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This thesis analyses the political and practical conditions for introducing electric vehicles in Swedish public authorites and discusses the potential for using electric vehicles in public transport and public fleets. The work has been carried out using an interdisciplinary research approach. Such an approach brings new insights to energy studies; the combination of technical methods and methods from social science allows the technology to be studied in its societal context. Local self-government enables Swedish public authorities to implement local solutions in order to achieve national policy goals. However, the results show that for energy and transport policy a clear allocation of responsibilities between local and regional levels is lacking – and this clarity is also lacking between the different policy areas. The lack of policy integration implies a risk that local policy development can miss the mark when it comes to the overall policy goal. Furthermore, findings show that so-called policy entrepreneurs can succeed in putting electric vehicles on the political agenda, and they can enforce decisions and deploy the vehicles within the public bodies. The usage of plug-in electric vehicles in public fleets has been studied using (among other sources) logbooks, interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. Findings demonstrate a great potential to introduce plug-in electric vehicles through fleets. Although the usage varied slightly during the year, and winter conditions implied a general reduction in use, the results show that the deployment strategy is a central factor for the extent of the vehicle usage. Vehicles that are assigned a certain user or a specific task show a high degree of utilisation. Even though plug-in electric vehicles available through car-pools have a large potential group of users, the options also implies that users can instead choose a conventional vehicle. However, interventions to increase usage have proven to be successful. Policy entrepreneurial actions attract new users and ...

This chapter regards the current state of electric vehicles in society today: the pros and cons, areas that need to improve, etc. The chapter starts by discussing some of the unethical practices that go into creating commodities of electric vehicles. From there, we explore the short, yet rapidly changing history of electric vehicles. Topics explored throughout its history include early inefficiencies, the introduction of hybrids that led to major improvements, and the increase in availability. The chapter then explores markets and commodities of electric vehicles, which explores the supply and demand side of this technology. We will show how growing demand has lead to improved government action, and how production methods must be improved for a sustainable future of electric vehicles. Finally, we test the ethics of electric vehicles, challenging the notion of nothing but the most ethical environmental standards. We will show how ways of metal mining and electricity generation actually do more bad than good for our environment. By reading this chapter, you will become more knowledgeable of how impactful electric vehicles are, and also you will get a grasp on whether or not you want to support this practice. ; Angela Person, Ph.D. ; No

abstract: Electric vehicles (EV's) are quickly expanding in California. Improved battery technology, range, more competitive cost compared to gas cars, incentives and legislation have all led EV's into the mainstream car market. Recently, Governor Newsom signed an executive order to require that all new passenger cars sold in California be zero-emission vehicles by 2035 making it the first state in the U.S. to do so. However, many cities are not ready for this massive shift to electric vehicles yet play a crucial role in helping to expand EV infrastructure and support policies that help the transition. While the state of California has made tremendous strides reducing CO2 from power plants with a major pivot to renewable energy, the same can't be said for the transportation sector which represents approximately 40% of California's overall emissions. California will be unable to meet its state climate and air quality goals without a major shift to zero emission vehicles. Although deploying EV chargers can be a complex process with many different stakeholders, the Electric Vehicle Readiness Plan (EVRP) provides California city planners with information to assist them in expanding critically needed EV infrastructure. EVRP serves as a guide to understanding the EV market, basics of EV charging, incentives, legislation, potential project partners, and also makes specific recommendations for cities to expand EV infrastructure to make EV charging more accessible now and for future EV drivers in cities across California.

This authoritative new resource provides a comprehensive introduction to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including critical discussions on energy storage and converter technology. The architecture and models for sustainable charging infrastructures and capacity planning of small scale fast charging stations are presented. This book considers PEVs as mobile storage units and explains how PEVS can provide services to the grid. Enabling technologies are explored, including energy storage, converter, and charger technologies for home and park charging. The adoption of EV is discussed and examples are given from the individual battery level to the city level.n nThis book provides guidance on how to build and design sustainable transportation systems. Optimal arrival rates, optimal service rates, facility location problems, load balancing, and demand forecasts are covered in this book. Time-saving MATLAB code and background tables are included in this resource to help engineers with their projects in the field

The transformation from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles is underway, but its timeline is still uncertain. The battle against climate change provides the essential backdrop, leading governments to encourage this transformation by providing both consumer incentives to purchase electric vehicles and by establishing regulations requiring automakers to produce them. Behind this prodding are a set of fundamental forces that both encourage and discourage consumer interest, as set forth in the text. Fortunately, intensive battery research and development is proceeding that should alter market forces and make electric vehicles more attractive to segments of the population not now in the market for an electric vehicle. Hence, even if the timeline for battery improvement cannot be predicted with certainty, continued government support, and upstart automakers, such as Tesla, should ensure that the transformation will proceed over time.

This paper examines the relationship between legal policy and the Electric Vehicle market in countries from around the world. As climate change has become an increasingly more important issue in modern society, heavy emphasis has been placed on environmentally conscious alternatives to many things used in daily life. Transportation, one of the largest and most polluting sectors of the economy, has seen many advances towards an eco-friendly future. Electric Vehicles, or EVs, have been lauded as the answer to heavily-polluting Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) by governments around the world. They have dumped large amounts of money in the form of tax breaks and subsidies into the EV sector, but it is unclear if that is really having an effect on the market. This study finds no correlation between the amount of money a government is offering to subsidize the purchase of EVs and the EV market share of the country. While EV law structure varies heavily between countries, the general contribution to the sector by governments is largely the same around the world.

Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are ready for commercialization. Perhaps the biggest hurdle remaining to their widespread adoption and to achieving California's smog and climate change emission reduction goals is consumer acceptance and purchase. To help educate consumers as well as other important stakeholders, the California Plug-in Electric Vehicle Collaborative (Collaborative) partnered with the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to develop a PEV Resource Center as part of the DriveClean.ca.gov web site. The PEV Resource Center is an unbiased source of information about PEVs to help a number of different audience groups in California understand more about electric drive technology and what is involved with purchasing a PEV. This great new resource allows consumers, local government officials, policymakers, fleet managers, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), utilities, dealers, and the media easily navigate to find the PEV information they are looking for.

This is a Report on the first phase of a demonstration of Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) in the South Bay Subregion of Los Angeles County. The project is sponsored by the South Bay Cities Council of Governments (SBCCOG) and funded by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD). Active use of the first demonstration phase began May 1, 2010 and ran for 18 months ending October 31, 2011. This Report, based on the 18 months of data collection and analysis, aims to identify the positive role NEVs can play in addressing the following issues: • Reducing green house gas emissions, criteria air pollutants, and consumption of fossil fuels by passenger vehicles and light trucks. • Informing government plans and policies currently being formulated, including the 2012 Regional Transportation Plan, California Energy Commission's initiative for electric vehicle readiness, and the California Air Resources Board AB 118 vehicle voucher program. • Implementing the Sustainable South Bay Strategy with its mobility initiative based on transitioning the gasoline fueled passenger vehicle fleet to some form of electric vehicle. Because this study is extremely data rich, a very detailed and scientific analysis has been completed for a somewhat small sample size of 29 participating households. From these findings it is clear that significant GHG and criteria air pollutant reductions could be achieved from wide spread use of NEVs for suburban residential driving. This research has also identified numerous market barriers that prevent wide spread adoption of NEVs as well as strategies to overcome market barriers such as production quality, speed limitations, and NEV prices.

In 2009 the European Union (EU) Directive on Renewable Energy placed an obligation on each Member State to ensure that 10% of transport energy (excluding aviation and marine transport) come from renewable sources by 2020. The Irish Government intends to achieve part of this target by making sure that 10% of all vehicles in its transport fleet are powered by electricity by 2020. Stakeholder groups include but are not limited to policy makers, the public, regulatory bodies, participants in the electricity retail market, the transmission and distribution system grid operators, the automotive industry, private enterprise, civil engineers, electrical engineers, electricians, architects, builders, building owners, building developers, building managers, fleet managers and EV owners. Currently it appears both internationally and Nationally the automotive industry is focused on EV manufacture, governments and policy makers have highlighted the potential environmental and job creation opportunities while the electricity sector is preparing for an additional electrical load on the grid system. The focus of this paper is to produce an international EV roadmap. A review of current international best practice and guidelines under consideration or recommended is presented. An update on any EV infrastructure charging equipment standards is also provided. Finally the regulatory modifications to existing National legislation as well as additional infrastructure items which may need control via new regulations are identified.

National audience ; This paper is part of a research program funded by the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region that focuses on mobility practices for the 2030 and 2050 horizons. Transport is a sector in constant evolution. Recently, we observed the rise of the new individual electric vehicles (NIEV) in our cities. These vehicles are part of today's mobility, and certainly tomorrow's, due to the use of electric energy. This makes them attractive in the context of reducing carbon emissions in urban centers.In the spring of 2020, France experienced a lockdown related to the Covid-19 health crisis. The unlock, considered "risky", obliged politicians to urgently set up temporary cycling paths that are also used by NIEV. These vehicles appear to be the most advantageous in terms of social distancing, unlike public transport. This sudden increase in temporary infrastructures, some of which will become permanent, suggests that it will reinforce the growth of NIEV in urban areas.In order to better understand the growth of NIEV, an online survey was shared during April and May 2020. The objective of this survey is to better understand the users and uses of these vehicles. The survey is also intended for non-users who are in direct contact with NIEV users. The survey questions the opinion on the preservation of the environment, the necessary arrangements concerning these vehicles, etc. At the end of May 2020, the survey gets 250 responses, including 120 NIEV users. In addition, interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative data.The results of the survey identified several environmental and urban planning issues. For example, 68.3% of users are convinced that NIEV are environmentally friendly. In addition, 84.2% of users consider them to be practical and useful in urban areas. The open-ended questions and interviews shed light on ideas for improvements to these new transports. Indeed, many users and non-users report difficulties for NIEV to circulate in urban areas. These vehicles have not yet found a suitable place to circulate and are often circulating on sidewalks, cycling paths, or even on the road. ; Cet article fait suite à un travail de recherche en collaboration avec le projet de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) qui porte sur l'étude des pratiques de mobilités aux horizons 2030 et 2050. La région PACA veut préparer l'avenir en prenant le temps de réflexion nécessaire pour comprendre les besoins de mobilités et de transports pour 2030 et 2050. Le transport est un secteur en évolution permanente. L'essor des nouveaux véhicules électriques individuels (NVEI) depuis quelques années en est l'exemple. Ces engins s'inscrivent dans la mobilité d'aujourd'hui, et sûrement de demain, de par leurs caractéristiques électriques. Cela en fait des modes de déplacement attractifs dans un contexte de réduction de l'émission carbone dans les centres urbains.Au printemps 2020 la France a connu un confinement lié à la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19. Le déconfinement considéré « à risque » face à la Covid-19 a obligé les politiques à aménager en urgence des pistes provisoires pour les vélos. Elles sont également utilisées par les NVEI. Ces modes semblent être les plus avantageux en termes de distanciation physique, à l'inverse des transports collectifs. Cette augmentation soudaine des aménagements provisoires, dont certains seront pérennisés, laisse à penser qu'elle va renforcer l'essor des NVEI en milieu urbain.Afin de mieux cerner l'essor des NVEI une enquête en ligne a été partagée durant les mois d'avril et mai 2020. L'objectif de cette enquête est de permettre de mieux connaître les usagers et les usages de ces engins. L'enquête est également à destination des non usagers qui sont en contact direct avec les utilisateurs des NVEI. Parmi les questions, l'enquête interroge l'opinion sur des thèmes comme la préservation de l'environnement et les aménagements nécessaires au sujet de ces engins. Fin mai 2020 l'enquête possède 250 réponses dont 120 usagers de NVEI. En complément, des entretiens permettent d'obtenir de la donnée qualitative.Les résultats de l'enquête permettent de dégager plusieurs enjeux en matière d'environnement et d'aménagement urbain. Par exemple, 68,3 % des usagers considèrent les NVEI comme écologiques. De plus, ils sont 84,2 % à les considérer comme pratiques en milieu urbain. Les questions ouvertes et les entretiens éclairent sur les pistes d'amélioration à apporter à ces nouveaux modes. En effet, de nombreux usagers et non usagers rapportent des difficultés pour les NVEI à circuler en milieu urbain. Ces engins ne trouvent pas encore un lieu de circulation approprié et se retrouvent à circuler sur les trottoirs, sur les pistes cyclables ou encore sur la voirie.

National audience ; This paper is part of a research program funded by the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region that focuses on mobility practices for the 2030 and 2050 horizons. Transport is a sector in constant evolution. Recently, we observed the rise of the new individual electric vehicles (NIEV) in our cities. These vehicles are part of today's mobility, and certainly tomorrow's, due to the use of electric energy. This makes them attractive in the context of reducing carbon emissions in urban centers.In the spring of 2020, France experienced a lockdown related to the Covid-19 health crisis. The unlock, considered "risky", obliged politicians to urgently set up temporary cycling paths that are also used by NIEV. These vehicles appear to be the most advantageous in terms of social distancing, unlike public transport. This sudden increase in temporary infrastructures, some of which will become permanent, suggests that it will reinforce the growth of NIEV in urban areas.In order to better understand the growth of NIEV, an online survey was shared during April and May 2020. The objective of this survey is to better understand the users and uses of these vehicles. The survey is also intended for non-users who are in direct contact with NIEV users. The survey questions the opinion on the preservation of the environment, the necessary arrangements concerning these vehicles, etc. At the end of May 2020, the survey gets 250 responses, including 120 NIEV users. In addition, interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative data.The results of the survey identified several environmental and urban planning issues. For example, 68.3% of users are convinced that NIEV are environmentally friendly. In addition, 84.2% of users consider them to be practical and useful in urban areas. The open-ended questions and interviews shed light on ideas for improvements to these new transports. Indeed, many users and non-users report difficulties for NIEV to circulate in urban areas. These vehicles have not yet found a suitable place to circulate and are often circulating on sidewalks, cycling paths, or even on the road. ; Cet article fait suite à un travail de recherche en collaboration avec le projet de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) qui porte sur l'étude des pratiques de mobilités aux horizons 2030 et 2050. La région PACA veut préparer l'avenir en prenant le temps de réflexion nécessaire pour comprendre les besoins de mobilités et de transports pour 2030 et 2050. Le transport est un secteur en évolution permanente. L'essor des nouveaux véhicules électriques individuels (NVEI) depuis quelques années en est l'exemple. Ces engins s'inscrivent dans la mobilité d'aujourd'hui, et sûrement de demain, de par leurs caractéristiques électriques. Cela en fait des modes de déplacement attractifs dans un contexte de réduction de l'émission carbone dans les centres urbains.Au printemps 2020 la France a connu un confinement lié à la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19. Le déconfinement considéré « à risque » face à la Covid-19 a obligé les politiques à aménager en urgence des pistes provisoires pour les vélos. Elles sont également utilisées par les NVEI. Ces modes semblent être les plus avantageux en termes de distanciation physique, à l'inverse des transports collectifs. Cette augmentation soudaine des aménagements provisoires, dont certains seront pérennisés, laisse à penser qu'elle va renforcer l'essor des NVEI en milieu urbain.Afin de mieux cerner l'essor des NVEI une enquête en ligne a été partagée durant les mois d'avril et mai 2020. L'objectif de cette enquête est de permettre de mieux connaître les usagers et les usages de ces engins. L'enquête est également à destination des non usagers qui sont en contact direct avec les utilisateurs des NVEI. Parmi les questions, l'enquête interroge l'opinion sur des thèmes comme la préservation de l'environnement et les aménagements nécessaires au sujet de ces engins. Fin mai 2020 l'enquête possède 250 réponses dont 120 usagers de NVEI. En complément, des entretiens permettent d'obtenir de la donnée qualitative.Les résultats de l'enquête permettent de dégager plusieurs enjeux en matière d'environnement et d'aménagement urbain. Par exemple, 68,3 % des usagers considèrent les NVEI comme écologiques. De plus, ils sont 84,2 % à les considérer comme pratiques en milieu urbain. Les questions ouvertes et les entretiens éclairent sur les pistes d'amélioration à apporter à ces nouveaux modes. En effet, de nombreux usagers et non usagers rapportent des difficultés pour les NVEI à circuler en milieu urbain. Ces engins ne trouvent pas encore un lieu de circulation approprié et se retrouvent à circuler sur les trottoirs, sur les pistes cyclables ou encore sur la voirie.

National audience ; This paper is part of a research program funded by the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region that focuses on mobility practices for the 2030 and 2050 horizons. Transport is a sector in constant evolution. Recently, we observed the rise of the new individual electric vehicles (NIEV) in our cities. These vehicles are part of today's mobility, and certainly tomorrow's, due to the use of electric energy. This makes them attractive in the context of reducing carbon emissions in urban centers.In the spring of 2020, France experienced a lockdown related to the Covid-19 health crisis. The unlock, considered "risky", obliged politicians to urgently set up temporary cycling paths that are also used by NIEV. These vehicles appear to be the most advantageous in terms of social distancing, unlike public transport. This sudden increase in temporary infrastructures, some of which will become permanent, suggests that it will reinforce the growth of NIEV in urban areas.In order to better understand the growth of NIEV, an online survey was shared during April and May 2020. The objective of this survey is to better understand the users and uses of these vehicles. The survey is also intended for non-users who are in direct contact with NIEV users. The survey questions the opinion on the preservation of the environment, the necessary arrangements concerning these vehicles, etc. At the end of May 2020, the survey gets 250 responses, including 120 NIEV users. In addition, interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative data.The results of the survey identified several environmental and urban planning issues. For example, 68.3% of users are convinced that NIEV are environmentally friendly. In addition, 84.2% of users consider them to be practical and useful in urban areas. The open-ended questions and interviews shed light on ideas for improvements to these new transports. Indeed, many users and non-users report difficulties for NIEV to circulate in urban areas. These vehicles have not yet found a suitable place to circulate and are often circulating on sidewalks, cycling paths, or even on the road. ; Cet article fait suite à un travail de recherche en collaboration avec le projet de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) qui porte sur l'étude des pratiques de mobilités aux horizons 2030 et 2050. La région PACA veut préparer l'avenir en prenant le temps de réflexion nécessaire pour comprendre les besoins de mobilités et de transports pour 2030 et 2050. Le transport est un secteur en évolution permanente. L'essor des nouveaux véhicules électriques individuels (NVEI) depuis quelques années en est l'exemple. Ces engins s'inscrivent dans la mobilité d'aujourd'hui, et sûrement de demain, de par leurs caractéristiques électriques. Cela en fait des modes de déplacement attractifs dans un contexte de réduction de l'émission carbone dans les centres urbains.Au printemps 2020 la France a connu un confinement lié à la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19. Le déconfinement considéré « à risque » face à la Covid-19 a obligé les politiques à aménager en urgence des pistes provisoires pour les vélos. Elles sont également utilisées par les NVEI. Ces modes semblent être les plus avantageux en termes de distanciation physique, à l'inverse des transports collectifs. Cette augmentation soudaine des aménagements provisoires, dont certains seront pérennisés, laisse à penser qu'elle va renforcer l'essor des NVEI en milieu urbain.Afin de mieux cerner l'essor des NVEI une enquête en ligne a été partagée durant les mois d'avril et mai 2020. L'objectif de cette enquête est de permettre de mieux connaître les usagers et les usages de ces engins. L'enquête est également à destination des non usagers qui sont en contact direct avec les utilisateurs des NVEI. Parmi les questions, l'enquête interroge l'opinion sur des thèmes comme la préservation de l'environnement et les aménagements nécessaires au sujet de ces engins. Fin mai 2020 l'enquête possède 250 réponses dont 120 usagers de NVEI. En complément, des entretiens permettent d'obtenir de la donnée qualitative.Les résultats de l'enquête permettent de dégager plusieurs enjeux en matière d'environnement et d'aménagement urbain. Par exemple, 68,3 % des usagers considèrent les NVEI comme écologiques. De plus, ils sont 84,2 % à les considérer comme pratiques en milieu urbain. Les questions ouvertes et les entretiens éclairent sur les pistes d'amélioration à apporter à ces nouveaux modes. En effet, de nombreux usagers et non usagers rapportent des difficultés pour les NVEI à circuler en milieu urbain. Ces engins ne trouvent pas encore un lieu de circulation approprié et se retrouvent à circuler sur les trottoirs, sur les pistes cyclables ou encore sur la voirie.