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Amid debates about the "end of socialism" in the wake of the collapse of communism, it is argued that several of socialism's "ethical aims" might yet be revived within a market structure. G. A. Cohen (in Franklin, Jane [Ed], 1997) has objected to both "market-wise" liberalism or socialism on ethical grounds, arguing that they rely on self-interest - specifically, "greed & fear" - to motivate people. Here, his claims are addressed in a larger discussion of several other arguments against socialism, which are explored as reaffirmations of the "Mandevillian tradition," based on the early-18th-century writings of Bernard de Mandeville & his views on the necessity of vice (ie, self-interest) over virtue for the functioning of the good society; the views of Friedrich Hayek, David Hume, & Adam Smith are also examined. Two potential correctives to Cohen's moral concerns are suggested: (1) voluntary activity, & (2) gift giving; respectively, Robert Putnam's (1993) work on voluntary associations in Italy & Richard M. Titmuss's (1997 [1970]) research on blood donation in the US & UK explore these options in detail. K. Hyatt Stewart.

Amid debates about the "end of socialism" in the wake of the collapse of communism, it is argued that several of socialism's "ethical aims" might yet be revived within a market structure. G. A. Cohen (in Franklin, Jane [Ed], 1997) has objected to both "market-wise" liberalism or socialism on ethical grounds, arguing that they rely on self-interest - specifically, "greed & fear" - to motivate people. Here, his claims are addressed in a larger discussion of several other arguments against socialism, which are explored as reaffirmations of the "Mandevillian tradition," based on the early-18th-century writings of Bernard de Mandeville & his views on the necessity of vice (ie, self-interest) over virtue for the functioning of the good society; the views of Friedrich Hayek, David Hume, & Adam Smith are also examined. Two potential correctives to Cohen's moral concerns are suggested: (1) voluntary activity, & (2) gift giving; respectively, Robert Putnam's (1993) work on voluntary associations in Italy & Richard M. Titmuss's (1997 [1970]) research on blood donation in the US & UK explore these options in detail. K. Hyatt Stewart.

The Roadmap of Government Transformation Program 2010 reported that the sense of fear of crime among Malaysians is quite high which is 89 percent. So, the questions is, do they feel safe without fence? Therefore, this paper seeks on the neighborhood with no fence to identify the sense of safety and fear of crime (FOC) among residents. The result indicates that longer resident living in residential areas is significant with perceptions of crime (POC) in the neighborhood (p = 0.00). The more people go out at night is also significant with POC in the neighborhood (p = 0.012). Keywords: Crime; quality of life; fear of crime; sense of safetyeISSN 2398-4279 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

Since 2009, a radical Islamist group in Nigeria called Boko Haram has been responsible for a string of violent attacks and bombings strategically directed at the government, security officials, churches, civilians, and the United Nations headquarters in t

ABSTRACT: A civilization has its lessons in the past, efforts in the present, and hope for the future. Throughout history, humans gathered in different types of social constructs and managed to overcome obstacles, prevailing in difficult situations which seemed impossible at that given time. As several examples, we can take into consideration events such as the Ice Age, wars, natural disasters, and so on. By their nature, homo sapiens desire to reach a state of comfort where the basic needs are satisfied, and superior desires can be pursued. Conquering an objective, depending on its complexity, may require more than a lifetime of work. In this manner, the new generations play a key role in our common development as a society, thus they must have a proper education ensured, for the light of hope not to be extinguished. However, in the last decades, a new phenomenon can be seen entering our social domain. To be more precise we will refer to it as "Continuous Mass Fear." The current paperwork will try to explain the origin of this new enemy, the main features surrounding it alongside the consequences on the new generation. Based on the data provided, we will determine how the state can mitigate the effects of this threat and why it is necessary for democratic institutions to implement a plan. KEYWORDS: Continuous Mass Fear, generations, social development, civilization, future

Sarah N Garfinkel,1,2 Hugo D Critchley1,2 1Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, 2Department of Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Abstract: Fear anticipates a challenge to one's well-being and is a reaction to the risk of harm. The expression of fear in the individual is a constellation of physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and experiential responses. Fear indicates risk and will guide adaptive behavior, yet fear is also fundamental to the symptomatology of most psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies of normal and abnormal fear in humans extend knowledge gained from animal experiments. Neuroimaging permits the empirical evaluation of theory (emotions as response tendencies, mental states, and valence and arousal dimensions), and improves our understanding of the mechanisms of how fear is controlled by both cognitive processes and bodily states. Within the human brain, fear engages a set of regions that include insula and anterior cingulate cortices, the amygdala, and dorsal brain-stem centers, such as periaqueductal gray matter. This same fear matrix is also implicated in attentional orienting, mental planning, interoceptive mapping, bodily feelings, novelty and motivational learning, behavioral prioritization, and the control of autonomic arousal. The stereotyped expression of fear can thus be viewed as a special construction from combinations of these processes. An important motivator for understanding neural fear mechanisms is the debilitating clinical expression of anxiety. Neuroimaging studies of anxiety patients highlight the role of learning and memory in pathological fear. Posttraumatic stress disorder is further distinguished by impairment in cognitive control and contextual memory. These processes ultimately need to be targeted for symptomatic recovery. Neuroscientific knowledge of fear has broader relevance to understanding human and societal behavior. As yet, only some of the insights into fear, anxiety, and avoidance at the individual level extrapolate to groups and populations and can be meaningfully applied to economics, prejudice, and politics. Fear is ultimately a contagious social emotion. Keywords: amygdala, anxiety, arousal, autonomic, emotion, phobia

Background: The fear of childbirth is the feeling of fearfulness, anxiety or worry among women in relation to pregnancy and childbirth process which influence their experience of childbirth which is the subjective feeling of sadness or joyfulness regarding childbirth. The main objective of the study was to identify the relationship between fear and experience of childbirth among primiparous women.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done where non probability, purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 133 primiparous women attending Paropakar Maternity and Woman's Hospital having term pregnancy (37-42 weeks of gestation) without any complications and willing to participate in the study. Data were collected through interview technique. Fear of childbirth was assessed by using standard Wijma Delivery Expectancy/ Experience Questionnaire (WDEQ) and experience of childbirth was assessed by using Childbirth Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ). Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics like frequency, mean, percentage and standard deviation and inferential statistics i.e. Pearson's correlation and chi square test in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.Results: The study revealed that fear and experience of childbirth were negatively correlated (r= -0.254). The majority of the respondents (64.7%) had a moderate level of fear of childbirth. Most of the respondents (80.5%) had a positive experience of childbirth. Conclusions: This study concludes that there is negative relationship between the fear of childbirth and its experience. Women having higher fear of childbirth have less positive experience of childbirth. Keywords: Childbirth; experience of childbirth; fear of childbirth; mode of delivery.

Feminist scholars have provided important analyses of the gendered and racialised discourses used to justify the Global War on Terror. They show how post-9/11 policies were made possible through particular binary constructions of race, gender, and national identity in official discourse. Turning to popular culture, this article uses a Queer feminist poststructuralist approach to look at the ways that Ms. Marvel comics destabilise and contest those racialised and gendered discourses. Specifically, it explores how Ms. Marvel provides a reading of race, gender, and national identity in post-9/11 USA that challenges gendered-racialised stereotypes. Providing a Queer reading of Ms. Marvel that undermines the coherence of Self/Other binaries, the article concludes that to write, draw, and circulate comics and the politics they depict is a way of intervening in international relations that imbues comics with the power to engage in dialogue with and (re)shape systems of racialised-gendered domination and counter discriminatory legislation.

This paper explores fear-arousing content in Australian former Prime Minister John Howard's political rhetoric about terrorism. We coded 27 speeches delivered between September 2001 and November 2007 for the presence of statements promoting fear-consistent appraisals (Smith & Lazarus, 1993). Fear-arousing content was present in 24 of these speeches, but the amount of fear-arousing content varied markedly. In particular, rhetoric that raised doubts about the capacity of Australia and its allies to cope with terrorism was most strongly present in the lead-up to the invasion of Iraq and at times of declining support for government policies. Textual analysis of three key speeches confirmed a marked difference between Howard's speech given immediately after the attacks on September 11, 2001, and the second and third speeches presented prior to and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. These findings indicate that Howard has not consistently employed fear-inducing rhetoric in his speeches about terrorism, but that particular speeches appear to take this form, raising the possibility that fear-arousing rhetoric may have been selectively deployed to support his political purposes at those times.

Abstract: Indonesian history has been filled with many radical ideas and movements aiming to bring about radical changes in the direction of the nation state. Yet radicalism has created fear and angst amongst communities. This paper examines the narrative of radicalism and fear as constructed in an Indonesian Catholic document published in 1967. The document narrates the historical and political events from Indonesia's independence to the early years of Suharto's New Order regime, with a particular focus on the Madiun incident of 1948 and the Crocodile Hole tragedy of 1965. The paper argues that the document scrutinized is nothing but a fear text, and the fear narrative as constructed in the text is related to radicalism – namely the leftist radicalism represented by the Indonesian communists pre-1965, and the rightist radicalism represented by religious (Muslim) radicals post-1965. This main argument is explained with reference to Martin Heidegger's philosophy of fear, and it concludes that the fear experiences concerning the communist past is paralelled with the experiences of fear in recent times in relation to religious (Islamic) radicalism. Keywords: radicalism, fear, communists, Muslims, Catholics, Heidegger Abstrak: Sejarah Indonesia dililiti banyak ide dan gerakan radikal yang bertujuan untuk membawa perubahan radikal ke arah negara bangsa. Namun radikalisme telah menciptakan ketakutan dan kecemasan di antara masyarakat. Makalah ini mengkaji narasi radikalisme dan ketakutan yang dibangun dalam dokumen Katolik Indonesia yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1967. Dokumen tersebut menceritakan peristiwa sejarah dan politik dari kemerdekaan Indonesia hingga tahun-tahun awal rezim Orde Baru Suharto, dengan fokus khusus pada insiden Madiun dari 1948 dan tragedi Lubang Buaya 1965. Makalah ini berpendapat bahwa dokumen yang diteliti tidak lain adalah teks ketakutan, dan narasi rasa takut yang terkonstruksi dalam teks ini terkait dengan radikalisme - yaitu radikalisme kiri yang diwakili oleh komunis Indonesia pra-1965, dan radikalisme kanan yang diwakili oleh radikal agama (Muslim) pasca-1965. Argumen utama ini dijelaskan dengan mengacu pada filosofi rasa takut Martin Heidegger, dan disimpulkan pengalaman-pengalaman ketakutan mengenai masa lalu komunis dilumpuhkan dengan pengalaman-pengalaman ketakutan belakangan ini dalam kaitannya dengan radikalisme agama (Islam). Kata-kata Kunci: radikalisme, ketakutan, komunis, Muslim, Katolik, Heidegger

Little research has been done on the issue of fear and anxiety as critical motivators in an individual's behavior as a juvenile in detention. This research studies adolescents who are serving sentences in juvenile detention centers and study at penitentiary schools, based on E. Hussliein's projective method "School Fear Test" (School Angs Test or SAT). The data, through studied school situations, is obtained in a method free from conscious protection and organized according to the form and intensity of the subjects' fears and their fear-inducing stimuli. The case study involves a comparison of 50 male juveniles aged 14-18, half of whom were incarcerated, with the other half randomly chosen from a pool of boys who have never been incarnated. The research studies specific emotional-motivational characteristics emanating from the subjects' school perceptions to assess the behavioral risks related to mental health and the internal psychological problems of juvenile offenders. The obtained data revealed that while there is a higher rate of physical manifestation of fear, there is a lower rate of future-oriented fear. This combination of affective and emotional traits makes adolescents more likely to engage in careless behaviors, which increases their risk of delinquency. Also, for imprisoned juveniles, a teacher's personality is the most potent catalyst for inducing fear through demanding achievement in school situations. This data is important for educational settings and schools in penitentiary institutions to understand better the role of a teacher and their use of resources to prevent antisocial behavior and recidivism in adolescents. Keywords: emotional functioning, juvenile offenders, penal system, projective techniques, school fears

On 5 December 2006 Commodore Frank Bainimarama, head of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, staged Fiji's fourth coup since its first in May 1987. The flashpoint came after a long drawn out confrontation between the military, overwhelmingly indigenous Fijian, against a predominantly Fijian-led government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase. The military accused the government of breach of faith and of giving succour to politicians who had been variously implicated in the George Speight-led coup of 2000, rewarding them with ministerial portfolios. The introduction of controversial bills, promising amnesty to coup convicts, and the government's curious unwillingness to take the military's threats seriously, compounded the problem. The coup deposed a democratically elected government but it also in the process dealt a severe blow to the influence of some of the most important institutions of Fijian society. A military-appointed interim administration, with Bainimarama as prime minister and Labour leader and former coup victim Mahendra Chaudhry as finance minister, has been installed and has promised to hold Fiji's next general elections in 2010.

On 5 December 2006 Commodore Frank Bainimarama, head of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, staged Fiji's fourth coup since its first in May 1987. The flashpoint came after a long drawn out confrontation between the military, overwhelmingly indigenous Fijian, against a predominantly Fijian-led government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase. The military accused the government of breach of faith and of giving succour to politicians who had been variously implicated in the George Speight-led coup of 2000, rewarding them with ministerial portfolios. The introduction of controversial bills, promising amnesty to coup convicts, and the government's curious unwillingness to take the military's threats seriously, compounded the problem. The coup deposed a democratically elected government but it also in the process dealt a severe blow to the influence of some of the most important institutions of Fijian society. A military-appointed interim administration, with Bainimarama as prime minister and Labour leader and former coup victim Mahendra Chaudhry as finance minister, has been installed and has promised to hold Fiji's next general elections in 2010.

This short story series is a coming-of-age and dystopian series that focuses on the impacts of the fear of imagination and discrimination on preteens and how they cope with it. This fear is shown through a virus named imaginatio virus, a special virus that attacks the main characters to induce imagination. The government made imagination-prevention and discrimination rules to get rid of the virus completely. We explore how the fear of imagination and discrimination affect the four main characters in each story. We apply the theory of social influence, discrimination, and coping mechanisms to show how Dylan, Elias, Bryna, and Corina deal with the effects of discrimination. In our creative work, we show that the four main characters succeed in being confident by focusing on the strength in themselves, finding help in trusted people, and not dwelling in the problem. Keywords: imagination, short stories, discrimination, dystopian, coming-of-age