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The social response to crime is implemented through crime control, that is, through the criminal justice system, crime prevention, law enforcement, and community and social programs and intervention methods outside the justice system. Examining the impact of the crime control system and institutions on crime is a relatively new trend in criminology, which is shown in the research presented in the paper. When researching the causality that causes crime, the attention of science is inevitably directed to the criminal justice system, primarily due to social phenomena such as the phenomenon of latent crime, and the conceptual paradox of subjective and objective security. In addition to examining the creation process of criminal statistics, the paper focuses on exploring the nature of latent crime and objective and subjective security. The relationship between subjective perceptions of security and the objective security situation in today's modern risk society is given a detailed evaluation. The question rightly arises as to what the police alone can do to counteract the deterioration in the sense of security and what other social processes are involved that go beyond their scope and objective scope of action. The subjective sense of security is difficult or impossible to separate from the latent crime in the given social environment or how law enforcement agencies respond to crime. If the quality of law enforcement is primarily determined by the effort to improve criminal statistics, the gap between objective and subjective security will naturally increase.

The article is written in form of pseudo dialogue between sociologist and lawyer. The data of interrogation of Kharkiv region in habitants in few indicators is showed in the article:
1. A part of victimized residents during last 12 months (population's victimization proportion).
2. General quantity of reported crimes during survey.
3. Quantity of police reports.
4. Degree of latency.
The so called "Latency paradox" as a world-view and as a methodological problem is discussed in the article. The author maintains the thought about necessity of developing the domestic sociology of crime in cooperation with other criminal-law disciplines.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the latentisation of crimes, committed against life and well-being in Ukraine with use of firearms. The task is to assess distribution, specify classification group, find out the causes and prevention measures for such offences. Latent felony offences could be reviewed from criminological, procedural and forensics aspects. Criminological aspect of latent crime perception, as we see it, is the most expedient in terms of general crime research. In criminological aspect latent felonies are determined by a fact of their disregarded nature in crime statistics. Factors of latentisation of crimes with use of fireams are specific for latent felonoes in general, such as: perpetrator's actions in attempt of hiding the offence and it's aftermath; unresponsive reaction of LEO's concerning information about offense. There are also specific conditions related to specific interest of government and LE agencies in protection of lives and well-being of people and informing done in a specific order by hospitals about people with injuries of criminal character, including gunshot wounds. What also counted is negative societal perception on live threatening offences, which leads to it's cooperation with LE agencies to investigate those felonies. The registration order of firearms, which is done by LE agencies, is also a factor of ceasing of the latent felonies with use of firearms. Analyzing specifics of felonies against life and well-being with use of firearms on territories of Joint Forces Operation in Donetsk, Lugansk and Crimea, that temporarily out of Ukrainian control. Counting classification of latent crimes, depending on level of their latency, crimes against life and well-being with use of firearms could be put in the group of leat latent crimes.

The problematic issues of latent corruption crime detection are examined in the article. It is stated that corruption has a negative impact practically on all the spheres of life. The importance of this research is emphasized in the view of extremely high level of this kind of crime latency which creates great problems with its combating.The main methods of this issue examination are analyzed. They are the following: sociological methods, method of expert estimates, method of documents analysis, polygraph usage, methods used by organizations combating corruption, analysis of information published in mass-media etc. Advantages and disadvantages of the described methods are named. Thus, the main advantages of surveys lay in the possibility to find out the information on the exact problem by choosing respective questions, receiving the information directly from the perpetrators and victims of corruption crime and some other. Among the disadvantages of this method are the following: possibility to count the same crime twice, probability that the respondent has forgotten about some facts of corruption crime or does not actually understand what the corruption crime is etc. One more very important method of research is expert estimates method that also has its pros and cons. Methods used by the Transparency International (international organization monitoring and publicizing corporate and political corruption in international development) in order to define Corruption Perception Index are named. It is stated that documents analysis method is used in order to define the indices of artificial latency of corruption crime. The use of method of indirect indices in order to detect corruption crime has been described as the comparison of the income achieved by the officials and their expenses.The ways of improving the use of the mentioned methods are offered. They include inter alia applying surveys within the whole country among different groups of population, wide use of the Internet and mass-media to detect corruption crimes, periodic use of polygraph to check the commission of corruption crimes by state and local self-government officials etc.It has been established that the most effective methods of detecting corruption crime are surveys and expert estimates. It has been concluded that the most precise idea on the real indices of latent corruption crime can be made only on the basis of the complex use of different methods and comparison of the achieved results.The effects of such methods usage are enumerated. It is emphasized that the list of methods described in the article is not exhaustive. ; Досліджено проблемні питання виявлення латентної корупційної злочинності. Наголошено на важливості вивчення цього питання з огляду на надзвичайно високий рівень латентності названого виду злочинності, що створює значні проблеми у боротьбі із нею. Проаналізовано окремі методи, які застосовують у процесі вивчення вказаного питання, а саме: соціологічні методи, метод експертних оцінок, метод аналізу документів, використання поліграфа, методи, які використовують організації, що досліджують питання корупції, та інші. Зазначено, що перелік таких методів є невичерпним. Встановлено окремі переваги та недоліки згаданих методів. Запропоновано шляхи підвищення ефективності використання даних методів (застосування опитувань у межах усієї країни серед різних груп населення, широке використання мережі Інтернет та ЗМІ для виявлення корупційних злочинів, періодичне застосування поліграфа для перевірки вчинення корупційних злочинів держав­ними службовцями та посадовими особами місцевого самоврядування тощо). Встановлено, що найдієвішими є метод опитування та метод експертних оцінок. Зроблено висновки, що найточніше уявлення про реальні показники латентної корупційної злочинності може дати лише комплексне застосування різних методів та співставлення отриманих результатів.

We propose a latent trait model that simultaneously accounts for both participation in crime and the frequency of crimes, phenomena that the criminal career model attributes to different causal processes. The criminal career model is predicated on a categorical distinction between active offenders and nonoffenders, but the latent trait model assumes a continuous distribution of propensity to offend. Our specific statistical model relates a relatively stable and general latent propensity to engage in crime to the frequency of criminal behavior. The latent trait model successfully fit both the proportion of offenders (participation) and frequency of offending for several samples and several measures of offending. The model fit both samples of whites and nonwhites and both males and females. This shows that separate causal processes are not necessary to account for group differences in frequency and in participation, which disproves the major evidence in favor of the criminal career model. Finally, the latent trait model yielded evidence that disparate sex differences in rates of participation for different categories of offenses are consistent with a single difference on a latent trait. This demonstrates the latent trait model's potential for parsimoniously unifying knowledge about criminal careers.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the latentisation of crimes, committed against life and well-being in Ukraine with use of firearms. The task is to assess distribution, specify classification group, find out the causes and prevention measures for such offences. Latent felony offences could be reviewed from criminological, procedural and forensics aspects. Criminological aspect of latent crime perception, as we see it, is the most expedient in terms of general crime research. In criminological aspect latent felonies are determined by a fact of their disregarded nature in crime statistics. Factors of latentisation of crimes with use of fireams are specific for latent felonoes in general, such as: perpetrator's actions in attempt of hiding the offence and it's aftermath; unresponsive reaction of LEO's concerning information about offense. There are also specific conditions related to specific interest of government and LE agencies in protection of lives and well-being of people and informing done in a specific order by hospitals about people with injuries of criminal character, including gunshot wounds. What also counted is negative societal perception on live threatening offences, which leads to it's cooperation with LE agencies to investigate those felonies. The registration order of firearms, which is done by LE agencies, is also a factor of ceasing of the latent felonies with use of firearms. Analyzing specifics of felonies against life and well-being with use of firearms on territories of Joint Forces Operation in Donetsk, Lugansk and Crimea, that temporarily out of Ukrainian control. Counting classification of latent crimes, depending on level of their latency, crimes against life and well-being with use of firearms could be put in the group of leat latent crimes ; В статье рассмотрены латентность преступлений против жизни и здоровья человека с применением огнестрельного оружия, определен уровень латентности преступлений и предложены методы предупреждения латентизации этих преступлений ; Розглянуто латентність злочинів проти життя та здоров'я особи із застосуванням вогнепальної зброї, визначено її обсяги та запропоновано методи попередження латентизації

The purpose of this paper is to examine the latentisation of crimes, committed against life and well-being in Ukraine with use of firearms. The task is to assess distribution, specify classification group, find out the causes and prevention measures for such offences. Latent felony offences could be reviewed from criminological, procedural and forensics aspects. Criminological aspect of latent crime perception, as we see it, is the most expedient in terms of general crime research. In criminological aspect latent felonies are determined by a fact of their disregarded nature in crime statistics. Factors of latentisation of crimes with use of fireams are specific for latent felonoes in general, such as: perpetrator's actions in attempt of hiding the offence and it's aftermath; unresponsive reaction of LEO's concerning information about offense. There are also specific conditions related to specific interest of government and LE agencies in protection of lives and well-being of people and informing done in a specific order by hospitals about people with injuries of criminal character, including gunshot wounds. What also counted is negative societal perception on live threatening offences, which leads to it's cooperation with LE agencies to investigate those felonies. The registration order of firearms, which is done by LE agencies, is also a factor of ceasing of the latent felonies with use of firearms. Analyzing specifics of felonies against life and well-being with use of firearms on territories of Joint Forces Operation in Donetsk, Lugansk and Crimea, that temporarily out of Ukrainian control. Counting classification of latent crimes, depending on level of their latency, crimes against life and well-being with use of firearms could be put in the group of leat latent crimes ; В статье рассмотрены латентность преступлений против жизни и здоровья человека с применением огнестрельного оружия, определен уровень латентности преступлений и предложены методы предупреждения латентизации этих преступлений ; Розглянуто латентність злочинів проти життя та здоров'я особи із застосуванням вогнепальної зброї, визначено її обсяги та запропоновано методи попередження латентизації

The purpose of this paper is to examine the latentisation of crimes, committed against life and well-being in Ukraine with use of firearms. The task is to assess distribution, specify classification group, find out the causes and prevention measures for such offences. Latent felony offences could be reviewed from criminological, procedural and forensics aspects. Criminological aspect of latent crime perception, as we see it, is the most expedient in terms of general crime research. In criminological aspect latent felonies are determined by a fact of their disregarded nature in crime statistics. Factors of latentisation of crimes with use of fireams are specific for latent felonoes in general, such as: perpetrator's actions in attempt of hiding the offence and it's aftermath; unresponsive reaction of LEO's concerning information about offense. There are also specific conditions related to specific interest of government and LE agencies in protection of lives and well-being of people and informing done in a specific order by hospitals about people with injuries of criminal character, including gunshot wounds. What also counted is negative societal perception on live threatening offences, which leads to it's cooperation with LE agencies to investigate those felonies. The registration order of firearms, which is done by LE agencies, is also a factor of ceasing of the latent felonies with use of firearms. Analyzing specifics of felonies against life and well-being with use of firearms on territories of Joint Forces Operation in Donetsk, Lugansk and Crimea, that temporarily out of Ukrainian control. Counting classification of latent crimes, depending on level of their latency, crimes against life and well-being with use of firearms could be put in the group of leat latent crimes ; В статье рассмотрены латентность преступлений против жизни и здоровья человека с применением огнестрельного оружия, определен уровень латентности преступлений и предложены методы предупреждения латентизации этих преступлений ; Розглянуто латентність злочинів проти життя та здоров'я особи із застосуванням вогнепальної зброї, визначено її обсяги та запропоновано методи попередження латентизації

It is widely known fact that among all the developed countries, only Japan is not suffering from the global rise in crime: the crime rate is several times lower than those in Western Europe and the USA. Consequently, Japan is the safest in terms of crime, the country. The Japanese government is proud of the stability of low-level crime in the country, explaining that the efficiency of the system of criminal justice and fair distribution of economic development. However, the problem of latency crime rather acute, and in this seemingly successful country. The starting point of the study of crime as a social phenomenon, it serves as a reliable quantitative assessment based on an analysis of various statistical data. There is no doubt that the study of foreign experience in the study of latent crime can expand our understanding of the problem. As in Japan, in our country there is a constant consideration of latent crime, but there is no temporary state of research projects on the problem existing in Japan, which causes some concern for the reliability of crime statistics and performance measures to combat all crime, and the latent crime. ; It is widely known fact that among all the developed countries, only Japan is not suffering from the global rise in crime: the crime rate is several times lower than those in Western Europe and the USA. Consequently, Japan is the safest in terms of crime, the country. The Japanese government is proud of the stability of low-level crime in the country, explaining that the efficiency of the system of criminal justice and fair distribution of economic development. However, the problem of latency crime rather acute, and in this seemingly successful country. The starting point of the study of crime as a social phenomenon, it serves as a reliable quantitative assessment based on an analysis of various statistical data. There is no doubt that the study of foreign experience in the study of latent crime can expand our understanding of the problem. As in Japan, in our country there is a constant consideration of latent crime, but there is no temporary state of research projects on the problem existing in Japan, which causes some concern for the reliability of crime statistics and performance measures to combat all crime, and the latent crime.

Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction to physical evidence -- Crime scene search principles -- Crime scene photography -- Crime scene sketches -- Latent fingerprint evidence -- Trace evidence -- Biological fluid stain evidence: blood, semen, and saliva -- Firearms evidence -- Impression evidence -- Drug and alcohol evidence -- Document evidence -- Vehicle scene investigations -- Sexual assault investigations -- Homicide crime scene investigations -- Crime scene reconstruction -- Glossary -- Endnotes -- Index

This study investigates target selection scripts of 72 serial sex offenders who have committed a total of 361 sex crimes on stranger victims. Using latent class analysis, three target selection scripts were identified based on the victim's activities prior to the crime, each presenting two different tracks: (1) the Home script, which includes the (a) intrusion track and the (b) invited track, (2) the Outdoor script, which includes the (a) noncoercive track and the (b) coercive track, and (3) the Social script, which includes the (a) onsite track and the (b) off-site track. The scripts identified appeared to be used by both sexual aggressors of children and sexual aggressors of adults. In addition, a high proportion of crime switching was found among the identified scripts, with half of the 72 offenders switching scripts at least once. The theoretical relevance of these target selection scripts and their practical implications for situational crime prevention strategies are discussed.

The article examines domestic violence as a legal phenomenon of social reality. The author reveals theoretical - conceptual approaches in understanding the category of "latent crime", identifies objective and subjective factors of the latency of domestic violence

Looking forward -- Crime over the life course : the empirical implications of three theories -- Empirical research review and hypotheses -- The California youth authority -- Data and methods -- Descriptive summary of data -- Age and crime among latent classes of serious youthful offenders -- On the relationship of past to subsequent criminal activity -- Looking backward and forward