Abstract: National Education Standards are minimum criteria regarding the education system in the entire jurisdiction of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. The policy regarding National Education Standards is contained in Government regulation No. 19 of 2005 This regulation is a translation of Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System. And along with the enactment of the 2013 curriculum, the policy changed to Government Regulation No. 32 of 2013 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation No. 19 of 2005 concerning National Education Standards. National Education Standards contain 8 minimum criteria which include: graduate competency standards, content standards, process standards, teacher and education staff standards, facilities and infrastructure standards, management standards, financing standards, education assessment standards.
Pawn is the right to a movable item that is attached to a person for assistance in the form of giving debt to another person. Submission of the movable goods by the person who owes the party giving the debt, is given as collateral. If in the future the debtor is defaulted, does not repay the debt when it is due, the collateral can be auctioned. Pawnshops based on the Civil Code Article 1150 are pocketing official permission to manage, assist, and develop all forms of financial activities by giving injections of funds to people in the form of financing. Auth (main tasks and functions) of pawning is protecting, fostering, and providing protection in the form of loan funds with the intent and purpose so that people are not caught up in various offers and financial assistance by non-formal financial institutions that relatively utilize the community, "strangling" with interest very high. Based on the analysis of the author's research, there are many non-formal financial institutions that provide loans with very high interest rates, this pattern of loans weighs heavily on society. This action is contrary to the law which aims to prosper society. The legal basis for shari'ah mortgage is to refer to the values or norms contained in the DSN-MUI fatwa No. 25 / DSN-MUI / III / 2002 dated June 26, 2002 which confirms that it is permissible to borrow money by pawning goods as collateral for debt. However, at the perfective level of institutional governance, it is based on Government Regulation No. 10 of 1990 which was ratified on April 10, 1990.
This paper discusses the corporate crime of human trafficking. The background used is the assessment that classifies Indonesia in third place for the handling of human trafficking by the international community. The word "Hero Exchange" may often be heard, they are the workers from Indonesia who often become victims of Human Trafficking, victims sometimes traded not only for the purpose of prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, but also includes other forms of exploitation, such as forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery. Various government policies are made concerning the protection of women and children, basically made relatively comprehensive policies, ranging from Basic Act 1945 and the rules below. However many government policies in tackling this problem is not followed by real action in the field and it can be concluded, the legal protection of women and children victims of human trafficking is still felt less effective. This is evident from the very rarity of severe criminal imposed by the judge against traffickers. The absence of compensation in the form of sanctions against traffickers also add to the sense of injustice padakorban trafficking who have suffered both physically, mentally, and economically.
The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of the Indonesian citizen"s cyber culture on the Indonesian cyber security policy. It also identifies and potentially fills gaps in the Indonesian cyber security policy. In order to achieve this objective, the study commences with a comprehensive review of the research and relevant government documents. A number of in-depth interviews were conducted with seven sources representing a variety of cyber security stakeholders in Indonesia. Using content analysis and the application of Cyber Security Civic Discourse, Three Tenets of Cyber Security, and Copenhagen"s Securitization Theory, this research highlights two important points. Firstly, there are two ways the negative impacts of the Indonesian cyber security culture affect the Indonesian cyber security policy; firstly as the primary source of cyber threats and secondly as the most vulnerable part in the cyber security system. Secondly, all of interviewees believed that cyber culture is the most important element of cyber security policy, however this research finds it has not been addressed optimally within the policy. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge in two major ways. Firstly, it broadens knowledge about cyber security culture to help address the lack of research on the cyber security issue in developing countries. Secondly, it strengthens the previous finding on the significance of cyber security culture as the main pillar of cyber security policy strategy. Finally, this study provides potential future related study needs. Keywords: Cyber Culture, Cyber Security Policy, Cyber Security Culture, Cyber Security Civic Discourse, Cyber Security Tenets, and Copenhagen"s Securitization Theory
General Explanation of Law Number 11 Year 2006 concerning Aceh Government stated that the trip constitutional Republic of Indonesia put Aceh as a unit of regional government that are special and specific, relating to the distinctive character of the historical struggle of the people of Aceh who have endurance and perseverance. Aceh's community life, articulated in a modern perspective of the state and government to be democratic and accountable. Such order of life is the embodiment in the motto Unity in Diversity. Keppres not have the capacity to regulate the power and authority of the judiciary especially Shari'a Courts in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. This is because the law has expressly delegated to the Qanun Aceh province to regulate the authority of the Court Syar'iyah based benchmark defined solely by the law that is based on the Islamic Shariah. But if we are concerned about the progress of the preparatory steps undertaken in order to take over its jurisdiction by the Court and the District Court Syar'iyah is still far from optimal, so for the time given device either incomplete legislation, secretariat and other Syari'yah Court administration still seems to take longer for the Court Syari'yah Aceh province can take over completely the authority of the District Court.
This research is descriptive-comparative trying to depict a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of astronomy to the views of figures NU (NU) and Muhammadiyah East Java related to the beginning of the month Qamariyah determination, particularly in determining the beginning of the month of Shawwal, the approach to astronomy. It was a tradition that during the holy month of Ramadan will enter Indonesian Muslims as if back 'dispute' about when to start the 1st of Ramadan which is the initial implementation of fasting obligatory for all Muslims. At least three times we Muslims are frequently 'conflicting' namely in the determination of one Ramadan, Shawwal 1 and 10 Dzulhijah, during the Eid al-Adha. There are two methods for determining the initial months of Hijrah, ie rukyat method (observation) and reckoning (calculation). Literally, rukyat means 'look'. The most common meaning is "seen with the naked eye". So, in general, rukyat can be said as the observation of the new moon in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet. Instead, reckoning comes from the Arabic "habasa" means counting, thinking and counting. In the discipline of astronomy, said reckoning have the meaning arithmetical position of celestial objects. This study seeks to remind Muslims about the timing of the start and end of Ramadhan, especially in 2006-2007 in which NU and Muhammadiyah as the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia establishes a different policy. In the case of the very significant differences between the two organizations that need to be studied to be withdrawn so that the threads and sought a solution to the unification / similarities in determining the beginning of the month in question. In essence, according to NU that we are required to fast during Ramadan from the beginning to the end of the fasting month with an initial determination by method: Ru'yah al-Hilal, or through seeing the new moon (months) both Ramadhan and Syawal. If ru'yat month of Ramadhan has been set then obliged to fast. If ru'yat Shawwal has been established, it shall not fast (iftar). In contrast, since 1969, no longer do rukyat Muhammadiyah and choose to use a form of al-hilal reckoning, this is because rukyatul hilal or see the new moon directly is a very difficult job and paradigms that Islam is a religion that does not narrow, the solution can be used reckoning as a determinant of the beginning of the Muslim lunar month. Broadly speaking, the view of East Java NU figures concerning the determination of the start of the month Qamariyah is with ruyah al-hilal, otherwise the leaders of Muhammadiyah East Java build ontologies criteria for determining the beginning of the month Qamariyah with arithmetic. In addressing the criteria difference between NU and Muhammadiyah, the majority leader of East Java NU to follow the government, others respond with following the instructions Executive Board of the NU.
About 17,000 islands spreading in Indonesia, it's between pacific and Ocean of Indian, over 200 groups ethnic, and more than 300 spoken languages. Indonesia as a land of endless spectacular wonders because not only positions bridges continents of Australia and Asia but also biodiversity stretching along the equator line and a multitude of amazing landscapes. As natural world-class tourism destinations, it brings advantages and challenges to Islamic business growth. There is a lack of research trying to relate to Islamic business growth, Halal tourism, government revenue and accelerate economic growth itself. The purpose of this paper is exploring the causal relationship between Islamic business growth and Halal tourism. The method of this research is mixed method with 177 respondents in quantitative and 6 respondents in qualitative through interview with non-probability sampling. Data analyze using SPSS 21. Islamic business brings together parties related to Halal tourism: academics, innovative activities, social media, government, e-services, accommodations, and transportations. The findings of the paper showed that Islam as ad-Din (way of life) outlined value systems established by al-Quran and al-hadith in every aspect of life. Related to tourism, the Islamic religion seeks to deliver the goodness to all mankind according to its rules and principles. Halal tourism affect significantly to the Islamic business growth.
AbstractElderly is a natural process that will inevitably experienced by everyone who was blessed with long life. Nutritional problem today is not only that also occur in the elderly. The purpose of this study to explore the difference intake of macronutrients, fiber, and obesity in pre elderly aged 45-54 years in Java and Bali. This study used 2010 Riskesdas data with a cross sectional approach and analitic survey design. The samples obtained in 2576. Statistical testing using independent t-test, one-way anova test and linear regression. The result of this study idicated most respondents were female (1643 people). Based on residence, most respondents living in urban areas (1785 people). The level of percapita spending most of the respondents in quintile 5 (very high) 692 people. Average energy intake of 1271±284,6 kcal respondents, protein 41,62±13,02g, fat 36,69±14,68 g, carbohydrates 187,11±51,28 g, and fiber 6,65±2,493 g. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in pre elderly women (28,34±2,42) with a p-value <0,05. The mean intake of fat, protein, carbohydrate and fiber were significantly different between obese and normal pre elderly (p <0,05). Based on the type of area and the level of per capita expenditure, obesity in closely associated with the intake of macronutrients and fiber (p<0,05). It needs a special attention from their families and local government related to the provision of a source of food intake (energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates) and fiber.  Keywords: elderly, obesity, macronutrient  AbstrakLansia merupakan proses alamiah yang pasti akan di alami oleh semua orang yang dikaruniai usia panjang. Masalah gizi saat ini bukan hanya saja gizi kurang tetapi gizi lebih juga sudah menjadi permasalahan yang terjadi pada lansia. Asupan zat gizi makro dan kurangnya asupan serat merupakan penyebab terjadinya gizi lebih pada lansia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk Mengetahui perbedaan asupan zat gizi makro, serat, dan obesitas pada pre lansia usia 45-54 tahun di wilayah Jawa dan Bali. Data yang digunakan data sekunder Riskesdas 2010 dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dan design survey analitik. Sampel yang didapat 2576 orang.Pengujian statistik menggunakan uji t-test independent, uji one-way anova dan regresi linier.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Sebagian responden berjenis kelamin perempuan yaitu 1634 orang. Berdasarkan tempat tinggal, responden lebih banyak yang tinggal di wilayah perkotaan yaitu sebesar 1785 orang. Tingkat pengeluaran perkapita responden sebagian besar pada kuintil 5 (sangat tinggi) yaitu 692 orang. Rata-rata asupan energi responden 1271±284,6kkal, protein 41,62±13,02 gr, lemak 36,69±14,68 gr, karbohidrat 187,11±51,28 gr, dan serat 6,65±2,493 gr. Prevalensi obesitas secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada pre lansia perempuan (28,34±2,42) dibandingkan dengan pre lansia laki-laki (27,32±2,92) dengan nilai p<0,05. Rerataasupan lemak, protein, karbohidrat dan serat secara signifikan berbeda antara pre lansia obesitas dan normal (p<0,05). Berdasarkan tipe wilayah dan tingkat pengeluaran perkapita, obesitas berhubungan erat dengan asupan zat gizi makro dan serat (p<0,05).Perlu adanya perhatian khusus dari keluarga dan pemerintah daerah terkait penyediaan asupan makanan sumber (energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat) dan serat. Kata kunci:lansia, obesitas, zat gizi makroÂ
Abstract Indo-Pacific, connected by water and the strait of Malacca, is home to great civilizations encompassed Africa, Asia and the Archipelagos in between. Nevertheless, Western civilization intervened and strongly influenced the societies when the era of colonialism begun. Hence, the societies are disrupted, and nation-states are created imitating what European colonial powers conveyed, especially one of the indigenous and most prominent civilizations such as Islam. Along with the rise of the Muslim population in the Indo-Pacific, Islam, as one of the remaining civilizations and Muslim society (ummah), has to strive in its native land to keep the rights upheld. This paper will examine the problematical condition that occurred after decolonization in Indo-Pacific or Global South, which ummah faced in the nation-state model and being a minority at the same time. The qualitative design will be utilized as the methodology with critical interpretative method which will be written inductively. It intends to answer the rise of ummah that contributes to globalizing International Relations (ir) by providing an alternative international system in the post-colonial era that was previously shaped by Euro-American centrism. The paper will also emphasize the history of Asia as a significant momentum in ir discipline, and as an attempt to criticize the Euro-American centric model during the colonialism era in Global South societies by exhibiting examples in ummah condition who struggle within its nation-state in post-colonial era due to the absence of mutual understanding and the perpetuation of ethnopolitical conflict as the legacy of Western colonialism and imperialism.
The most significant energy used in middle-class apartments is the air circulation unit. The use of energy from the air circulation system is related to the comfort of the user in the housing unit, so it adjusts to the applicable standard. The objection of this study is to investigate the optimization of the air circulation system in middle-class apartments in an urban area. The method is a comparative study of the government standard. The stages of the research did site observation, take air quality measurement, and interview with the questionnaire. Indoor air quality data collected are temperature, relative humidity, CO, and CO2. The data measurement compared to SNI 03-6572-2001 on Procedures for Designing Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems in Buildings, Indonesian National Standardization. The questionnaire was to find out the comfort of residents on indoor air quality (IAQ). This study reveals that almost all air quality aspects are consistent to standard, except the temperature. The results of this study that meet the criteria related to air circulation are air movement 40%, relative humidity 65.5%, air movement 40%, CO 78%, and CO2 95%. The result of the questionnaires states that 72.4% of residents feel comfortable with the air quality in the dwelling unit. The size of the room and the adequacy of ventilation in the place influences the value of the air circulation system besides air movement.
The controversial concept of the rule of law with the state of power (the state of absolute government), is basically the result of continuous debate about the rule of law by scholars and philosophers for centuries. The state ruled by law is called Recht Staat. And a State governed by law is a State which aims to maintain public order, namely order which is generally based on law. Through the democratic system, the process of its development can be seen clearly the relationship between the rule of law based on the sovereignty of the people and the constitution. With a different language, the state must have an ideology and philosophy based on a democratic system. This is because democracy is a way to maintain and control the rule of law. The state can be interpreted as a group of people who wish to unite in a region, with a sovereign government. With a form of state that can be distinguished into democracy, monarchy and oligarchy. The Indonesian constitutional system that has ever existed in Indonesia, among others: 1) the pre-amendment of the 1945 Constitution. 2) RIS Constitution. 3) 1950 Constitution. 4) Post-amendment 1945 Constitution. The government system is divided into 2 types, namely the presidential system and the parliamentary system. The meaning of the Archipelagic State is rooted in the notion of Nusantara. Nusantara comes from the word "nusa" which means a group of islands, and "between" which can be interpreted as a place flanked by other places. So the meaning of the word "archipelago" is a collection of islands located / flanked between 2 continents and 2 oceans. Konsep Negara hukum yang kontroversial dengan Negara kekuasaan (the state of absolute govemment), pada dasarnya merupakan hasil perdebatan terus menerus tentang Negara hukum oleh para sarjana dan filsuf selama berabad abad.Negara yang diperintah oleh hukum disebut Recht Staat. Dan Negara yang diatur oleh hukum adalah Negara yang bertujuan untuk memelihara ketertiban umum, yaitu ketertiban yang umunya berdasarkan hukum. Melalui sistem demokrasi, proses perkembangannya terlihat jelas keterkaitan antara negara hukum yang bertumpu terhadap kedaulatan rakyat dan konstitusi. Dengan bahasa yang berbeda, negara harus berideologi dan berasaskan falsafah sistem demokrasi. Hal ini karena demokrasi merupakan cara untuk mempertahankan serta kontrol atas supremasi hukum. Negara dapat diartikan sebagai suatu kelompok masyarakat yang berkeinginan untuk bersatu di dalam suatu wilayah, dengan pemerintahannya yang berdaulat Dengan bentuk Negara yang dapat dibedakan menjadai demokrasi, monarki, dan oligarki. Sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia yang pernah ada di Indonesia, antara lain: 1) UUD 1945 pra-amandemen. 2) Konstitusi RIS. 3) UUDS 1950. 4) UUD 1945 pasca amandemen. Sistem pemerintahan dibedakan menjadi 2 macam, yakni sistem presidensial dan sistem parlementer.Makna dari Negara Kepulauan berakar dari pengertian Nusantara. Nusantara berasal dari kata "nusa" yang artinya gugusan (kumpulan) pulau, dan "antara" yang dapat diartikan sebagai suatu tempat yang diapit oleh tempat yang lain. Jadi arti kata "nusantara" adalah kumpulan pulau yang terletak/diapit antara 2 benua dan 2 samudera.
Abstract: Religious learning in the pandemic era was carried out through social media, such as Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, and Instagram. YouTube is transformed into the premier medium of teaching. For students and the millennial generation, social media provides many conveniences. However, on the other hand, it becomes a problem in itself, especially for parents in presenting education that is full of values, during a struggle for the free flow of information and communication. The paper aims to analyze the transition of learning media in education, from conventional offline models to online via social media, and to prove the impact of using social media on students or the millennial generation. Qualitative methods are used to analyze data. The findings of this paper indicate that education during a pandemic, reading printed literature, is also carried out via the internet. Social media has a significant impact on students or the millennial generation, so efforts to strengthen values are needed. Social media brings together the main actors in education; parents, academics, government, social media, and regulation. Abstrak: Pembelajaran agama di era pendemi dilakukan melalui media sosial, seperti Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, dan Instagram. YouTube ditransformasikan menjadi media utama dalam pengajaran. Bagi siswa dan generasi milenial, media sosial menyediakan banyak kemudahan. Namun pada sisi lain, menjadi problem tersediri, terutama orang tua dalam menghadirkan pendidikan yang sarat dengan nilai, di tengah-tengah pertarungan arus informasi dan komunikasi yang bebas. Tujuan dari paper ini adalah: untuk menganalisis peralihan media pembelajaran dalampendidikan, dari model konvensional luring menuju daring online melalui media sosial, dan membuktikan dampak penggunaan media ssosial tersebut bagi siswa atau generasi milenial. Metode kualitatif digunakan guna menganalisis data. Temuan dari paper ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan pada masa pandemi, selain dengan cara menbaca literatur cetak, jugadilakukan melalui internet. Media sosial sangat berdampak terhadap siswa atau generasi milenial, sehingga diperlukan upaya penguatan nilai.Media sosial menyatukan aktor-aktor utama dalampendidikan, yaitu; orang tua, akademisi, pemerintah, media sosial, dan regulasi itu sendiri.
