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AbstractThe form–function conceptual framework, which assumes a strong relationship between the structure of a particular trait and its function, has been crucial for understanding morphological variation and locomotion among extant and fossil species across many disciplines. In biological anthropology, it is the lens through which many important questions and hypotheses have been tackled with respect to relationships between morphology and locomotor kinematics, energetics and performance. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that the morphologies of fossil hominins, apes and humans can confer considerable locomotor diversity and flexibility, and can do so with a range of kinematics depending on soft tissue plasticity and environmental and cultural factors. This complexity is not built into traditional biomechanical or mathematical models of relationships between structure and kinematics or energetics, limiting our interpretation of what bone structure is telling us about behaviour in the past. The nine papers presented in this Special Collection together address some of the challenges thatvariationin the relationship between form and function pose in evolutionary biomechanics, to better characterise the complexity linking structure and function and to provide tools through which we may begin to incorporate some of this complexity into our functional interpretations.

What happens to national HIV programmes when Science and Religion collide and when both ignore the setting of most infections: in or on the way to marriage? HIV and AIDS are serious social and public-health problems in Papua New Guinea. After long delays, community-, business- and faith-based organizations have launched an impressive multi-sectoral response. But health-service systems are overwhelmed by the need for HIV antibody testing and counselling, and for treatment with antiretrovirals. Foreign notions of epidemiology, such as 'sex worker', 'risk group' and 'rural/urban', have gained traction despite massive empirical evidence as to their inapplicability. Each of these has fuelled, rather than confronted, the gendered contradictions of marriage and sexuality in Papua New Guinea. Quantitative approaches have fetishized numbers at the expense of enabling changes in social-structure. Part One of Sin, Sex and Stigma draws upon ethnography, public discourse and archival data to critique public-health policy and epidemiological modelling. Christian-inflected sex-negativity and anti-condom rhetoric are shown to have stymied prevention initiatives. Part Two enlists experts in antiretroviral therapy, sex work activism and ethnography in dialogues focused on strengthening the national response to HIV and AIDS. 'A "hot glow of anger" compelled Lawrence Hammar to write this fiery account of the many factors preventing successful HIV and AIDS interventions in Papua New Guinea. Drawing on his extensive research experience on sexuality and sex work, on cultural and Christian ideologies, and on outrageous stories of denial, abuse, and stigma, Hammar paints a rich and devastating portrait of the history of AIDS in PNG. Read it and weep. Lawrence Hammar is an inspiring reminder for AIDS scholars and activists everywhere of the differences committed social

The authors would like to thank the participants of the Aberdeen 1936 Birth Cohort (ABC36). Image acquisition and image analysis for ABC36 were funded by the Alzheimer's Research Trust (now Alzheimer's Research UK). A.D.M., C.J.M., S.S., L.J.W., and R.T.S. have received grants from: Chief Scientist Office, Department of Health, Scottish Government; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint

Acknowledgments: We remain grateful to the kindness of the staff at the Scottish Council for Research in Education who allowed us access to their archive and remained supportive and gracious throughout our collaboration. We thank the many people of Aberdeen who volunteered generously and committed to the long-term success of this program. We thank Victoria Bourne, who made substantial contributions to study design, data collection, data analysis and hypothesis generation. Jen Herbert (deceased) recruited the ABC36 participants, collected data (sessions I and II) and, through her encouragement and professionalism, ensured the continued involvement of many participants. She was much loved by participants and the study team. Funding: The Aberdeen Birth Cohort 1921 and 1936 research program was established in 1997 with funding from the Henry Smith (Kensington Estates) Charity and continued by The UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1999–2002), The Wellcome Trust (2001–2006), The Scottish Government (2000–2002), the Medical Research Council (2003), Alzheimer Research UK (2002–2005) and the University of Aberdeen Development Trust (2007–2010, 2014). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Abstract

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge all participants of the ABC36 study. They acknowledge their colleagues, Prof Lawrence Whalley, Prof Ian Deary and the late Prof John Starr who developed the study. F.T. acknowledges support by the Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division of the Scottish government (RESAS). Funding Information NHS Grampian R&D Endowments. Grant Number: 11/08 Scottish government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Background The Aberdeen Children of the 1950s (ACONF) cohort contains 12,150 individuals born in Aberdeen, Scotland in the 1950s. The study includes rich early life data, information from questionnaire in middle age, and linkage to electronic healthcare records.
Involving the participants in designing future data collection and research is key to ensure research is acceptable and reflects public priorities.
Aim To gather ACONF participants' views to inform how to: define healthy ageing, optimise recruitment and maximise participation.
Method We undertook three co-design workshops with 8 to 10 ACONF members. The workshops operated as a discussion, led by a facilitator using guidance questions developed by the study team. Workshops were recorded and transcribed.
Results Healthy ageing: Participants viewed healthy ageing as keeping socially and physically active, taking responsibility for oneself and having a positive attitude to ageing. Key research priorities were: dementia, healthy living advice, improvements in the social care system and engaging hard-to-reach groups.
Optimising recruitment and participation: Participants were keen for further involvement in research. Recruitment may be maximised by: more information online, involving participants in recruitment of other study members and clarity about potential benefits to themselves or others. It is acceptable to ask their offspring to participate.
There were high levels of trust in researchers, but ongoing data protection is vital. Participation may be improved by regular contact (informing participants of results, engagement events, newsletters, mobile phone "apps").
Participants were happy with data collection methods: questionnaires, applications, wearable devices, and in-person tests. They raised no concerns regarding DNA collection and electronic record linkage.
Conclusion Participant involvement in research is a fundamental part of securing a social license for research. Participants were in favour of ongoing research, including recruitment of their children and linkage of electronic records. The workshops highlighted key considerations for future research and data collection.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BioSocial initiative (Grant Number ES/N00048X/1; PH, ADM, LHP, RS, AF-S, MR). PH, GWH, and GH acknowledge the support of the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS). The sequencing was carried out at the Aberdeen Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Maxwell Compute Cluster funded by the University of Aberdeen. The authors would also like to thank the participants of the Aberdeen 1936 Birth Cohort, without whom this research would not have been possible. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Acknowledgements: The authors thank all LBC study participants and research team members who have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the ongoing LBC study. The LBC1936 is supported by Age UK (Disconnected Mind programme) and the Medical Research Council [MR/M01311/1]. The LBC1921 is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [SR176], the Chief Scientist Office [CZB/4/505; ETM/55] and the Medical Research Council [R42550]. Methylation typing was supported by the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (Pilot Fund award), Age UK, The Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund, The University of Edinburgh, and The University of Queensland. This work was conducted in the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, which is supported by the Medical Research Council and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [MR/K026992/1], and which supports Ian Deary. Generation Scotland received core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates [CZD/16/6] and the Scottish Funding Council [HR03006]. Genotyping of the GS:SFHS samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Edinburgh, Scotland, and was funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" [(STRADL) 104036/Z/14/Z]) ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

This work was supported by a Alzheimer's Research UK Major Project grant (ARUK-PG2017B-10). Generation Scotland received core funding from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (CZD/16/6) and the Scottish Funding Council (HR03006). We are grateful to all the families who took part, the general practitioners and the Scottish School of Primary Care for their help in recruiting them, and the whole Generation Scotland team that includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists, health-care assistants and nurses. Genotyping of the GS:SFHS samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Edinburgh, Scotland, and was funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" [STRADL];104036/Z/14/Z). DNA methylation data collection was funded by the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (10436/Z/14/Z). The research was conducted in the University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), part of the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1); funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) is gratefully acknowledged. CCACE supports I.J.D. with some additional support from the Dementias Platform UK (MR/L015382/1). A.M.M. and H.C.W. have received support from the Sackler Institute. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF