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The effective impact of international law on national civil rights protection is dependent on being implemented in a modality that allows for the actual use of international rules in domestic courts. With particular reference to the Danish case, this article investigates the effects of lack of ratification for the placement of civil rights in the ranking of sources of law, the issues arising from a dualist approach to international law, and the impact of judicial restraint in resolving conflicts of rights in practice. The study's focal point is the legal rules and modalities for reception of international standards which can be, in any national legal context, more or less suitable for an appropriate protection of civil rights. The article's enquiry aims to help revive a debate on these modalities for reception which in practice have a great impact on the effective realisation of civil rights, especially in judicial settings.

Le système danois de protection sociale ( welfærdsystem ) a une longue histoire et a la réputation d'être l'un des plus généreux du monde. Cependant, on entend souvent dire que le système universel danois pourrait être remis en cause par les pressions que le droit de l'Union européenne (UE) et l'immigration exercent sur les caractéristiques nationales de ce système. Comment ce système a-t-il répondu aux contraintes du droit dérivé de l'UE dans le domaine de la protection sociale et comment a-t-il réagi dans les périodes de crise ? Le système danois repose, entre autres, sur un principe de solidarité qu'il est difficile d'étendre aux immigrants, bien que le droit de l'UE puisse exiger dans de nombreux cas que ces derniers reçoivent une protection sociale dès le premier jour. Cet article présente les principes et les tendances les plus marquantes de la politique récente au Danemark, en mettant l'accent sur le « tournant libéral » qui a caractérisé ces politiques au cours de la dernière décennie. Il passe en revue certaines des réformes dans le domaine de la protection sociale qui concernent les ressortissants de pays tiers, mais aussi les citoyens de l'Union et visent à limiter l'accès des immigrants aux prestations danoises. À travers l'analyse juridique et politique, l'étude du cas danois permettra d'illustrer un débat plus large sur les relations tendues entre le droit de l'UE et le droit national dans le cadre de la construction de l'Europe sociale ainsi que sur l'impact des attitudes générales à l'égard de l'immigration sur les problèmes de solidarité et de cohésion sociale, particulièrement en temps de crise.

The point-system for permanent residence permit and the immigration test for family reunification applicants are two of the latest measures in a string of legal instruments imposing a formal and compulsory requirement of language proficiency for immigrants in Denmark. Drawing up on Danish legislation and policy, this paper will address the issue of language proficiency for integration and immigration purposes. Is it an imposed term of integration, or is it intended as a mean for socio-political or even economic integration?

The paper begins with a discussion of the general context of naturalisation in Denmark from a politico-legal angle, and sets the frame for the current debate on the introduction of the citizenship test. The second section analyses the content of the citizenship test and the arguments that have accompanied its adoption. The third section offers a more theoretical approach to the use of citizenship tests, evaluating the arguments in favour and against this practice in citizenship regulation. In this analysis, comparisons are drawn with the Canadian citizenship test and policy, and reference made to the theoretical model of multiculturalism developed by Will Kymlicka. The conclusion is provisional and takes into consideration the fact that the citizenship test is a relatively new introduction in Denmark, which makes its impact difficult to measure in empirical terms. There is, however, some evidence to suggest that the test was introduced in Denmark as another rung on the ladder to achieving citizenship, adding to the other rather onerous requirements already in place (long residence, advanced language skills and renunciation of former citizenship). For many applicants it thus may play a gatekeeping role.

I modsætning til en række andre lande, hvor integrationsprocessen er baseret på en frivillig indsats, har man i Danmark valgt at lade lovgivningen regulere denne del af udlændingeretten. I 1998 trådte integrationsloven i kraft, men siden da er integrationsretlige tiltag vokset støt ? både i forhold til antal og ressortområder. ?Integrationsret? søger at afdække dette komplekse retsområde, som inddrager forskellige retlige aktører ? statslige såvel som ikke-statslige. Bogens formål er at beskrive integrationsprocessen fra start til mål: fra det tidspunkt en udlænding er omfattet af lovgivningen, start af et integrationsforløb til integrationsprogrammet afsluttes eller udlændingen repatrieres. Der foretages en gennemgang af reguleringen af udlændinges ophold i relation til integrationsarbejdet og dansk lovgivning på området, med fokus både på reguleringen af den enkelte flygtning, familiesammenførtes- eller indvandrers ophold og på den juridiske regulering af myndighedsansvaret. Bogen udgør en fyldestgørende indføring og perspektivering af integrationsretten, dens indhold, processer og retssubjekter samt omtale af myndigheder og private aktører, der er involverede i integrationsarbejdet. Bogen er den første kommenterede og samlede beskrivelse af det nye retsområde integrationsret

This is a thematic issue on the relation between multilingualism and social inclusion. Due to globalization, Europeanization, supranational and transnational regulations linguistic diversity and multilingualism are on the rise. Migration and old and new forms of mobility play an important role in these processes. As a consequence, English as the only global language is spreading around the world, including Europe and the European Union. Social and linguistic inclusion was accounted for in the pre-globalization age by the nation-state ideology implementing the 'one nation-one people-one language' doctrine into practice. This lead to forced linguistic assimilation and the elimination of cultural and linguistic heritage. Now, in the present age of globalization, linguistic diversity at the national state level has been recognized and multilingual states have been developing where all types of languages can be used in governance and daily life protected by a legal framework. This does not mean that there is full equality of languages. This carries over to the fair and just social inclusion of the speakers of these weaker, dominated languages as well. There is always a power question related to multilingualism. The ten case studies in this thematic issue elaborate on the relation between multilingualism and social inclusion. The articles in this issue refer to this topic in connection with different spaces, including the city, the island, and the globe; in connection with different groups, like Roma in the former Soviet-Union and ethnic Albanians in Macedonia; in connection with migration and mobility of Nordic pensioners to the south of Europe, and language education in Scotland; and finally in connection with bilingual education in Austria and Estonia as examples of successful practices including multilingualism under one and the same school roof.

This is a thematic issue on the relation between multilingualism and social inclusion. Due to globalization, Europeanization, supranational and transnational regulations linguistic diversity and multilingualism are on the rise. Migration and old and new forms of mobility play an important role in these processes. As a consequence, English as the only global language is spreading around the world, including Europe and the European Union. Social and linguistic inclusion was accounted for in the pre-globalization age by the nation-state ideology implementing the "one nation-one people-one language" doctrine into practice. This lead to forced linguistic assimilation and the elimination of cultural and linguistic heritage. Now, in the present age of globalization, linguistic diversity at the national state level has been recognized and multilingual states have been developing where all types of languages can be used in governance and daily life protected by a legal framework. This does not mean that there is full equality of languages. This carries over to the fair and just social inclusion of the speakers of these weaker, dominated languages as well. There is always a power question related to multilingualism. The ten case studies in this thematic issue elaborate on the relation between multilingualism and social inclusion. The articles in this issue refer to this topic in connection with different spaces, including the city, the island, and the globe; in connection with different groups, like Roma in the former Soviet-Union and ethnic Albanians in Macedonia; in connection with migration and mobility of Nordic pensioners to the south of Europe, and language education in Scotland; and finally in connection with bilingual education in Austria and Estonia as examples of successful practices including multilingualism under one and the same school roof.

Der er stor tilfredshed med Den Europæiske Arrestordre og andre ordninger, der bygger på EUs princip om gensidig anerkendelse af retsafgørelser. Det viser en rapport, som netop er publiceret af professor i strafferet Jørn Vestergaard og videnskabelig assistent Silvia Adamo fra Det Juridiske Fakultet. I de senere år har et princip om gensidig anerkendelse af retsafgørelser været en hjørnesten for EU-landenes samarbejde om politi og strafferet. Især har Den Europæiske Arrestordre fået en betydningsfuld rolle. Omdrejningspunktet i en sag om udlevering af eftersøgte mistænkte er nu den afgørelse, som er truffet i den anmodende medlemsstat. Betingelserne for udlevering er langt lempeligere end tidligere, pligten til at udlevere er ret vidtgående, og det skal gå hurtigt. Tilsvarende ordninger er gennemført for afgørelser om bøder, konfiskation og bevissikring, men har endnu kun haft begrænset betydning. For at få klarhed over, hvordan praktikere hos politi, anklagemyndighed, forsvarere og domstole bedømmer de nye regler, er der som led i et europæisk projekt gennemført interviews med ledende repræsentanter for aktørerne. ; Practitioners in the criminal justice system are fairly content with the European Arrest Warrant and other schemes based on the principle of mutual recognition of judicial decisions. This is the result of a survey published by Professor of Criminal Law Jørn Vestergaard and research asststant Silvia Adamo from The Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen. In recent years, the principle of mutual recognition has become a cornerstone in police and criminal law cooperation between Member States. In particular, the European Arrest Warrant has come to play an important role. The pivotal point in an extradition case is the judicial decision issued in the requesting country. The conditions for surrender are less burdensome than previously, and the process is speedy. Similar schemes have been introduced regarding fines, confiscation and evidence but have so far only been of minor practical relevance. As part of a comprehensive European study, a national survey has been conducted on the perception among leading representatives for the police, the prosecution service, defenders and judiciary regarding the new rules.