Suchergebnisse

The world's rapidly growing demand for raw manganese has made it increasingly important to develop methods for the economic recovery of manganese from secondary sources. The current study aims to present possible ways for the recycling and reuse of silico-manganese slag landfilled in Tulcea, City on the Danube River close to the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in order to save the natural resources raw of manganese. In the last three decades, the ferroalloy production plant has over 2.6 million tons of slag. Slag dumping constitutes a significant source of air, water and soil pollution, which adversely affects the environment and human health. Mn present in the slag dump is an environmental pollutant with potentially toxic effects. The results obtained with a leaching method to recover manganese from slag shows two efficient ways to valorize manganese from solid fraction (54%) with size particles between 80 and 315 µm and/or reuse the leaching medium (56% Mn) with a slag size of < ; 80 µm. The motivation of our research is the possibility to recover manganese from slag by saving natural resources of raw of manganese and the remaining fraction can be used as aggregate sources (construction and road rehabilitation by saving extract mineral aggregates and agriculture), in order to decommission the slag dump. The proposed research is in concordance with the sustainable use of natural resources for the achievement of sustainable development of the 2030 Agenda and Waste Management Legislation due of the huge ecological costs regarding non-conforming waste dumping. If we consider the cost-benefit analysis, the environmental future is more important the human health and the benefits on the quality of the population's health and the environment which are not non-measurable in monetary value.

The paper was presented at TMS2020 in the Energy Technology 2020: Recycling, Carbon Dioxide Management , and Other Technologies topic. The paper evaluates an alternative ferromanganese production flowsheet seeking to preheat manganese ores with concentrating solar thermal energy to 600°C. The benefits of solar thermal preheating will be evaluated based on a cost discounted economic model taking into account the variability of the solar resource, capital costs and operating costs of a solar thermal plant over the lifetime of the project. Solar variability will be discussed based on possible implementation sites for such technologies and the cost and benefits of thermal storage in the flowsheet are evaluated for locations in Spain, South Africa and China. This work is part of the PreMa project, aiming to advance novel energy systems in the drying and preheating of furnace materials. The PreMa project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 820561.

AbstractBiofiltration for drinking water treatment has several water quality benefits but questions remain about biofilter start‐up in temperate climates where temperature and water quality changes can impact performance. A year‐long full‐scale demonstration was performed with biofilters operated in parallel to chlorinated filters to (O1) monitor the development of the biofilter microbiota across the acclimation period with respect to removal of Mn and total organic carbon, and (O2) determine the impact of depth and backwash events on the microbial community composition and function. Biofilter media biomass increased for the first 6 months of operation and after about 9 months the biofilters achieved comparable Mn removal to the chlorinated filters. Prokaryotic diversity decreased when the water temperature dropped. Backwash resulted in an increase in microbial diversity deeper in the biofilter. By the next sampling (30 h post backwash), 16S rRNA gene copies were again more abundant in the upper layers. Metagenomic sequencing confirmed the presence of moxA and mofA, Mn oxidizing genes. The results presented can help inform expected performance of full‐scale biofilters in temperate climates.

Implications of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere (NACOA) Report, The Role of the Oceans in Waste Management Strategy, Ocean Disposal and Monitoring, Tools for Effective Management of Disposal of Dredged Material in an Ocean Environment, Oil- and Gas-Associated Discharge in the Federal OCS, Small-Scale Oil Slick Modeling in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, The Application of Acoustics in Marine Monitoring, Implications of Water Quality to Phytoplankton Growth and Succession in New York Harbor, Ocean Disposal of Fish Processing Wastes off Los Angeles and American Samoa, Effects of Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Manganese on Growth of Macrocystis Gametophytes and Sporophytes, Physiological Stress (Scope for Growth) of Mussels in San Francisco Bay, Bioaccumulation and Detoxification of Contaminants in Marine Organisms from Southern California Coastal Waters, Assessing the Effects of a Coastal Steam Electric Generating Station on Fishes Occupying Its Receiving Waters, Effects of Sewage Disposal on the Polychaetous Annelids at San Clemente Island, California, The Effect of the Change in Municipal Waste Treatment on Marine Benthic Communities, Hazards of On-Site Percolation and Package Treatment Plants to Local Coastal Water Quality: Policy and Planning Solutions, Ocean Disposal in the 1980s: The Role of Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs)

Autoxidation processes to achieve curing of alkyd resins in paints, inks, and coatings are ubiquitous in many applications. Cobalt soaps have been employed for these applications for many decades and most of the paint and ink alkyd resin formulations have been optimized to achieve optimal benefits of the cobalt soaps. However, cobalt soaps are under increased scrutiny because of likely reclassification as carcinogenic under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restrictions of Chemicals) legislation in Europe. This is critical, since such coatings are available for regular human contact. Alternative manganese- and iron-based siccatives have been developed to address this need for over a decade. They often show very high curing activity depending on the organic ligands bound to the metal centers. Recently, new classes of catalysts and modes of application have been published or patented to create safe paints, whilst delivering performance benefits via their unique reaction mechanisms. Besides the use of well-defined, preformed catalysts, paint formulations have also been developed with mixtures of metal soaps and ligands that form active species in-situ. The change from Co-soaps to Mn- and Fe-based siccatives meant that important coating issues related to radical-based curing, such as skinning, had to be rethought. In this paper we will review the new catalyst technologies and their performance and modes of action, as well as new compounds developed to provide anti-skinning benefits.

Previous studies have shown high levels of manganese exposure and neurocognitive damage in the population living in the mining zone in Molango, Mexico. One of the objectives of the Intersectoral Group on Environmental Management for the mining district has been to provide public participation in the risk management plan. To achieve this, it is important to know how the different social actors represent the mining activity. The objectives of this study were to characterize the social representations of the mining activity by different social actors. A qualitative design was used based on in‐depth interviews of residents, public officials, and a mining company representative. The analysis was conducted according to themes for each group of actors. Essentially, distinct social representations of the different mining activities were identified. Residents viewed mining activities as synonymous with contamination and, therefore, as having affected all areas of their environment, health, and daily life. These activities were seen as a collective risk. The public officials and the mining company held that there was no evidence of harm and saw mining activities as a generator of regional development. Harm to health and the environment were seen as a stance taken by the communities in order to obtain economic benefits from the company. These images of the "other" are shaped by social, political, and cultural factors. They make it difficult for the actors to reach cooperative agreements and thereby affect progress on the risk management plan. Decisionmakers need to take these differences into account when promoting social participation.

The basis for food production is agriculture. Agricultural land use cover about 40% of the land surface and agrocenosis be regarded as the most modern land biome. Ecosystem services - these are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems and the species they are, and provide support life. The established four categories of ecosystem services: Support (Supporting services) - necessary for the performance of all other ecosystem services (soil formation, nutrient cycling, primary productivity); those for (Provisioning services) - products that can be obtained from ecosystems (food, water, and genetic resources); regulatory (Regulating services) - the regulation of climate, decomposition of pollutants, control of pests and diseases, pollination; Cultural (Cultural services) - intangible benefits that people receive from nature (recreation and ecotourism, education etc.). According to the EU Biodiversity Strategy (Goal 2, Action 5) ecosystems and ecosystem services of the member states of the European Union should be identified and marked Cartographically (The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020). The economic value of ecosystem services should also be established and the integration of such assessments should be considered both at EU and at national level. According to the EU Biodiversity Strategy (Goal 2, Action 5) ecosystems and ecosystem services of the member states of the European Union should be identified and marked Cartographically (The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020). The economic value of ecosystem services should also be established and the integration of such assessments should be considered both at EU and at national level. According to the EU Biodiversity Strategy (Goal 2, Action 5) ecosystems and ecosystem services of the member states of the European Union should be identified and marked Cartographically (The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020). The economic value of ecosystem services should also be established and the integration of such assessments should be considered both at EU and at national level.Our working hypothesis is that phytoindication assessments of the environmental regimes may be obtained from the study of plant communities formed on tehnosol may be markers of activity of ecosystem services. The aim of our work show the possibility of regulatory indicators for ecosystem services using man-made tehnosol by means of phytoindication estimates of the termoclimate, continentality, crioclimate and obmroclimate.The field studies were conducted during the 2008-2017 biennium. Bioecological research station in the Dnieper agro-economic University (Pokrov city, Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine). Polygons incorporated within tehnosols four types: pedozem, sod-lithogenic soils on losses-like loam, gray-green clay and red-brown clay. Found that embriozems surface receives more solar radiation than the surface of the sod-lithogenic soil surface and the last gets more heat than pedozems. More dense vegetation that is able to develop more fertile soil, creates a distinct effect shielding. During soil forming processes phytoindicator evaluation of the radiation balance are falling and asymptotically approaching to a stationary level. Ombroclimate of the embriozems can be described as such, contributes with mezoarydophytes and ombroclimate of the sod lithogenic soils and pedozems promotes subarydophytes. Stabilization of the ombroclimate condition is stable operation of man-made soil ecosystem. Obtained evidence that during soil forming processes the estimates of the continentality indicate decrease contrast micro-climatic conditions. For groups of vegetation, which are formed on different technosol types mounted simultaneous dynamics of continental character.Keywords: ecosystem services, reclamation, phytoindication, termoclimate, ombroclimate, crioclimate, continentality ; У роботі показана можливість індикації регуляторних екосистемних сервісів протягом техногенного ґрунтогенезу за допомогою фітоіндикаційних оцінок термоклімату, континентальності, кріоклімату та обмроклімату. Польові дослідження проводились протягом 2008–2017 рр. у дослідній біоекологічній станції Дніпровського аграрно-економічного університету (м. Покров, Дніпропетровська область, Україна). Полігони закладені у межах чотирьох типів техноземів: педоземи, дерново-літогенні ґрунти на лесоподібних суглинках, сіро-зелених глинах та червоно-бурих глинах. Встановлено, що поверхня ембріоземів одержує більшу кількість сонячної радіації, ніж поверхня дерново-літогенних ґрунтів, а поверхня останніх одержує більше тепла, ніж педоземи. Більш щільний рослинний покрив, який здатний розвиватися на все більш родючому ґрунті, створює більш виразний ефект екранування. Протягом ґрунтогенезу фітоіндикаційні оцінки радіаційного балансу знижуються та асимптотично наближаються до стаціонарних рівнів. Омброклімат ембріоземів можна охарактеризувати як такий, зо сприяє мезоаридофітам, а омброклімат дерново-літогенних ґрунтів та педоземів сприяє субаридофітам. Стабілізація омброрежиму є умовою стійкого функціонування техногенної ґрунтової екосистеми. Одержані свідчення, що протягом ґрунтогенезу фітоіндикаційні оцінки континентальності вказують на зменшення контрастності мікрокліматичних умов. Для угруповань рослинності, які сформовані на різних типах техноземів, встановлений синхронний характер динаміки показників континентальності. Протягом періоду ґрунтогенезу на техноземах формуються рослинні угруповання, які певною мірою приходять у відповідність з умовами навколишнього кліматичного оточення. Це проявляє себе у тому, що фітоіндикаційні оцінки кріоклімату досить чітко відповідають вимірюванням за допомогою метеорологічних приладів.Ключові слова: екосистемні сервіси, рекультивація, фітоіндикація, термоклімат, омброклімат, кріоклімат, континентальність

Abstract
China has made great progress in the electrification of passenger cars, and the sales of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have exceeded 10%. We applied a life-cycle assessment (LCA) method to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the past (2015), present (2020), and future (2030) BEVs, incorporating China's carbon peaking and neutrality policies, which would substantially reduce emissions from the electricity, operation efficiency, metallurgy, and battery manufacturing industries. BEVs can reduce cradle-to-grave (C2G) CO2 emissions by ∼40% compared with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) on the national-average level in 2020, far more significant than the benefit in 2015. Improved BEV operating efficiency was the largest factor driving emission reductions from 2015 to 2020. Looking forward to 2030, China's BEVs equipped with nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) batteries can achieve a further 43% of CO2 emissions reductions, among which 51 g km−1 of reduction is from the well-to-wheels (WTW) stage majorly owing to the further cleaner electricity mix, while other vehicle-cycle benefits are mainly from the advancement of battery (12 g km−1) and related metal materials (5 g km−1). We highlight the importance of better material efficiency and synchronized decarbonization through the automotive industrial chain in promoting climate mitigation from transport activities.

ABSTRACT In this article, I examine the Zambian mining industry and development in the mining sector from the viewpoint of social sustainability. A general history of the mining industry in the Mansa district of Zambia is outlined together with a description of the socio-political conditions of the country. The social sustainability of mining is examined by dissecting local level social conflicts that industrial mining activities have on the studied mining regions. The theoretical framework for this qualitative research is drawn from theories and literature on social impact assessment (SIA) and social sustainability. In addition, to examine community-company relationships, the literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is discussed. The empirical data is composed of semi-structured thematic interviews conducted in the manganese belt regions with multiple stakeholders, varying from representatives of mining companies to local residents. The study finds that inadequate legislation, poor environmental monitoring, and problems with governance are inducing multiple negative social impacts. Also, the poor participatory rights allowed to local communities, as well as the unequal distribution of benefits have made contributions to the local social conflicts and economy tangential. This has left the local communities disappointed and increasingly in opposition to the mining industry.

High-carbohydrate (HC) diets and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKD) are consumed by athletes for body composition and performance benefits. Little research has examined nutrient density of self-selected HC or LCKDs and consequent effect on blood haematology in an athlete population. Using a non-randomised control intervention trial, nutrient density over 3 days, total blood count and serum ferritin, within endurance athletes following a self-selected HC (n = 11) or LCKD (n = 9) over 12 weeks, was examined. At week 12, HC diet participants had greater intakes of carbohydrate, fibre, sugar, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and thiamine, with higher glycaemic load (GL), compared to LCKD participants (P < 0.05). LCKD participants had greater intakes of saturated fat, protein, a higher omega 3:6 ratio, selenium, vitamins A, D, E, K1, B12, B2, pantothenic acid and biotin. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased in LCKD participants after 12 weeks but remained unchanged in HC participants, with no change in serum ferritin in either group. This analysis cannot examine nutrient deficiency, but athletes should be made aware of the importance of changes in dietary type on micronutrient intakes and blood haematology, especially where performance is to be considered.

With a few to assessing the qualities of water sources in Wukari local government area (LGA), a study was conducted on ground water and rivers in two settlements at Wukari LGA. For this purpose, some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, arsenic, iron, copper, mercury and manganese) and physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, conductivity, pH, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, alkalinity, hardness and chemical/biochemical oxygen demand) were determined in water samples collected from hand–dug wells, boreholes and rivers in Puje and Avyi during wet and dry seasons using standard analytical techniques. The results showed that all the seven metals determined were detected and present at trace levels in all the water samples ranging from 0.001 ppm (Hg) in well and borehole to 0.0768 ppm (Fe) in river, and 0.001 ppm (Hg) in borehole to 0.0763 ppm (Fe) in river for Puje and Avyi, respectively. However, all the metals were found to have contained concentrations below the permissible safe level. The results further revealed that the levels of physicochemical parameters in the water samples for both wet and dry seasons are within the required standard limits set by World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Nevertheless, source protection is recommended for the bodies of water for the benefit of Wukari people.

With a few to assessing the qualities of water sources in Wukari local government area (LGA), a study was conducted on ground water and rivers in two settlements at Wukari LGA. For this purpose, some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, arsenic, iron, copper, mercury and manganese) and physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, conductivity, pH, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, alkalinity, hardness and chemical/biochemical oxygen demand) were determined in water samples collected from hand–dug wells, boreholes and rivers in Puje and Avyi during wet and dry seasons using standard analytical techniques. The results showed that all the seven metals determined were detected and present at trace levels in all the water samples ranging from 0.001 ppm (Hg) in well and borehole to 0.0768 ppm (Fe) in river, and 0.001 ppm (Hg) in borehole to 0.0763 ppm (Fe) in river for Puje and Avyi, respectively. However, all the metals were found to have contained concentrations below the permissible safe level. The results further revealed that the levels of physicochemical parameters in the water samples for both wet and dry seasons are within the required standard limits set by World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Nevertheless, source protection is recommended for the bodies of water for the benefit of Wukari people.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V62017051298 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1298

Ghana as a country in the west of Africa is naturally endowed with many rich natural resources some of which includes; Gold, diamond, bauxite, manganese, cocoa, etc. Currently, it's the second leading producer of gold production in Africa after South Africa. Gold production has produced a lot of benefits to the nation but at the same time contributed to many negativities ranging from pollution (water and air), land degradation, ethnic conflicts and deforestation. Industrial gold mining itself was never a big issue that caused any panic in the country till illegal gold miners "Galamseyers" also commenced operating. The sole objectives of this research were to determine the level of some specific heavy metal (Mercury, Lead, Arsenic and Zinc) concentrations within the Offin River in Dunkwa-on-Offin, Buabenso, Ayanfuri and Nkotumso. Results after the research revealed that, Ayanfuri recorded the highest level of concentrations. Nkotumso followed in that order before Buabenso with Dunkwa-on-Offin recording the least concentrations. It also became clear later that, even though the degree of intensiveness of the illegal mining "Galamsey" operations could have been a main factor for the increased concentrations, another finding was that, towns or communities that recorded higher concentrations throughout the study also showed to be towns that made use of inorganic fertilizers on its farms. The Minerals and mining Act 2006 of Ghana was then analyzed and conclusion was that, though the country has very strong policies regarding illegal mining termed "Galamsey", there seemed to be institutional loop holes that have not been strong enough to combat illegal mining in the country. In recommending policy directives to improve the river quality, six (6) institutions including the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology(MEST), Minerals Commission of Ghana, Environmental Protection Agency, Forestry Commission and the water Resources Commission were identified with detailed recommended roles clearly spelt out for each institution.

Polymetallic nodules found in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone in the NE Pacific contain more nickel, manganese and cobalt than all terrestrial reserves combined. Following the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and its 1994 Implementing Agreement, the resources of the international seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction will be developed for the benefit of mankind by attracting investment and technology, whilst demanding that necessary measures be taken to ensure effective protection of the marine environment. To date, no single commercial seabed mining activity has taken place in international waters, and the development of balanced and stimulating exploitation regulation is needed, based on accurate economic analysis. This paper presents the first detailed, vertically integrated, stochastic techno-economic assessment from a contractor's perspective, and contributes to the development of the world's first exploitation regulations. The economic performance measured by the internal rate of return was compared using deterministic and probabilistic commodity price forecasting models. Different levels of a financial payment regime, comprising of a royalty payment and a payment to internalize environmental costs, were considered. When real growth was included, the internal rate of return remains above the hurdle rate when a transitional, total-cost, financial payment regime is below 2 per cent during the initial period and below 4 per cent for the remaining tenure period. Following a 10-year moving average of commodity prices, including real growth, a 77.51 per cent probability was calculated of achieving a hurdle rate of 18 per cent. ; The methods and results of this paper were presented at the Deep Seabed Mining Payment Regime Workshop #3 (19-21 April 2017, Singapore): Exploring a Financial Model and Related Topics, organised by RESOLVE and PEW Charitable Trusts, and attended by a wide variety of stakeholders, including contractors, academics and nongovernmental organisations. Furthermore, this project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 688975 (Blue Nodules). This output reflects only the authors' views and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.