Suchergebnisse

As gender training is applied increasingly as a development solution to gender inequality, this book examines gender inequality in Pakistan's public sector and questions whether a singular focus on gender training is enough to achieve progress in a patriarchal institutional context. It points to the significance of a parallel procees of critical understanding and interventions that improve women's equitable representation and redistribute resource.

Despite abundant agricultural production, the prices of fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural items remain high, keeping these products out of the a common man's reach. Although small and poor farmers work hard throughout the year, yet they remain indebted and poor. There might be various reasons for their plight such as the extraordinarily high prices of agri-food items; however, the role of the middleman (Arhti) seems to be the most damaging in this regard. This paper analyses the role palyed by the middleman in Pakistan in the light of Islamic teachings and primary (through survey questionnaire) and secondary data. The study found that generally, the middleman is a cruel character and causes distortions in the economy, particularly in the agro-food market. He deprives poor farmers of meaningful profit, keeps them under the pressure of debt, and causes price hikes of essential items which leads to artificial inflationary pressures in the economy. Ultimately, this phenomenon exerts pressure on the government as well. The current study also found that the presence of middleman in the supply chain of agro-food items deprives poor farmers of their right of earning genuine profit.Moreover, it also increases the price of essential food items. Hence, in the light of Shariah guidelines, unnecessary brokering needs to be restricted so that farmers are able to sell their produce themselves. Furthermore, the middleman's role needs to be curtailed for the welfare of the farmers, improvement of the agriculture sector, and the betterment of the economy. The study recommends the framing of comprehensive long-term policies for the purchase of crops, monitoring of fruit / vegetable markets, provision of interest-free loans to farmers, setting up of an efficient market mechanism, establishment of effective consumer courts, and the improvement of the transportation system.

Harold Demsetz,Emeritus Professor of Business Economics at the
University of California, Los Angeles, has done an excellentjob of
putting together research in the area of human behaviour and the
influence of institutions thereon. Demsetz is one of the leading figures
of the New Institutional Economics School. In this book, his focus is on
the institution of capitalism, which is by far the most influential
systemprevalent now. It presents and reviews historical developments in
the area and cites influential works, which makes the book a very
interesting read. The book is nottechnical and is meant for a broad
readership.

Aus pakistanischer Sicht

The aim of this research work is to develop an analytical framework for status quo analy-sis of milk production situation in Pakistani Punjab and evaluate the impact of various improvement interventions on the income of farm households involved in dairying. The district Sargodha is selected as the study region under mixed cropping system from irri-gated region of Punjab for conducting the dairying farm household survey. The data was collected in a cross sectional survey in winter 2005 from a sample of 36 dairying farm households from two villages located in the radius of 25 km from the district headquarter of Sargodha. The farm types are classified into three groups of small, medium and large scale farm types depending on the size of cultivated. The characteristics of farm types are explained through describing the case studies, results of cross sectional survey and typical farms. The analysis found that the land holding varies from 1 to 10 acres, 10 to 20 acres and more than 20 acres for small, medium and large scale farm types. The average number of milking animals varies from 3 to 10 among all three farm types. The small scale farms sell highest percentage of the total milk produced on the farm as compared to medium and large scale farm types. The small scale farms are more dependent on dairy income as a source of subsistence than medium and large farm types. The crop farming is the major focus of medium and large farm types to produce grain for home consumption and sell rest in the market. In medium and large scale farm type's, the dairy enterprise is not con-sidered as a commercial activity but rather a supplement to the crop farming ...

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was an Arab scholar who was born in Tunis. He was linvolved in practical politics not only in his native land and Northwest Africa, but also in Muslim Spain and Mameluke Egypt. Ibn Khaldun combined his knowledge of practical politics by extensive studies of political theory, philosophy, religion, and history and wrote many works. His pioneer work is the "Muqaddimah" (Prolegomena) and his "Kitab-al-ibar" (Universal History). The "Muqaddimah" is a philosophy of history and embodies a system of sociological, political and economic thought. The Muqaddimah has been translated into several languages. Franz Rosenthal, has done the English translation in three extensive volumes, published by the Princeton University Press.

Climate change is a reality recognized globally. Although global efforts are accelerating, there are fears in the underdeveloped world regarding the erosion of their sovereignty through climate change action and response mechanisms. Remedial actions taken at various levels are not a compensating reflection of this reality. There is a need to establish a well-thought-out mechanism and support fast-track climate change action and responses. This study, therefore, highlights the impact of climate change action on state sovereignty through in-depth analysis by interviewing climate experts and officials. It reckons that the issue revolves around interference in internal policies through the prism of climate change action incorporating world organisations. It concludes that developing states may have fears regarding the overreach of developed states in their remedial actions, as seen in the Global South and Global North divide.

Bibliography Entry
Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan and Rafaqat Islam. 2021. "Climate Change Action and State Sovereignty." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 98-108.

This study is aimed at soliciting pubic primary school teachers' viewpoints on use and utility of teacher guides, an initiative of government of the Punjab. Data were collected through focus group discussions of male and female teachers from District Sargodha. Teachers were asked to discuss need, importance and use of teacher guide and to suggest ways to improve. Focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed for extracting themes. It was found that teachers acknowledged the need and importance of teacher guide for better teaching. It was noted from their discussion that teachers used Guides for lesson planning and activities but use of teacher guide was not optimal. Some of the teachers were using it in best possible way, while majority were using it occasionally. They highlighted difficulties and challenges like high workload, language of teacher guides and lack of learning material required for suggested activities. The y suggested revising guides for language, removing inconsistencies with respect to schedule of guide and academic calendar. They also suggested lower workload of teachers by recruiting new teachers, providing teachers with training to use guides and making monitoring and supervision more rigorous

The international trade in plants is growing steadily as the worldwide demand for natural and botanical raw materials increases. Customers value natural products and botanicals as ""green"" alternatives. In order to build assurance into the sourcing of natural ingredients, R&D organizations will need to create valid scientific matrices to authenticate the quality of those ingredients, provide traceability, and minimize risk. This book provides researchers in industry and academia with the tool necessary to assure the quality, authenticity, and traceability of botanical raw materials for dietar