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This article analyzes four primary ways in which federal courts have weakened Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the US Supreme Court's landmark student speech case. The study focuses particularly on recent circuit court interpretations of Tinker. Analysis shows that even when Tinker provides the controlling precedent in a case, students are losing their First Amendment claims with alarming frequency, leaving student speech advocates to wonder what rights students actually have left.

At first sight there seems to be little in common between Zionism and the national movements of the Third World, and more particularly of Africa. The diplomatic and economic links established by the State of Israel with the new states of the Black Continent were impressive partly because they looked as if they were createdex nihilo. The speed with which the Israelis entered the 'African game' in the sixties and the equal speed with which they found themselves ejected from it in the seventies tended to underline the superficiality of these links. There were, of course, interested rationalizations of this newly found 'brotherhood': the historico-mythological relations between King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba were stressed to give an historical dimension to a very new cooperation; the role of the Zionist and Messianic African churches and sects, and the possible latent influence of Jewish lore on certain African tribes, such as the Poeul or the Ashanti of Ghana, were dusted off and used in many ambassadorial speeches.

For better or worse, contemporary society places immense value on achievement and performance. What are the consequences of this emphasis on (if not obsession with) performance for people's sense of self, and relatedly, their mental health and well-being? We develop a theoretical lens for exploring such questions by introducing the concept of performance-based identity—a form of identity that we propose arises when performance (at work or in another setting) becomes personally meaningful to the extent that it acts as a basis for self-definition. We argue that many individuals are likely to develop performance-based identities in a world where performance is increasingly emphasized as important, and where other identities (e.g. those derived from particular groups, organizations, and cultures) are being destabilized by fundamental shifts in the nature of work and society. We explain the similarities and differences between performance-based identity and related constructs, present a theoretical account of how people construct performance-based identities, and discuss how acknowledging and studying performance-based identities could yield valuable new insights into how people experience their work and life in general.