Suchergebnisse

The present paper delves into business and economic English and Arabic texts to describe the language and translator's norms and to justify these norms with regards of voices translation. The sample is collected manually from two e-portals where 20 texts were drawn from each website. It is found that translators use oblique translation methods to render passive constructions into Arabic in their endeavor to attain more idiomatic Arabic. Although translators are inclined to use the active voice more than the passive, this usage is mostly limited to dynamic verbs where English active stative verbs were modulated to passive Arabic beside the reduced adjectival phrases. The only gain of meaning or effect is achieved when the active English stative verbs became dynamic Arabic passives in order to give a stronger reporting of information. The findings contribute in characterizing the business and economic voice' behavior in English and Arabic in an attempt to integrate the findings with the findings of other genres.

Polysemes are words that have multiple meanings. They exist in all languages as in Arabic جناح عين صوت جدول and English base, plant, system, present, left. A sample of Arabic and English polyseme translation errors was collected from homework-assignments and exams to explore the difficulties that student-translators have in translating English and Arabic polysemes. Data analysis showed that the students made more errors in translating Arabic polysemes to English than English polysemes to Arabic. They made more errors in translation polysemous compounds than single-word polysemes and the equivalent compounds had collocation errors. The students utilized different faulty strategies in translating polysemes, especially in source texts which have one-to-many equivalents (system, affairs). They tend to overgeneralize the equivalent they know to all contexts (develop, system), not the one suitable for a particular context/domain (*chemical plants; under president). They resorted to literal translation, i.e., word for word translation rather than using fixed formulaic equivalents that are dissimilar in structure to the source polyseme. They also overgeneralized the same equivalent to all contexts (develop, system; association), although each shade of meaning has a different equivalent. Faulty translation of polysemic words may be due to inadequate L1 competence such as the availability of different regional Arabic designations for 'parliament' and the different designations used in American and British English for (وكيل وزارة الخارجية الامريكي); lack of proficiency in EFL, i.e. limited vocabulary knowledge; unfamiliarity with specialized meanings (*chemical plants) and commonly used equivalents for 'affairs; resources'; lack of world knowledge (exchange programs; الاتحاد الأوروبي) and others. The study recommends that translation instructors develop students' vocabulary knowledge, word knowledge accuracy, schemata and world knowledge, metacognitive skills, i.e., thinking processes while translating, word and context ...

"This is a coursebook designed for students of translation, which will also benefit professional translators as it covers key issues in contemporary legal translation. The book is divided into two main parts. The first, theoretical part, explores issues such as types of legal texts, readership, communicative purpose, global and local strategies, and modality in addition to analysing the common features of legal discourse in both languages, be they lexical, syntactic, or textual. The second, practical part, discusses issues such as legal rights, contractual obligations, torts, crimes, people and law. It focuses on all types of legal texts, regardless of their classification and examines legislative texts, which have acquired a certain degree of notoriety rarely equalled by any other variety of English." --

Abstract
Culture, a multifaceted concept, embodies the diverse aspects of human life, differing markedly across communities. Each community is distinguished by unique characteristics that collectively define its cultural identity. This diversity presents translators with considerable challenges, particularly when it comes to translating cultural references (CRs). An adequate translation requires an in-depth comprehension of the source culture's nuances to accurately represent them within the target culture. It also necessitates not only a linguistic translation but also a cultural transposition, where the essence of one culture is thoughtfully conveyed to another, preserving its original meaning and context. The current research therefore aimed to investigate the various factors that present cultural barriers in terms of the translation of CRs from English to Arabic and vice versa. To achieve this, it employed an integrated approach made up of hermeneutics, translation equivalence, textual analysis, and functionality, allowing analysis of all aspects of the text. The findings demonstrate the importance of thorough text analysis that encompasses both intratextual and extratextual elements, alongside interpretation of the text within its primary context. It was also noted that CRs in English and Arabic pose challenges for translators in terms of both comprehension and production: such challenges include the existence of forms that may not readily enable translators to deduce meanings and difficulties in conveying English concepts accurately into Arabic. To overcome these hurdles, the study thus recommends the adoption of an integrated approach to culture-based texts to ensure that the internal and external features of the source text are captured in the target text.

Ambiguity in some syntactic structures of the same language has always posed problems to the human translator and to machine translation. These problems become more complex for the Machine Translation of genetically unrelated languages such as Arabic, English and French. Arabic Lexical ambiguity in Natural Language Processing (NLP) also poses problems when the semantic fields of Arabic words differ from those of English for instance. This often occurs when two or more words from Arabic equate to a single word in English. Semantic gaps between the two languages are also a source of ambiguity in Natural Language Processing. We shall deal with some cases of ambiguity in machine translation from Arabic to English and French and vice versa. The questions addressed in this paper relate to segmentation, determination / non-determination, coordination and the issue of the word as a meaningful and functional unit. Some aspects of the segmentation of constituents into grammatical categories and their comparison with structures of Arabic English and French are addressed in this paper.

The word 'term' can be defined as "a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a particular field", (A New Webster Dictionary, 1981:796). The point in a term is being a tool of gathering information, some qualities or features in the smallest linguistic semantic space, i.e., the utterance in which it replaces that particular notion, ( اسماعيل, 1987: 3). Kvam (2007:2) defines a "term" as 'the systematic designation of defined concept within a specific field requiring specialized knowledge'. It is quite necessary for translators to be able to translate new terms from English into Arabic since the former is witnessing great invention and molding of new terms or neologisms. The problem of terms, as mentioned by Gentzler(1993: 16), has historically troubled translators. Besides, calling for one-to-one transfer approach and method revolves around decoding and recoding process increasingly difficult to hold.
The present study is an attempt to shed some light on this aspect of translation. It is divided into two sections; the first of which is dedicated to new English terms or what is called neologisms and their translation into Arabic. Besides, it deals with formation of new terms semantically and morphologically. Section Two, on the other hand, focuses on some criteria for translating new terms and their application. The study ends up with some conclusions.

In the Arab world, the comprehension gap between Colloquial and Standard Arabic has been recognized as a major force behind illiteracy and its endless negative repercussions. One adverse impact of this comprehension gap manifests itself in the courtroom. Courtroom translation in the Arab world (i.e. consecutive interpreting/reporting from Colloquial into Standard Arabic) occurs systematically and is the only means of documenting courtroom proceedings. Despite its functional importance in the light of language manoeuvrability and translation accuracy, the legal implications of the Colloquial—Standard Arabic proximity in the context of linguistic rights have not been theoretically nor empirically researched. Accordingly, this paper introduces the dynamics of language use in a hierarchical judicial system in one Arab country, Lebanon. This paper is a theoretical first brick in the wall of linguistic rights in the Lebanese courtroom, where — in the absence of a jury system — linguistic discretion in the legal decision-making process rests upon the bench judge. In addition, this paper highlights the vulnerability of illiterate people vis-à-vis the use of Standard Arabic in legal settings at the expense of their preferred first or only language, Lebanese Colloquial.

The discipline of Translation Studies has been criticized for being limited to only Euro-American perspectives and cultures, and thus scholars have called for expanding the scope of study beyond the Western conceptualizations of translation. This paper attempts to fill that void in the knowledge of the translation archaeology of Arabic novels translated into English. It creates an up-to-date bibliography of Arabic novels translated into English published worldwide across three decades (1988–2018) by consulting the US Library of Congress global union library catalogue and Good­reads. The collected materials are presented across two major historical periods: the post-Nobel Prize phase (1988–August 2001) and the post-9/11 phase (September 2001–2018). The bibliography includes 277 translated Arabic novels. It identifies the main actors involved in the process of translation, namely the authors, translators, and publishers. In addition to the quantitative analysis of this bibliographical data, this study adopts a comprehensive model by Allen (1995) to apply qualitative analysis to identify the topics being selected for translation into English. The study reveals that an increase in the number of translated works does not necessarily correlate with a greater understanding of the source text culture. In fact, increased translation flows can signal a reinforcement of known cultural stereotypes in the target culture.

Translating literary works is a challenging task, especially when attempting to integrate numerous linguistically, artistically, and culturally varied languages. The main objective of this research is to describe the initial norms that regulate the translation of Arabic cultural references translated in Basma Abdelaziz's Arabic novel, The Queue. This novel by Basma Abdelaziz was chosen for examination because it contains a lot of cultural references that reflect cultural values. To detect translation shifts and techniques used by the Queue's translator, the major principles and components of Toury's theory of norms, Newmark's classification of cultural items, and translation techniques proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) will be used. The techniques for translating Arabic cultural references reflect the translators' individual attitudes toward ST norms as well as their adherence to linguistic and cultural standards prevalent in the TL setting. Overall, there is some heterogeneity in the degree of leaning toward SL or TL norms. According to Toury's norms model, the general trend of translational norms appears to lean more towards the acceptability pole than the adequacy pole, implying that a TL-oriented strategy is preferred. The study reveals that when translating cultural references into English, the Queue's translator used four primary strategies: modulation, transposition, adaption, and deletion. These translation strategies utilized by the Queue's translator may provide the target reader with altered meaning of the cultural references will have an impact on the portrayal of the Queue and provide the target readers with a significantly altered version of the text These translation strategies utilized by the Queue's translator may provide the target reader with altered meaning of the cultural references text.