts with passenger transportation law and has been subject of court prohibitions. In this context, the study examines the Regulation of Rideselling (Uber) as an example of the Sharing Economy. The examination shows that the PBefG is more receptive to digital models of transportation than the debate sometimes suggests, but that it still prevents the platforms from fully exploiting their potential for efficiency.
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Abstract In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is becoming extremely necessary to assess respiratory disease transmission in passenger cars. This study numerically investigated the human respiration activities' effects, such as breathing and speaking, on the transport characteristics of respiratory-induced contaminants in passenger car. The main objective of the present study is to accurately predict when and who will get infected by coronavirus while sharing a passenger car with a patient of COVID-19 or similar viruses. To achieve this goal, transient simulations were conducted in passenger car. We conducted a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based investigation of indoor airflow and the associated aerosol transport in a passenger car. The Eulerian-Eulerian flow model coupled with k-ε turbulence approach was used to track respiratory contaminants with diameter ≥ 1 μm that were released by different passengers within the passenger car. The results showed that around 6.38 min, this is all that you need to get infected with COVID-19 when sharing a poorly ventilated car with a driver who got coronavirus. It also has been found that enhancing the ventilation system of the passenger car will reduce the risk of contracting Coronavirus. The predicted results could be useful for future engineering studies aimed at designing public transport and passenger cars to face the spread of droplets that may be contaminated with pathogens.
AbstractThis article focuses on the control of international mobility through the gathering, processing, and sharing of air travellers' data. While a lot has been written about pre-emptive rationalities of security translated into the functionalities of IT systems used for border controls, we take a step further and investigate how these rationalities are operationalised through data transfer, screening, validation, discarding, profiling, contextualisation, calibration, and adjustment practices. These practices may seem banal and technical; however, we demonstrate how they matter politically as they underpin the making of international security. We do so by analysing the work of Passenger Information Units (PIUs) and retracing how they turn Passenger Name Record (PNR) data into actionable intelligence for counterterrorism and the fight against serious crime. To better understand the work of PIUs, we introduce and unpack the concept of 'epistemic fusion'. This explicates how security intelligence comes into being through practices that pertain to cross-domain data frictions, the contextualisation of data-driven knowledge through its synthesis with more traditional forms of investigatory knowledge and expertise, and the adjustment of the intelligence produced to make it actionable on the ground.
This paper presents the results of analyzing the time load of stations in bike-sharing systems using temporal networks. Temporal networks have many applications in the study of the behavior of complex dynamic systems that have a network structure. In particular, they can be used to analyze and predict many dynamic indicators of transport networks, for example, such as the intensity of transport and passenger flows, traffic congestion, capacity of transport nodes, turnover of vehicles, etc. In this work, the indicators of the centrality of stations and clusters of a bike-sharing network are estimated using temporal networks. Based on the obtained estimates, visual models (Heat maps and Time Series) are constructed to demonstrate the spatial and temporal features of the bike network in a clear and compact form. The station centralities are estimated on the basis of the betweenness measure, and the cluster centralities are estimated on the basis of the Freeman centralization. Experiments confirming the applicability of the built models are conducted using open data from the CitiBike New York system for April 2019. They demonstrated the presence of daily and monthly patterns among both individual stations and more large station clusters.
Innovative Verkehrsangebote sind im Personenverkehr in Ballungsgebieten zunächst aus gesamtwirtschaftlicher Perspektive vonnöten. Notwendige Korrekturen der Rahmenbedingungen führen zwar zur Veränderung relativer Preise. Ohne attraktive Alternativen zum Pkw freilich verpufft die Preisänderung in einem Einkommenseffekt, und ein Substitutionseffekt im Sinne eines veränderten Modal Split bleibt aus. Einzelwirtschaftlich betrachtet müssen ÖPNV-Unternehmen ihre Angebote zum einen verbessern, um im kommenden Wettbewerb bestehen zu können, zum anderen weil Nutzerentgelte angesichts immer knapper werdender öffentlicher Mittel an Bedeutung gewinnen. Schließlich können Innovationen wie Car Sharing um so besser überleben, je mehr sie statt einer Marktnische ein breites Nutzerspektrum ansprechen. Für eine veränderte Verkehrsmittelwahl ist die Grundsatzentscheidung für oder gegen die Anschaffung eines eigenen PKW entscheidend. Denn steht der eigenen PKW erst einmal vor der Tür, wird er auch bei solchen Fahrten genutzt, deren Anforderungsprofil durchaus ÖPNV-affin sind. Wie Alternativ-Konzepte im einzelnen auch aussehen mögen, aufgrund seiner Systemvorteile dürfte der PKW als automobile Komponente unverzichtbar sein. Daher stellt sich die Frage, durch welche Verbesserungen einzelner Verkehrsangebote beziehungsweise durch welche Kombination verschiedener Angebote diese Grundsatzentscheidung beeinflussbar ist. Wie Angebotsverbesserungen im einzelnen zu konfigurieren sind, lässt sich letztlich nur ableiten, wenn man die Präferenzen und damit die Zahlungsbereitschaften der [potenziellen] Nutzer kennt. Und wenn man darüber hinaus weiß, welche homogene Nutzergruppen existieren und wie groß diese Segmente sind, lassen sich auf dieser Basis zielgruppenspezifische Angebotsinnovationen entwickeln. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Präferenzstrukturen von Privatpersonen in Berlin hinsichtlich der Grundsatzentscheidung ihrer Verkehrsmittelwahl mit Hilfe einer Choice Based Conjoint-Analyse ermittelt. Es zeigt sich, dass Angebotsveränderungen bei ÖPNV und Automobilität nach Bedarf die Grundsatzentscheidung nicht zu beeinflussen vermögen. Anders verhält es sich, wenn eine knappheitsorientierte Parkraumbewirtschaftung eingeführt wird. Allerdings würde selbst diese drastische verkehrspolitische Maßnahme bei nur jedem vierten Probanden zu einer Veränderung der Grundsatzentscheidung führen. Das Gros der Befragten dagegen nimmt lieber die Kostensteigerung in Kauf, bevor es auf andere Verkehrsmittel[-kombinationen] umsteigen würde. ; Metropolitan areas need innovative means of transportation for various reasons. First of all, while necessary corrections of the market framework lead to altered relative prices, without attractive alternatives to cars, these corrections will have no impact on the modal split. In economic terms: corrected prices will lead to an income effect only and no substitution occurs. In addition, public transport companies rather increase attractiveness of their services in order to be prepared for the competition to come and to generate additional revenues. Finally, innovative services such as Car Sharing are operating in a market niche. But for sustainable growth they should address a broader target group. In order to change travel behaviour the decision for or against car ownership is crucial. With an own car in front of the door, most probably, it will be used even for those trips when public transport would sufficiently meet user requirements. Due to its system advantages however, at least an automobile component is essential for any alternative concept to car ownership. Keeping that in mind, the question arises, whether or not improvements of existing services and combinations of different services may become a substitute for car ownership. Service improvements should be designed according to user preferences and the respective willingness to pay of [potential] users. In addition, it is essential to know the size and its structure of the market potential in order to develop special services for particular target groups. Benefit segmentation is the key word in this context. In this study, a Choice Based Conjoint Analysis has been conducted in Berlin in order to identify preference structures of private users concerning car ownership. The results show that service improvements with regard to public transport and automobility on demand cannot influence the decision in favour of car ownership. Opposed to that, when drastic monthly parking fees are introduced to the experiment, 25% of the interviewees would prefer an alternative to car ownership. In turn, three quarters rather accept the negative income effect !
Intermodal and multimodal door-to-door journeys refer to the usage of various transport modes (air, rail, bus, road or maritime) by the traveler to complete a single journey. The main difference between these two approaches is that multimodal transport is executed under a single transport contract (a single ticket) between the passenger, on the one hand, and transport operators, on the other hand. The benefits of this type of service are reflected in the potential to save time and money. Such systems would make the transport sector greener and more sustainable, promote growth and reduce carbon emissions. The purpose of this paper is to define the concept of an air passenger multimodal transport system, identify factors and challenges that determine such a system's development within Europe and to provide recommendations and directions for future research. The research carried out so far has indicated that market segmentation and transport system characteristics, as well as economic, social and political factors, have direct impacts on system development. This paper provides the basis for introducing single ticket, timetable synchronization and data sharing services, as well as the need to update the related regulations in order to move towards air passenger multimodality in both research and practice.
This work examines the effects automated driving can have on future mobility in Germany and its possible impact on the national vehicle fleet in terms of mileage, fleet size and energy demand. To illustrate passenger traffic, an agent-based simulation model is developed, set up on the survey data of "Mobilität in Deutschland 2008", which allows a description of the mobility behavior under different scenario conditions. Afterwards, possible developments which can lead to an increasing or decreasing demand for mobility are depicted in different scenarios. Subsequently, automated vehicle fleets are dimensioned to meet these mobility needs. They are either privately owned or used in a car sharing or ride sharing operating strategy. Freight transport is modeled by means of macroscopic scenarios based on scientific studies examining future freight traffic development. Additionally, possible effects of automated vehicle operation are considered. Subsequently, the total fleet energy demand is determined, taking vehicle specific energy consumption and efficiency gains of vehicle automation into account. The scenarios show that automated driving might have very varied effects on the future passenger vehicle traffic. Thus, an increase of up to 81 % compared to the 2014 mileage is possible if the mobility needs are satisfied by micro-vehicles and the traffic-enhancing effects of automated driving, such as the increase in activity levels or possible de-urbanization, apply. Despite this increase, the number of vehicles in this scenario can be reduced by approximately 79 %. In the case of a shrinking demand for motorized individual mobility, which can occur through increased political promotion of public transport and the absence of the above stated transport-promoting effects of vehicle automation, a reduction in mileage by 64% is possible using mini buses in ride sharing mode. The number of vehicles in the fleet can even be reduced by 93% compared to 2014.In contrast, freight transport services are growing in all scenarios. ...
