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Prefixoides super- and mega- as means of football lexicon renewal: Ukrainian and Polish parallelsThe article describes the neologisms with the prefixoides super- and megarecorded in the modern Ukrainian and Polish football Internet discourse. Those innovations add meaningfulness and dynamism to a text, render the word semantics more expressive and intensive, and contribute to the economy of language resources. In Ukrainian and Polish football Internet discourse the prefixoides super- and mega- are synonyms, and using them as structural components of neologism depends on the speaker's language and aesthetic tastes. The prefixoidal innovations are used for the nomination of different football processes, phenomena and actions, such as: a) football games; b) game moments; c) hits on the ball; d) scored goals; e) tactical moves by a team; f) individual players' technical moves; g) results of matches etc. Most often, the neologisms with the prefixoides super- and mega- contain the seme 'the best; exceeding the level of others,' while some are based on the semes 'powerful,' 'intensive,' 'effective,' 'the most modern.' When added to an anthroponym, neologisms which contain the prefixoides super- and mega- stress the football player's professionalism. In Ukrainian and Polish football Internet discourse, the formative base for prefixoidal neologism are usually borrowed lexemes, although in Polish there is a stronger tendency to use native lexemes in this capacity, some of which do not have direct counterparts in Ukrainian, for example, superłącznik, megawolej. The football lexicons of both languages absorbed military words to foster expressiveness by likening football to warfare. On the whole, the aspects of football described by the neologisms lead to the conclusion that for the speakers football is interesting as a game, but not as business or a commercial product. Prefiksoidy super- i mega- jako środki odnowienia leksyki związanej z piłką nożną: paralele ukraińskie i polskieArtykuł opisuje neologizmy z prefiksoidami super- i mega- zanotowane we współczesnym ukraińskim i polskim dyskursie internetowym dotyczącym piłki nożnej. Te innowacje nadają tekstowi wyrazu i dynamizują go, zwiększają ekspresywność i wyrazistość znaczenia słów, sprzyjają ekonomii środków wyrazu. Zarówno w ukraińskim, jak i polskim dyskursie internetowym dotyczącym piłki nożnej prefiksoidy super- i mega- są synonimami, a ich użycie jako elementów składowych neologizmów zależy od wyborów estetycznych mówiącego. Prefiksoidalne innowacje występują jako nazwy różnych procesów, zjawisk i działań związanych z piłką nożną: a) meczów; b)fragmentów gry; c) uderzeń piłki; d) goli; e) posunięć taktycznych drużyny piłkarskiej; f)technicznych zagrań poszczególnych graczy; g)wyników meczów itd. Neologizmy z prefiksoidami super- i mega- oparte są najczęściej na semie 'najlepszy; na wyższym poziomie niż inni', kiedy indziej zaś na semach 'potężny', 'intensywny', skuteczny', 'najnowocześniejszy'. W połączeniu z antroponimem neologizmy z prefiksoidami super- i mega- służą podkreśleniu profesjonalizmu gracza. W ukraińskim i polskim dyskursie internetowym związanym z piłką nożną za podstawę do tworzenia neologizmów prefiksoidalnych służą zwykle leksemy będące zapożyczeniami, przy czym w języku polskim nieco częściej występuje tendencja do używania w tym przypadku rodzimych leksemów, niekiedy niemających bezpośrednich odpowiedników w języku ukraińskim, np. superłącznik, megawolej. W obu językach opisujące piłkę nożną słownictwo zawiera słowa związane z wojskowością, co pozwala zwiększyć wyrazistość piłkarskiego języka przez zrównanie zmagań piłkarskich z działaniami wojennymi. Analiza określanych przez badane neologizmy aspektów futbolu skłania do wniosku, że użytkowników obu języków piłka nożna interesuje jako sport, nie zaś jako rodzaj działalności gospodarczej czy komercyjny produkt.

This essay is partly a response to the recent ethnographic research carried out by Armstrong and Harris, and partly a survey of a more general set of interconnected discourses about football hooliganism as a social phenomenon over the past thirty years into which the work of Armstrong and Harris fits. Discourses on football hooliganism seemed to have proliferated just as the 'object' in question seems to have disappeared from public view; at least in Britain, if not in other parts of Continental Europe. Part of the problem lies in the difficulty of defining accurately what we mean by the highly contentious phrase 'football hooliganism', a term which has no specific referent in English or Scottish law and whose boundaries, or 'field', are demarcated by these various discourses or 'disciplines' themselves: namely legal, sociological, psychological, criminological, geographical, architectural and so on. The essay offers examples of approaches which might overcome some of the difficulties experienced in researching football hooliganism.

AbstractThe article argues that despite the continuing relevance of ethnicity, the idea of the nation has taken root among Africans. This is due to a combination of factors, including the universal ideology of the nation‐state, the impact of the existence of such national borders on the imagination, and the influence of national symbols and icons, which naturalise the idea of the nation. Applying Michael Billig's notion of banal nationalism to Cameroon, the article focuses on linguistic practices as well as on popular appropriations of national symbols as contributing factors to the creation and maintenance of national consciousness. The analysis of a call‐in radio program broadcast on Cameroonian national radio during the 1994 FIFA World Cup illustrates that football created a discourse community that reinforced the idea of the nation both explicitly and implicitly. By participating in the debate, journalists and listeners alike – regardless of the tenor of their remarks – reinforced and further contributed to imagining the Cameroonian nation.

Football is one of the many fields where the display of orthodox masculinity, often related to sexism and homophobia, reaches its peak. Studies indicate that such behaviors negatively affect athletes who do not fit heteronormative standards and closeted gay players, who fear coming out due to an intimidating and toxic environment. Fans have been central to some empirical studies investigating homophobia in football; however, most research to date focuses on western countries. Through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper examines how Brazilian football fans see the presence of openly gay players on a men's team. One hundred and fifty comments were collected from thirteen online football forums. The results indicate similarities in the responses provided by Brazilian fans compared to western studies. Although fans' positive views towards the presence of openly gay players were expressed, homophobic opinions were also identified in this environment. Several fans also demonstrated no objection to the use of homophobic language. The present study is relevant to the existing literature as it aids in clarifying previous notions of homophobia in Brazilian football. At the same time, it problematizes and officially places Brazil on the map of studies on the topic.

Applying multimodal textual analysis to the languages and images of on-line communication forms, Kay Richardson shows, from an applied linguistic perspective, how the Internet is being used for global, interactive communication about public health risks. Detailed case studies of the possible risks posed by SARS, by mobile phones and by the vaccination of babies against childhood diseases are situated within the context of research on computer-mediated communication, as well as within the broader social context of globalization and discourses of risk and trust

Introduction, Alpan and Sonntag -- 2. Demographic Trends in Ten Major European Leagues, Özgehan Senyuva and Ramon Llopis-Goig -- Part 1. Classical Stadium Politics in the Age of Fascism 3. The Stadio Mussolini or the Avatars of Football Stadiums, Paul Dietschy -- 4. What's in a Name? The City of Stuttgart and the Toponymical Journey of its Football Stadium, Albrecht Sonntag -- Part 2. Contemporary Case Studies -- 5. The Stade de France and Wembley as Social Space: a Tale of Two Stadiums, Hugh Dauncey -- 6. The Global Branding of Camp Nou, Hunter Shobe -- 7. Spatial Aspects of Identity Differentiation – Stadiums in Bosnia, Özgür Dirim Özkan -- 8. Pitch Fever. Swedish Football and the Grass Dilemma, Katarzyna Herd -- Part 3. Protest Cultures and Crowd Control -- 9. Fandom as Contention: Çarşı Fans in Gezi Protests in Turkey, Ömer Turan and Burak Özçetin -- 10. Resistance Identities and Right-Wing Tendencies: The Politics of Polish Football Stadiums, Radoslav Kossakowski -- 11. Stadia as the Sites of 'The Political' : The Case of the Passolig in Turkey, Başak Alpan and Tanil Bora -- 12. The Football Stadium as a Space for Protest – Female Supporters in Persepolis, Caroline Azad -- 13. The Post-Pandemic Football Stadium, Jean-Michel Roux, Natalia R. de Melo, Cristiane de S. Duarte, Elson M. Pereira.

The purpose of the study is to analyse gender-marked vocabulary –unusual feminitives that function in Internet discourse. Internet discourse is gender-marked. Topicality lies in the increased interest of native speakers, network users, writers, journalists in these linguistic units. This is due, on the one hand, to the pragmatic potential of feminitives, on the other hand, to the development of extralinguistic factors associated with both certain democratisation of speech, desire for pun, and spread of feminist views in society. Materials for the study include the texts of forums, chat messages, and questionnaires on social networks "Twitterˮ and "VKˮ. The work used methods of comparison to identify the attitude of representatives of different genders to the same phenomenon, and the method of component analysis to identify gender-marked semes. The study tested the hypothesis that Internet discourse is gender-marked and, using feminitives, represents the gender identity of participants in communication. The publication reveals the reasons for the functioning of feminitives on social networks. Those include the desire to overcome the androcentric picture of the world; gender language asymmetry; trends related to democratisation of the language, allowing the need for pun; and extralinguistic factors associated with the development of technologies, with the emergence of new types of activities that require nomination. An analysis of feminitives in Internet discourse shows that this layer of gender-marked vocabulary is of an occasional nature and refers to thematic groups including professions, positions, titles, occupation, and zodiac signs of people. Some feminitives originated from appellatives with suppletive stems. The largest number of feminitives has the suffix -к-, which is possibly due to the asemanticity of this formant. Feminitives, having powerful pragmatic potential, actively function not only in Internet discourse, but also in media and artistic types. Using the same gender-marked vocabulary, the authors convey both reclamation and peyorative value in relation to the statement, demonstrating a kind of "extension of the boundariesˮ of connotation, and a large semantic capacity associated with the use of feminitives.

This book focuses on the football stadium as a political space and examines how stadiums can be viewed as the objects and catalysts of political change. Rather than acting as functional constructions designed merely to host football games, stadiums stand out in the urban landscape as landmarks that serve as gathering points for large communities. The manifestation of the political in football stadiums can be heard in the discontent voiced by supporter activism; in the use of stadiums for national and local identity politics; in attempts to instrumentalize emotions by both totalitarian and democratic regimes; among fan groups in political uprisings, and in the surveillance of fans through e-tickets and seat allocation. This edited collection brings together a variety of case studies from a wide range of different contexts. Contributors stem from political science, sociology, history, anthropology, human geography and urbanism. As such, the book redefines and broadens what we understand as the political dimension of the football stadium. Baak Alpan is Associate Professor in European Politics and Political Sociology at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Katarzyna Herd is researcher at the Department of Arts and Cultural Sciences at Lund University, Sweden. Albrecht Sonntag is Professor at the EU-Asia Institute at ESSCA School of Management in Angers, France. .

Emphasizing that the "culture in which the Internet is used" permeates "discourse on the Internet," this essay offers reflections on discourse (1) about the Internet, (2) communication technologies across time, (3) the future, (4) discourse online, and (5) the importance of discourse today. Final comments highlight questions about how Internet use may reshape discourse, community, people's perceptions, and communication behavior.