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The author of the article refers to the socio-psychological analysis of the motivational and evaluative foundations of differentiation by adolescents of "ours" and "strangers" in the modern multi-ethnic sociocultural environment. The strengthening of migration flows creates a special socio-cultural situation in Russia, when there are practically no mono-ethnic regions left and adolescents have to integrate into a multicultural, multi-ethnic environment. Thus, socialisation carries potential risks and threats associated with rejection of "others", their alienation, the growth of nationalism, xenophobia, racial and religious intolerance among adolescents and youth. The author cites the results of his own research on social distance among adolescents in relation to the socio-demographic situation in Central Russia and reflects on the possibilities of anticipating the development of a negative attitude of adolescents towards representatives of "other" peoples and cultures. The article presents the results of an empirical socio-psychological research, in the course of which the motives of differentiation by adolescents of "ours" and "strangers", the real problems of building social communications in adolescents and youth were analysed. Using a representative sample, the author shows the grounds that adolescents name the motivational base of social differentiation, the differences between such motives among Russian, Belarusian and Armenian adolescents. The author pays special attention to the need for competent socio-psychological support of the process of ethnic socialisation of adolescents in a multi-ethnic environment, the use of the socialising potential of reference adolescent and youth communities, the activation of the involvement of school and family in ensuring the formation of the ethnocultural identity of modern adolescents.

Two studies examined participants' evaluations of ingroup or outgroup normative and deviant members and changes in agreement with a prescriptive norm. In Experiment 1 ( N = 51), the normative target was either a full or marginal ingroup or outgroup member, and the deviant was a full member. In Experiment 2 ( N = 113), both targets were full or marginal members, or one was a full member and the other was marginal. As predicted, maximal upgrading of normative members and downgrading of deviant members, as well as endorsement of the norm, occurred when both targets were full ingroup members. In contrast, the deviant was derogated least and the deviant's position was endorsed most when the deviant target was a full ingroup member and the normative target was a marginal ingroup member. Evaluations of normative and deviant ingroup members mediated the effects of their role on participants' agreement with the norm.

An integrative interpretation identifies three fonns of intergroup differentiation within the small group research literature and specifies how each may reduce or prevent informal conflict between groups. Two forms of evaluative intergroup differentiation can provide formal and symbolic substitutes for this conflict. Nonevaluative niche differentiation, in which groups enact equally valued, separate roles that may be similar qualitatively distinct, or interdependent, is identified as especially important in reducing or preventing informal intergroup conflict. Niche differentiation is viewed as differing according to the intergroup role relationships occurring in intergroup environments of varying maturity levels. In all settinigs, niche differentiation can reduce poteiitial and existing conflict by emphasizing larger intergroup concerns. Support for parts of this interpretation is found in the classic studies on intergroup conflict by Sherif atid in related work. Applications are briefly discussed, including the possible developmenit of niiche differenitiationi through intervenition.

Alongside subsystems, classes, and types of socials relations, societies differentiate between categories of their personnel, referring to their age, sex, "race," (dis)ability, performance, geographic and social origin, sexual preference, religious conviction, profession, and so on. This article outlines a theory of human differentiation with the aim of viewing processes leading to reified memberships of human categories in an encompassing comparative approach. Differentiating humans distinguishes them perceptively, categorizes them lingually, shapes them physically, segregates them spatially, and subjects them to othering and unequal evaluative treatment. The analytic vocabulary developed in this article puts forward five elementary processes—prelingual distinction, lingual categorization, official classification, material marking/dissimilation, and segregation—and three advanced processes of asymmetrical differentiation: the alterization of humans, their differential evaluation, and the escalation into boundary constitution and polarization. Processes of human differentiation are stabilized via coupling with social and societal differentiation, but they can also be practically minimalized, normatively contained, and institutionally diluted.

Research interest in the study of the subjective side of parenthood has increased. This has led to the emergence of a spectrum of terms describing dysfunctional parental conditions. The purpose of this article is to review and differentiate concepts found in studies of parental stress states. A theoretical analysis of the research was carried out. They consider such concepts as "parental stress", "parental distress", "parental burnout", "traumatic and post-traumatic stress of parents". The main essential properties of these definitions and their correlation are shown. The prevalence and "normativity" of the existence of stress in the parental role is determined. It is the result of an imbalance between requirements and resources. During the review and comparison, the emphasis is placed on the traumatic and post-traumatic stress of parents. What place does it occupy in the series of parental stress states. The insufficiency of studies of traumatic and post-traumatic stress in "normotypic" parents (their children do not have health and developmental disorders) is shown. The analysis of the main research loci relevant to the study of this stress is carried out. These are: the need to analyze the subjective-evaluative and emotional-semantic side of traumatic events; the importance of studying the relationship of trauma with maladaptive psychophysical symptoms, with the history of human life; the need to analyze the mechanisms of development of traumatic stress, the mechanisms of transformation into post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic disorders.

Das Konzept des kindlichen Wohlbefindens gewinnt in international vergleichenden Studien zunehmend an Bedeutung und ist von zentraler Bedeutung für das Verständnis von Kindheiten und Generationenordnungen in Gesellschaften. Aktuelle Herausforderungen der theoretischen Konzeptualisierung kindlichen Wohlbefindens betreffen die Normativität des Konzepts, die Art und Weise, wie Kinder selbst Wohlbefinden konzeptualisieren und die Bedeutung sozialer und kultureller Kontexte. Dies gilt auch für die räumliche Dimension kindlichen Wohlbefindens, die bisher kaum systematisch untersucht wurde. Diese Leerstelle hat erhebliche theoretische und empirische Auswirkungen. In diesem Artikel gehen wir davon aus, dass ein besseres Verständnis der räumlichen Dimension von Wohlbefinden hilfreich ist, um nicht nur Wohlbefinden aus Sicht von Kindern besser zu verstehen, sondern auch, wie sich Kindheiten aktuell refigurieren. Auf Basis einer vergleichenden, multinationalen qualitativen Studie diskutieren wir den Wert einer raumanalytischen Auswertung jenseits eines methodologischen Nationalismus. Wir stützen uns dabei auf empirische Beispiele aus Baku (Aserbaidschan), Genf (Schweiz), Berlin (Deutschland), Sydney (Australien) und Tel Aviv (Israel). Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Handlungsmächtigkeit, Demokratisierung von Kindheit und die Bedeutung eines translokalen digitalen "eigenen Raums" zentrale Normen im Verständnis von Wohlbefinden der interviewten Kinder sind und zugleich Strukturmomente einer gegenwärtigen Refiguration von Kindheiten unter je spezifischen lokalen Bedingungen. ; Children's well-being has become the subject of attention in international comparative studies of childhood. The concept is central to understanding childhoods and generational orders within societies. Current challenges in conceptualizing children's well-being include addressing the normativity of well-being, how children themselves conceptualize well-being, and how this is embedded in social and cultural contexts. This is especially true ...

Intro -- Foreword -- Understanding Children´s Concept of Well-Being: Challenges in International Comparative Qualitative Research -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Value of Qualitative Research on Children´s Well-being -- 1.2 Children´s Understandings of Well-being: Global and Local Contexts-Premises and Research Framework of a Multinational Comp... -- 1.3 The CUWB Network as a Methodological Learning Space: On the Diversity of Analytical Approaches Within the CUWB Network -- 1.4 The Volume and Its Contributions -- 1.4.1 Theoretical Challenges and Foundations -- 1.4.2 Methodological Innovations -- 1.4.3 Social Contexts and Inequalities in Children´s Well-being -- References -- Part I: Theoretical Challenges and Foundations -- Chapter 2: Child Well-Being as a Cultural Construct: Analytical Reflections and an Example of Digital Cultures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Culture as a Challenge Within Child Well-Being Research -- 2.2.1 Child Well-Being as a Cultural Construct -- 2.2.1.1 Cultural Approaches Towards Child Well-Being -- 2.2.1.2 Researching Norms as Cultural Contexts of Children´s Understandings of Well-Being -- 2.2.2 Children´s Perspectives as Cultural Constructs -- 2.2.2.1 Children´s Perspectives as Embedded in Cultural Contexts -- 2.2.2.2 Children´s Perspectives Within Epistemological Cultures -- 2.3 The Analytical Approach -- 2.3.1 Theoretical Empiricism -- 2.3.2 Well-Being as a Cultural Construct: Norms, Values and Concepts of the Self as Cultural Elements that Constitute Children... -- 2.3.3 Researching Norms, Values and Concepts of the Self as Discursive Practices: The Epistemological Approach -- 2.3.4 Discursive (Evaluative) Differentiation: The Unit of Analysis and a Two-Step Approach -- 2.4 Children´s Understandings of Well-Being as Part of Digital Cultures.

Das Konzept des kindlichen Wohlbefindens gewinnt in international vergleichenden Studien zunehmend an Bedeutung und ist von zentraler Bedeutung für das Verständnis von Kindheiten und Generationenordnungen in Gesellschaften. Aktuelle Herausforderungen der theoretischen Konzeptualisierung kindlichen Wohlbefindens betreffen die Normativität des Konzepts, die Art und Weise, wie Kinder selbst Wohlbefinden konzeptualisieren und die Bedeutung sozialer und kultureller Kontexte. Dies gilt auch für die räumliche Dimension kindlichen Wohlbefindens, die bisher kaum systematisch untersucht wurde. Diese Leerstelle hat erhebliche theoretische und empirische Auswirkungen. In diesem Artikel gehen wir davon aus, dass ein besseres Verständnis der räumlichen Dimension von Wohlbefinden hilfreich ist, um nicht nur Wohlbefinden aus Sicht von Kindern besser zu verstehen, sondern auch, wie sich Kindheiten aktuell refigurieren. Auf Basis einer vergleichenden, multinationalen qualitativen Studie diskutieren wir den Wert einer raumanalytischen Auswertung jenseits eines methodologischen Nationalismus. Wir stützen uns dabei auf empirische Beispiele aus Baku (Aserbaidschan), Genf (Schweiz), Berlin (Deutschland), Sydney (Australien) und Tel Aviv (Israel). Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Handlungsmächtigkeit, Demokratisierung von Kindheit und die Bedeutung eines translokalen digitalen "eigenen Raums" zentrale Normen im Verständnis von Wohlbefinden der interviewten Kinder sind und zugleich Strukturmomente einer gegenwärtigen Refiguration von Kindheiten unter je spezifischen lokalen Bedingungen.

AbstractIn this article, we compare predictors of mothers' differentiation among their adult children regarding emotional closeness, pride, conflict, and disappointment. We distinguish between predictors of relational (closeness, conflict) and evaluative (pride, disappointment) dimensions of favoritism and disfavoritism. Multilevel modeling using data collected from 381 older mothers regarding their relationships with 1,421 adult children indicated that adult children's similarity of values played the most prominent role in predicting mothers' favoritism and disfavoritism, followed by children's gender. Children's deviant behaviors in adulthood predicted both pride and disappointment but neither relational dimension. Contrary to expectations, the quantitative analysis indicated that children's normative adult achievements were poor predictors of both relational and evaluative dimensions of mothers' differentiation. Qualitative data shed additional light on mothers' evaluations by revealing that disappointment was shaped by children's achievements relative to their mothers' values and expectations, rather than by the achievement of specific societal, educational, career, and marital milestones.

Information sifting consists of all kinds of differentiation and evaluative actions in response to information overload. Like its alter ego, knowledge construction, it encompasses both social and nonsocial strategies. Research is suggested on what information-sifting mechanisms are used in cyberspace and how increasing use of software mechanisms may affect the pattern of social sifting behavior.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the concept "Director" at different stages of age development. The study involved 638 respondents (pupils, students, film directors, psychologists) aged from 6 to 80 years. To identify the features of the organization of mental experience, the results of a directed associative experiment were analyzed (stimulus word - Director). The results of the study indicate that, as the age development and the mastering of professional activity, there is an increase in the differentiation and hierarchy of signs - first, the core and the outer periphery are distinguished, then the core, near, far and outer peripheries, and then - the differentiation of signs within the core. In the mature group of respondents and the group of film directors, the differentiation of features decreases, but there is an increase in the integration of features, which manifests itself in a decrease in differences between the core and the center. The basic characteristics of the director's personality are clarified - smart, responsible and creative. A significant predominance of emotional and evaluative features of the concept "Director" was revealed. A hypothesis has been put forward about the relationship between the measure of severity of the emotional and evaluative features of the concept "Director" and the measure of the integration of individual mental experience.

The attempt is made in the article to apply wavelet transformation for quantitative analysis of long rows of sociological data of the findings of Public Opinion Monitoring which has been carried out since April 1994 by Yury Levada Analytical Center (previously VCIOM, VCIOM-A). The answers to the questions on economical situation in the country and in the family, on political situation in Russia, on satisfaction with life, on moods, etc. were used. The analysis carried out shows weak differentiation of mass evaluations. Their scope is extremely narrow: when individuals evaluate various indicators they tend to keep to only one certain pole either positive or negative and extend the chosen valency to all the rest evaluations irrespective of the subject of appraisal. Comparative differentiation of evaluations manifests itself only in the degree of their polarization (from categorical to moderate ones) and is more characteristic of negative rather than of positive evaluative statements. Grounds for discontent of the contemporary Russians are more diverse than reasons for satisfaction. ; The attempt is made in the article to apply wavelet transformation for quantitative analysis of long rows of sociological data of the findings of Public Opinion Monitoring which has been carried out since April 1994 by Yury Levada Analytical Center (previously VCIOM, VCIOM-A). The answers to the questions on economical situation in the country and in the family, on political situation in Russia, on satisfaction with life, on moods, etc. were used. The analysis carried out shows weak differentiation of mass evaluations. Their scope is extremely narrow: when individuals evaluate various indicators they tend to keep to only one certain pole either positive or negative and extend the chosen valency to all the rest evaluations irrespective of the subject of appraisal. Comparative differentiation of evaluations manifests itself only in the degree of their polarization (from categorical to moderate ones) and is more characteristic of negative rather than of positive evaluative statements. Grounds for discontent of the contemporary Russians are more diverse than reasons for satisfaction.

An investigation of O intrusion into R use of semantic diff'ial protocols in PO measurement allows knowledgeable S's to not use scales to describe concepts & to choose their own polar opposite given one end of a scale. An oblique rotation is made for factor structures obtained on each concept to see if one (evaluative) factor will account for the results. 12 educ'al concepts were assessed by 135 Sch teachers on each of 15 scales, the 5 loading highest on each of the 3 factors obtained previously by C. E. Osgood et al (see SA A3515). S's showed considerable variance in providing polar opposites, the Osgood selection being modal in 11 of 15 cases. S's declined to use a given scale to assess a given concept 44% of the time. Scales account for more variance than derived factors. Scales from each of the 3 factors obtained previously showed up on the same 1st-order factor in several instances. Oblique rotation yielded highly r'ed 1st-order factors, often satisfied with a 1 factor 2nd-order solution. AA.

AbstractIn cultivation research, differentiation is made between first- and second-order cultivation questions. However, their definition and relation remain unclear. This paper proposes a differentiation that focuses on the type of judgment underlying the respective cultivation questions. The former are frequency and probability judgments, while the latter are evaluative and address attitudes or values. Current theory in the field of cultivation research argues that these types of judgments are tied to on-line (second-order) and memory-based (first-order) processing. Based on psychological literature and a study on the cultivation of crime-related perceptions representative for the German population, we demonstrate that second-order judgments can also be built memory-based. Furthermore, we argue that the interrelation of first- and second-order judgments depends on whether judgments are built on-line or memory-based (especially in the case of second-order judgments). This may account for divergent empirical evidence in the field.