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Coffee table books are filled with them: the clichés of Havana as "frozen in time", scented with "nostalgia for a bygone era". At first sight, the city's unique combination of urban design and architectural styles suggest a tension between the island's various historical and political periods. At second glance, the tension lessens into what is a mostly complimentary relationship between patterns, designs, and vision. That is, a city made rich by its combination of continuous innovation and historic preservation. The result is an avant-garde, mostly European (compact, pedestrian, grid-based), urban planning agenda with many assets and challenges to its name. This photo essay aims to: examine how Havana's colonial history created the city's basic modern grid street pattern, compact block structure; identify what elements make Havana's urban character different from that of other major Latin American cities; observe current projects as outlined by the New Master Plan; and, finally identify challenges ahead. By covering these points, the essay sets out to challenge the "frozen in time" perception of Havana by replacing it with one of a unique and historically rich city on the brink of major changes.

SUMMARY. The process involved in achieving a particular outcome is often more significant than the outcome itself. In trying to meet the demands of a National Curriculum or accounting to parent boards, it becomes increasingly important for schools to explain their theoretical perspective so as to justify the methods (or process) which they employ in order to achieve basic learning targets such as literacy and numeracy skills. What follows is a description of one primary school's philosophy and how this translated into practical initiatives within the school, designed to achieve meaningful learning within a community context

Aim To develop a simulation model projecting the effect of tobacco control policies in the Netherlands on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. Design, setting and participants Netherlands SimSmoke-an adapted version of the SimSmoke simulation model of tobacco control policy-uses population, smoking rates and tobacco control policy data for the Netherlands to predict the effect of seven types of policies: taxes, smoke-free legislation, mass media, advertising bans, health warnings, cessation treatment and youth access policies. Measurements Outcome measures were smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. Findings With a comprehensive set of policies, as recommended by MPOWER, smoking prevalence can be decreased by asmuch as 21% in the first year, increasing to a 35% reduction in the next 20 years and almost 40% by 30 years. By 2040, 7706 deaths can be averted in that year alone with the stronger set of policies. Without effective tobacco control policies, almost a million lives will be lost to tobacco-related diseases between 2011 and 2040. Of those, 145 000 can be saved with a comprehensive tobacco control package. Conclusions Smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths in the Netherlands can be reduced substantially through tax increases, smoke-free legislation, high-intensity media campaigns, stronger advertising bans and health warnings, comprehensive cessation treatment and youth access laws. The implementation of these FCTC/ MPOWER recommended policies could be expected to show similar or even larger relative reductions in smoking prevalence in other countries which currently have weak policies.