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Group decisions are not made solely by evaluating the merits of the contending positions. Instead, actors may engage in manipulation to increase the fortunes of their policy preference. Actors may manipulate information, group procedures, or group composition. Using a model of group socialization, this paper argues that a manipulator may seek to alter the group composition as to access and/or status. In doing so, the manipulator seeks to create a more favorable decision environment. This political perspective maintains that the dynamic nature of group composition provides an opportunity for a manipulator to engineer the decision context, potentially affecting the group's decisional output. Strategies and tactics of composition manipulation are presented and then utilized to analyze the American decision process during the Iranian revolution.

The proposed reflections are intended to carry out in the first place a review of the concepts of vulnerability, autonomy and bioethics in a gender key. Jumping from a hegemonic model of clinical encounter, to envision a diversity of clinical encounters and, in turn, reveal the place of women in them, implies bringing up a situated concept of autonomy. This will act as a framework for reflections on autonomy and reproductive and non-reproductive rights, having as a necessary reference the international law of human rights and feminist Bioethics. The latter, which undertook the arduous task of making gender biases visible in health care and scientific research, went further, taking a civic, more social and political direction, including the experience of women in health care, the distribution of care, scientific research and ethical analysis (López de la Vieja, 2014, 143). For this reason, in the last section we will review how deficits in the social organization of care intersect with the possibilities of autonomy for women; and how not only the health system, but also the legal system must contribute to making the right accessible and its full exercise. ; Las reflexiones propuestas pretenden efectuar en primer lugar un repaso por los conceptos de vulnerabilidad, autonomía y bioética en clave de género. Saltar de un modelo hegemónico de encuentro clínico, para avizorar una diversidad de encuentros clínicos y develar a su vez el lugar de la mujer en ellos, implica traer a colación un concepto situado de autonomía. Ello actuará como marco para las reflexiones en torno a autonomía y los derechos reproductivos y no reproductivos, teniendo como necesaria referencia el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y la Bioética feminista. Esta última, que asumió la ardua tarea de visibilizar los sesgos de género en la atención de la salud y la investigación científica, fue más allá, tomando una dirección cívica, más social y política incluyendo la experiencia de las mujeres en el cuidado de la salud, la distribución de los cuidados, la investigación científica y el análisis ético (López de la Vieja, 2014, p. 143). Por ello es que en el último apartado reseñaremos como interseccionan los déficits en la organización social de los cuidados con las posibilidades de autonomía de las mujeres; y como no sólo el sistema sanitario, sino también el sistema jurídico deben coadyuvar en hacer accesible el D(d)erecho y su ejercicio pleno.

The poliheuristic (PH) theory of decision making has made important contributions to our understanding of political decision making but remains silent about certain key aspects of the decision process. Specifically, PH theory contends that leaders screen out politically unacceptable options, but it provides no guidance on (1) the crucial threshold at which leaders reject options as politically unacceptable, (2) whether this threshold varies across leaders and situations, and, (3) if so, which factors shape variation in this threshold. We integrate PH theory with research on political leadership and decision context and derive hypotheses from this modified PH framework. An experimental test reveals that situational context and leadership style affect both (1) the ``noncompensatory threshold'' at which decision makers reject options as politically unacceptable and (2) how much decision makers rely on their constituents' views in making policy choices. We conclude that a modified PH theory incorporating these insights will have enhanced explanatory and predictive power.

This article investigates the processes of word of mouth (WOM) within a services purchase decision context. The authors argue that to understand these processes, researchers must examine the role of interpersonal influences in the traditional WOM models based within the noninterpersonal paradigm. As a result of the current investigation, three distinct relations emerge: first, the effect of the noninterpersonal forces (receiver's expertise, receiver's perceived risk, and sender's expertise) on the influence of WOM on service purchase decisions; second, the effect of the interpersonal forces (ties strength and how actively WOM is sought) on the influence of WOM on service purchase decisions; and third, the effects of noninterpersonal forces on interpersonal forces. Managerial implications and avenues for future research are addressed.

Objective This study manipulates the presence and reliability of AI recommendations for risky decisions to measure the effect on task performance, behavioral consequences of trust, and deviation from a probability matching collaborative decision-making model. Background Although AI decision support improves performance, people tend to underutilize AI recommendations, particularly when outcomes are uncertain. As AI reliability increases, task performance improves, largely due to higher rates of compliance (following action recommendations) and reliance (following no-action recommendations). Methods In a between-subject design, participants were assigned to a high reliability AI, low reliability AI, or a control condition. Participants decided whether to bet that their team would win in a series of basketball games tying compensation to performance. We evaluated task performance (in accuracy and signal detection terms) and the behavioral consequences of trust (via compliance and reliance). Results AI recommendations improved task performance, had limited impact on risk-taking behavior, and were under-valued by participants. Accuracy, sensitivity ( d'), and reliance increased in the high reliability AI condition, but there was no effect on response bias ( c) or compliance. Participant behavior was only consistent with a probability matching model for compliance in the low reliability condition. Conclusion In a pay-off structure that incentivized risk-taking, the primary value of the AI recommendations was in determining when to perform no action (i.e., pass on bets). Application In risky contexts, designers need to consider whether action or no-action recommendations will be more influential to design appropriate interventions.

Abstract
Purchase decisions typically involve tradeoffs between attributes associated with desirability (e.g., quality) and feasibility (e.g., price). In this article, we examine how the decision context impacts consumers' preference between a high-desirability (HD) option and a high-feasibility (HF) alternative. Nineteen studies demonstrate a novel context effect, the "upscaling effect," whereby introducing a symmetrically dominated decoy option to a set (i.e., an option that is inferior compared to all alternatives in the set) leads to an increase in the choice share of the HD option. To account for the upscaling effect, we advance a two-stage model of consumer decision-making for decisions that involve tradeoffs between desirability and feasibility. According to our model, when the decision context provides a reason for choosing either option, such as when a decoy option is added to the set, consumers prioritize reasons that support choice of HD options over HF alternatives. Our model can explain the upscaling effect, as well as other findings reported in the literature, such as asymmetric attraction effects (Heath and Chatterjee 1995) and asymmetric sales promotion effects (Blattberg and Wisniewski 1989). Furthermore, the upscaling effect holds important managerial implications because it provides an effective way to increase sales of high-end products.

This study explores the effect on mayoral decision-making of three aspects of the decision environment: issue salience, context, and constraint. The study also tests the moderator effect that decision environment may have on a mayor's qualifications in terms of education and experience. These effects were tested on data drawn from a survey-experiment whose subjects were 120 incumbent mayors representing 12 Latin American countries. Mayors were presented with a hypothetical municipal problem in which their decision consisted of dealing with the problem by themselves or by delegating spending authority to a private agency. After manipulating the salience of the municipal problem (education vs. infrastructure), stressful context (statement about presence of guerrillas vs. no statement), and choice constraint (capable vs. incapable delegated private agency), analysis of variance and logit results show that under no constraint, mayors tend to delegate spending authority to a private agency for dealing with education, but not for infrastructure problems. Findings may suggest that mayors see more opportunities for rent-seeking and/or political benefits from handling spending personally in infrastructure but not in education. In Latin America, the position of city manager does not exist, making the elected mayor the primary decision-maker, and as most of the social spending takes place at the municipal level, mayors' decisions have a significant impact on development. Adapted from the source document.