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"This book discusses the nutritional, physical, and chemical factors of camel milk in comparison to other animal and plant-based milks and introduces benefits attributed to camel meat. It explores the health benefits of fresh and fermented camel milk in vitro and in vivo as well as the link between functional constituents and the functional properties of milk"-- Provided by publisher.

"This book discusses the nutritional, physical, and chemical factors of camel milk in comparison to other animal and plant-based milks and introduces benefits attributed to camel meat. It explores the health benefits of fresh and fermented camel milk in vitro and in vivo as well as the link between functional constituents and the functional properties of milk"-- Provided by publisher

Hardly any of us knows about the sad and appalling story of the camels in Egypt. Once being esteemed in the Bedouin culture as "the Bedouin's constant companion" the role of the camels in the Arab world has turned over the centuries. Nowadays they are mainly used for sports and leisure or as 'farm' animals bred and kept for milk and meat production. Egypt is one of the most important countries importing live camels. Every year hundreds of thousands of camels are imported as 'slaughter' animals particularly from Somalia and Sudan to provide the internal Egyptian market with camel meat. These transports by road, foot or sea are extremely long and exhausting for the camels, and some of them do not survive the exertions. At the markets they are faced with very rough and brutal handling methods. However, the alarming and wide-spread animal welfare problems generated from the unbearable transport and handling conditions which the camels must endure on transports, markets and in slaughterhouses in Egypt are not discussed up to the present day. Egypt is lacking any animal welfare legislation. Even though being member of the World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE), Egypt does not comply with the OIE standards on animal welfare in which also the camels are included. Therefore, it is high time to put an end to the extreme suffering of the camels and grant them the protection status they deserve. ; Casi ninguno de nosotros/as conoce la triste y espantosa historia de los camellos en Egipto. Una vez considerados por la cultura beduina como "el compañero constante de los beduinos", el papel de los camellos en el mundo árabe ha cambiado a lo largo de los siglos. Hoy en día se utilizan principalmente para deportes y ocio o como animales "de granja" criados y mantenidos para la producción de leche y carne. Egipto es uno de los principales países importadores de camellos vivos. Cada año, cientos de miles de camellos son importados como camellos de "matanza" especialmente desde Somalia y Sudán para abastecer con carne de camello el mercado interno de Egipto. Estos transportes por carretera, caminando o por mar son extremadamente largos y extenuantes para los camellos, y algunos de ellos no sobreviven a los esfuerzos. En los mercados se enfrentan a métodos duros y brutales de manejo. Sin embargo, los alarmantes y generalizados problemas de bienestar animal generados por las insoportables condiciones de transporte y manejo que los camellos deben soportar en transportes, mercados y mataderos en Egipto no se han discutido hasta el día de hoy. Egipto carece de legislación sobre bienestar animal. A pesar de ser miembro de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE), Egipto no cumple con las normas de la OIE sobre bienestar animal en las que también se incluyen los camellos. Por lo tanto, es hora de poner fin al sufrimiento extremo de los camellos y otorgarles el estado de protección que merecen.

This Socio-economic study has been conducted by a team of PROCAMED Project. This project falls within the framework of the promotion of the innovating camel systems and of the local camel value chains for a sustainable management of the Saharan territories. The socio-economic survey was conducted in four regions of southeast Tunisia (Medenine, Tataouine, Gabes and Kebeli). A total of 147 households were interviewed on the management, significance and constraints associated to the camel production in the area using a field diagnostic survey. According to the camel breeders' responses, the family living status of the camel herders has based on camels and small ruminant's livestock activities. Most of the camel herders were keeping areas occupied by natural vegetation which can provide a feed source for animals. For the most part of the areas have an average annual rainfall below 300 mm and either a Saharan or an arid Mediterranean bioclimate. Although the land ownership status may change, the rangelands are mostly subject to the system known as collective ownership. Major source of income of the camel herders at all zones were sale of milk and meat, sale of animals and crop cultivation. Majority of the herders kept their camels in open air system and take their camels for grazing from morning till evening at all the zones. But, because of rangelands degradation the trend of supplementation becoming more and more adopted. Camels play an important role in the socio-economics of the people in this area. In order to improve the camel production in the study area, Livestock and dairy development department and local public services, should take into consideration the importance of camel and the prevalent problems in the area.

With global warming now an established reality, the world's deserts are advancing. Only camels can survive as the best livestock for projects of sustainable agriculture and animal production under these harsh conditions. Camels can be in times of ecological crisis the proper animals that can be farmed in those dry land areas. Currently, due to global changes of environmental conditions, camels nature, charcteristics, speciest productivity and breeding systems have become of concern to several countries. The low quality and low value of camel's products (milk, meat, leather, hair), are attributed to lack of innovation in the production systems and poor research on products innovation. tn the framework of the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) of the "Mediterranean Sea Basin Program" that aims to enhance cooperation between the European Union (EU) and partner countries from the south basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Four countries, Tunis, through the Institute des RegionsArides -laboratoired'efevage et de la faunesauvage (IRA) and Egypt, through the Desert Research Center (DRC), representing the south Mediterranean basin and Italy, through the D.E.T.O. (University of Bari) and France. through the CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation tnternationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement), representing the Northern basin of the Mediterranean, started a collaborative project PROCAMED, for improvement of camel production as a tool for sustainable development. The project is contributing to the targets of the program according to the following priority and measure: 1. Promotion of socio-economic development and enhancement of territories 11 . Supporting innovation and research for promoting the local development processes of the Mediterranean Basin Countries.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Meat in the Human Diet: A Biosocial Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Biosocial Functions and Controversies -- 1.2.1 The "Need for Meat" -- 1.2.2 The Biosocial Evolution of Meat Eating -- 1.2.3 Cultural Attitudes in Shifting Societal Models -- 1.3 Meat in Health and Disease -- 1.3.1 Meat as a Pharmakon -- 1.3.2 Historical Record as a "Health Food" -- 1.3.3 Recent Views on Meat and Disease -- 1.3.4 Instability of the Current Paradigm -- 1.3.5 Some Reflections on Unconventional Meats -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Meat Quality, Brands and Consumer Trends -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cultural Aspects -- 2.3 Quality Policy -- 2.4 Future Trends (Conclusions) -- References -- Chapter 3: Horsemeat: Increasing Quality and Nutritional Value -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Carcass Characteristics -- 3.2.1 Horse Carcass Description -- 3.2.2 Tissular Composition on Horse Carcass -- 3.2.3 Factors That Affect Horse Carcass -- 3.2.4 Equine Carcasses Classification -- 3.3 Chemical Composition -- 3.4 Physico-Chemical Properties -- 3.5 Fatty Acid Profile -- 3.6 Amino Acid Composition of Horsemeat -- 3.7 Mineral Content of Horsemeat -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Camel Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carcass Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Carcass Conformation -- 4.2.2 Carcass Weight and Dressing-Out % -- 4.2.3 Carcass Composition -- 4.2.4 Muscle Distribution -- 4.3 Muscle Structure -- 4.4 Meat Quality Characteristics -- 4.4.1 Meat Composition -- 4.4.2 Nutritive Value -- 4.4.3 Palatability and Appearance Characteristics -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Bison, Buffalo, and Yak -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Animal Production and Slaughter -- 5.3 Carcass Composition -- 5.4 Appearance.

Background: Hydatidosis is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This disease is a zoonotic disease has a worldwide distribution and common in developing and undeveloped countries. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to studying the infection rate and predilection seats of hydatid cyst affections among slaughtered food animals in Aswan Governorate, southern Egypt and study the effect of age and sex of infected slaughtered animals on the infection with hydatid cyst. Also, study the effect of seasonal variations in the infection with hydatid cyst among slaughtered animals. In addition, the macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy and histopathological studies for the collected hydatid cyst are examined. Methods: This investigation was carried out from August 2015 to July 2016 in two main slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate to study the hydatidosis in camels and sheep. By routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization was conducted. Findings: A total of 2080 camels and 674 sheep were examined. Of these, 173 (8.32%) camels and 3 (0.45%) sheep were found to harbour one or more hydatid cysts. Female and older age slaughtered animals were more susceptible to infection with these metacestode than males and younger animals. Hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered animals is most commonly found in lung followed by liver while mixed infection in both lung and liver was found only in camel. Hydatid cyst in slaughtered camels was higher in autumn followed by winter, while hydatid cyst in slaughtered sheep was found only in autumn season. Fertile cysts in lung and liver of slaughtered camels was 83.4% and 30% respectively. While the fertility of hydatid cyst in infected lung and liver of sheep was 100%. Main conclusions: This study reported that slaughtered animals were infected with relatively high infection rate of hydatid cyst may be due to the presence of socio-economic conditions favourable for the disease and maintenance of high level of infection. So must design governmental control programs against hydatidosis to minimize the infection rate in Aswan Governorate and ensure effective protection not only for animal population but also for humans at risk of contracting the infection. ; Исходная информация: Эхинококкоз является инфекцией, вызванной личиночной стадией Echinococcus granulosus. Данное заболевание является зоонозом, распространенным во всем мире и характерен для развитых и слаборазвитых стран. Цели: Целью данного исследования является изучение зараженности эхинококками и предрасположенности мест повреждения гидатидой среди убитых животных в административном округе Асуан, южной части Египта, и изучение влияния возраста, пола животных и сезона года на заболеваемость эхинококками. Проведены макроскопическое и гистологическое исследования, растровая электронная микроскопия и гистопатологологические исследования обнаруженных при вскрытии убитых животных гидатид. Методы: Данное лабораторное обследование проводили с августа 2015 года по июль 2016 года в двух основных скотобойнях административного округа Асуан для изучения эхинококкоза у верблюдов и овец. Выводы: Всего исследовали 2080 верблюдов и 674 овец. Среди них у 173 верблюдов (8,32%) и у 3 овец (0,45%) были обнаружены переносчики одной или нескольких гидатид. Убитые животные женского пола и старшего возраста были более подвержены заражению данным плероцеркоидом, чем животные мужского пола и более молодого возраста. Гидатиды у убитых животных чаще всего обнаруживали в легком, менее часто - в печени, в то время как множественное заражение и в легком и в печени обнаруживали только у верблюдов. Более высокая встречаемость гидатид у убитых верблюдов была осенью, реже - зимой, в то время как гидатиды у убитых овец были обнаружены только в осенний период. Фертильные кисты в легких и печени убитых верблюдов составляли 83,4% и 30% соответственно, в то время как фертильные кисты в зараженных легких и печени овец составляли 100%. Основные выводы: Данное исследование показало, что убитые животные были заражены гидатидами в высокой возможно из-за существующих социально-экономических условий, благоприятных для развития заболевания и сохранения высокого уровня зараженности. Таким образом, обязательным является создание государственных программ контроля эхинококкоза для снижения уровня распространенности в административном округе Асуан и обеспечения эффективной защиты не только животных, но и людей от риска контактирования с инвазией.

A report on a recent study by the Arab Organisation for Agricultural Development (AOAD) which focuses on the rectification of erroneous policies and the removal of infrastructural obstacles to livestock and meat exportation and which analyses Sudan's four main Arab markets and their potential: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen Arab Republic, and Iraq. Sudan's vast resources of livestock are estimated at 55 million head of cows, sheep, goats and camels. In the light of his financial limitations, the Sudanese exporter, however, needs to be fully subsidized by the government. DÜI-Asd)

"Some 10 million species of plants, animals, and microbes are thought to inhabit the earth, but so far only about 1.5 million of these have been identified. A mere 15 of the approximately 250,000 known plant species provide the world's human population with about 90 percent of its food.1 These crops are wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, soybeans, and common millet. Although these crops are now grown in nearly every nation, only one or two of these crop species originated in any specific country. Among animals, eight species currently provide the bulk of the meat, milk, and eggs consumed by humans. These leading livestock species are cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses, camels, chickens, and ducks. Farms in the United States feed approximately 100 million cattle, 7 million sheep, and 9 billion chickens each year"--

The given research considers toponyms of the Republic of Kazakhstan related to the names of domestic livestock, their species, and products as nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of domestic livestock. The total sum of 341 toponyms named after the cult of domestic livestock from all 14 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan were taken as the data of the study. They were assembled from different geographical maps of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and they were divided into five main groups that were named after the five main species of domestic livestock. They are: 1. Nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of horses; 2. Nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of oxen; 3. Nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of camels; 4. Nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of sheep; 5. Nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of goats. The complex analysis of research data revealed the percentage of each of the five groups mentioned above; it also identified the 15 most common toponyms named after the nomadic cult of domestic livestock and assisted in classifying the mechanisms of naming nomadic culture's toponyms named after the cult of domestic livestock. As a result, this research proposes a pioneering classification of mechanisms for naming nomadic culture's place names, which can manifest some peculiarities of nomadic culture. It also revealed that 56 percent of the 341 toponyms, which were used as data for the study, are associated with the cult of horses. Words associated with the cult of horses in Kazakh culture are widely used in toponyms and serve various functions. These include providing information about incidents that occurred at specific locations, as well as describing the features of geographical objects using characteristics associated with horses and their breeds. The second group of place names in nomadic cultures, named after the cult of domestic livestock, is dedicated to the cult of camels. These constitute approximately 16 percent of all nomadic place names related to the cult of domestic livestock. Camels have played a role in the lives of Central Asian nomads similar to that of horses. Similarly, place names in nomadic cultures associated with the cult of camels serve functions akin to those related to the cult of horses. The Kazakh people even name their children using names that contain elements associated with the cult of camels. The third significant group of place names within the nomadic culture, which is attributed to the worship of domestic livestock, pertains to the cult of sheep. This category constitutes ten percent of all place names related to the nomadic culture's veneration of domestic animals, marginally surpassing the last two groups of such toponyms by only one percent. In Central Asia, nomadic peoples primarily raise sheep for their meat and wool. The Kazakh people have numerous traditions linked to the sheep cult. Even the bones of sheep have been and still are used as toys during national Kazakh games such as "asyk oinau." The etymological aspects and word structure of toponyms of a given group were studied, and the results of the research contain new details about the etymology of some nomadic culture's place names that were considered as the data of the study. The whole research process was conducted in three main phases: the phase of reviewing literature and collecting geographical names; the phase of studying etymology and word structure of research data and identifying the 15 most frequent nomadic culture's toponyms; and the phase of identifying and classifying the main mechanisms of naming nomadic culture's place names named after the cult of domestic livestock.

Received: 14 July 2024 / Accepted: 20 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

AbstractThis article deals with the structure of the pastoral economy of East Trans–Baikalian Buryats (Aginsky region). The herd structure used to include the five basic species of domestic animals of Eurasia: sheep, cattle, horses and, more rarely, goats and camels. A horse was of the utmost economic and status significance. However, the quantity of sheep and goats was larger. The pastoral groups owned the land and the nomads migrated with their herds along their traditional seasonal routes. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the influence of the Russian economy on the Buryat nomadic economy began to increase. In the USSR, these processes were more intensive. A complete sedenterisation of Buryat society took place. Agriculture was developed and nearly one-quarter of the pastures were used as arable lands. The pastoral economy changed from subsistence to one that was guided by the market. Since wool and meat were valuable commodities new breeds of sheep were raised, and the number of sheep increased greatly thereby giving rise to degradation of pastures. The ecological crisis did not develop on a large scale only because political (collapse of the USSR) and economic crises were ahead of it. As a result, the cattle-breeding and livestock economies of the Aginsky Buryats have fallen into decay. At present, although a crisis situation has been held back, progress is not observed.

يعتبر داء المشوكات الكيسي البشري Human cystic echinococcosis الناجم عن مرحلة اليرقات من المشوكة الحبيبية من الأمراض الحيوانية المنشأ ذات الأهمية الكبرى للصحة العامة في جميع أنحاء الشرق الأوسط بما في ذلك ليبيا. يتم تحديد معدلات الانتشار من قبل الماشية التي تعتبر كعائل وسيط في الخزائن المضيفة في ليبيا، تعتبر الحيوانات الأليفة مثل الأغنام والماعز والإبل المصدر الرئيسي للحوم لأن هذه الحيوانات عادة ما يتم ذبحها بمناسبة الزواج والأعياد الدينية الأخرى جنبا إلى جنب مع أعداد الكلاب الضالة الكبيرة في هذه المنطقة تشكل أهمية كبيرة للصحة العامة من داء المشوكات الكيسي. يعد انتشار داء العداريات الكيسي بناءً على بيانات المسالخ المتوفرة في الماشية متوطنًا بشكل مفرط في ليبيا، ووصلت معدلات الإصابة في جميع الحيوانات المذبوحة المنزلية إلى ما يقرب من 50٪. كشفت العديد من التحقيقات في المجازر في ليبيا أن الكيس العدارية هو مرض يصيب مجموعة واسعة من الأنواع الحيوانية ذات معدلات إصابة متفاوتة، على سبيل المثال ، الأغنام (1.6 إلى 40٪) ، الماعز (5.6 إلى 70٪) ، الماشية (2.7 إلى 56٪) والإبل (2.7 إلى 48٪) في مدن ليبيا المختلفة. يمكن أن يكون الاختلاف في الانتشار بين الأنواع المضيفة أيضًا نتيجة لوجود سلالات مختلفة من المشوكة الحبيبية E. granulosus متكيفة شكليًا وكيميائيًا وحيويًا مع كل نوع مزرعة. كانت نسبة الكيس العدارية الخصبة أعلى في الأغنام والماعز والإبل. كان الكبد أكثر إصابة من الرئتين في الأغنام والماعز والماشية. ولكن في رئتي الإبل كانت أكثر إصابة من الأعضاء الأخرى. بسبب عدم وجود سجلات حكومية دقيقة ومحدثة في جميع المسالخ، من الصعب تقدير الخسارة الاقتصادية الدقيقة بسبب مرض العداري في الثروة الحيوانية في البلاد. علاوة على ذلك، يوجد في ليبيا أيضًا العديد من المسالخ الخاصة أو المسالخ غير المنظمة بشكل سيئ والتي لا تخاطب المسؤولين الحكوميين فيما يتعلق بعدوى الأكياس العدارية في الماشية المذبوحة. ; Unilocular Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), in livestock is caused by the larval cystic stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Hydatid cysts in domestic animals lead to protein and economic losses, because of the condemnation of slaughtered animals infected viscera as well as reducing the quality and quantity of the livestock other productions such as milk, wool and meat. In Libya, hydatid disease infects a wide range of domestic animals (sheep, goats, cattle and camels) act as intermediate hosts E. granulosus. Prevalence of cystic hydatidosis based on available abattoirs data in livestock is hyper endemic in Libya and infection rates in all domestic slaughtered animals reached almost 50%. Many abattoir investigations in Libya have revealed that hydatid cyst is a disease, which infect a wide range of animal species with variable rates of infection, for example, sheep (1.6 to 40%), goats (5.6 to 70%), cattle (2.7 to 56%) and camels (2.7 to 48%) in different cities of Libya. Population of stray dogs and its worm burden infection of E. granulosus, socio-economic development, socio- economic agricultural practices, common traditional animal husbandry practices and the practices of slaughtering of domesticated animals continued the transmission of cystic hydatidosis in the various cities of Libya. Importance of echinococcosis given on human health and domestic animals industry, it is necessary to implement monitoring and control measures in this regard in Libya. This requires public health education and awareness about the dangers of the disease and its transmission and preventive routes, education on the appropriate ways of washing and disinfecting of vegetables and fruits, education on the correct ways of animal slaughtering, prevention on feeding dogs by viscera of home-slaughtered animals, prevention on direct contact by dogs faeces, enforce legislation on meat inspection and improve veterinary services in both government as well as private abattoirs in Libya.

This dissertation deals with two issues related to the competitiveness of the Mongolian agricultural sector: pastoral livestock production and sea buckthorn farming. The pastoral livestock sector plays a vital role for rural development in Mongolia. Pastureland is a public good and herders are free to let their livestock graze. The number of livestock heavily influences sectoral development. Increasing numbers of goats causes pastureland degradation due to goats' grazing habits. Nonetheless, nomadic herders hold more goats than other types of livestock because cashmere is the basis for their cash income. However, it is unconfirmed whether goats are the most competitive/profitable animal compared with sheep, cattle, horse and camel. The aim of this study is to analyse the competitiveness of livestock production in Mongolia using the Policy Analysis Matrix approach. The approach takes into account private and social revenues and costs to analyse the competitiveness of production. The literature to date has not yet worked with primary, disaggregated, individual farm data for nomadic pastoral livestock husbandry in Mongolia. We use two years of panel data from 176 herder households in Bulgan County, Khovd province of Mongolia, and analyse five types of meat, milk and hides, and four types of hair/wool. We conclude that the estimated cost of pastureland has little effect on the competitiveness of livestock production. Our results show that pastoral livestock production in Mongolia is privately and socially competitive. Cattle is the most competitive livestock type from both the private and social perspectives, not the goat as the current management implies, in particular because cattle require less labour than goats. The most competitive households have larger numbers of livestock, lower mortality rates in Dzud disaster, cattle based production, and less mobility costs than the least competitive households. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides) provides multiple products that are very nutritious and healthy. Plus, sea buckthorn mitigates against desertification. The most valuable output is oil, extracted from the pulp and seeds of the sea buckthorn berry. Scientists in the fields of ecology, botany, environmental sciences, food and medicine have studied sea buckthorn. However, there is no solid economic and market analysis for sea buckthorn, which traces back to a lack of data. We analyse the private and social competitiveness of sea buckthorn farming of 21 households in Bulgan county of Khovd province in Mongolia. We confirm that half of the interviewed sea buckthorn berry farmers are competitive, yet their level of competitiveness is not very high. This could be caused by lack of experience in sea buckthorn farming. Interestingly, the private competitiveness level is lower than the social one. Output prices are high due to government support policies; however input prices are also and even more distorted. Consequently, producers display low levels of private profitability. Hence, to improve the private competitiveness, the policies should focus towards decreasing the costs of inputs of the production system. The level of competitiveness of sea buckthorn farming has increased from 2012 to 2013, which might be due to the government's "Sea Buckthorn National Programme". According to interviewed producers, the most serious challenge facing sea buckthorn production is lack of finance, which is also evidenced that more than one third of the total cost of the farming is composed of investment costs.

With global food crises and food price volatility in recent years, agricultural subsidies have once again gained prominence as a policy instrument in many developing countries. In Mongolia too, subsidies to the agriculture sector mainly through government budgetary transfers, have increased over time. These gained prominence in 2008 when a global, regional (the drought in Russia, and Kazakhstan, the two main suppliers to Mongolia), and the national food production shortfall sent domestic wheat prices soaring to record levels. Wheat production had reached an all-time low during the years 2005 to 2007. Consequently, subsidies to crop, livestock, and agroprocessing sectors have increased since 2008, and now represent a complex set of programs, sometimes with conflicting and overlapping goals and intended beneficiaries.

Under the Paris Agreement, countries should update their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) every five years, with progressive ambition in each new submission. Kenya plans to review and revise its NDC in June 2020. The State Department for Livestock has undertaken a stock-taking exercise with support from UNIQUE forestry and land use, CCAFS and GRA. This report summarizes the main findings and recommendations for the livestock sub-sector contribution to enhanced climate change ambition. The livestock sub-sector is well aligned with Kenya's comprehensive policy framework: The livestock sub-sector is critical to achieving Kenya's development objectives, including the Big Four Agenda and the Agriculture Sector Growth and Transformation Strategy (ASGTS, 2019-2029). The prioritization exercise that informed the ASGTS highlighted dairy, beef, sheep/goat, poultry and camel as being among Kenya's 13 value chains with high potential for agricultural transformation and are central to achieving the objectives of the three ASGTS anchors. The Kenya Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy and Implementation Framework (KCSAIF) sets out clear actions that are in line with livestock sub-sector priorities. With the exception of the dairy industry where some progress has been made, implementation of the KCSAIF in different live-stock industries (e.g., beef, sheep, goats, poultry) is in its early stages. The livestock sub-sector is central to Kenya's climate change ambitions: Livestock is the largest source of GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, accounting for over 50% of GHG emissions in the Second National Communication, mainly due to enteric fermentation. Trends in livestock GHG emissions are also key drivers of the business as usual (BAU) scenario in Kenya's first NDC. The projections underlying the BAU scenario in the first NDC assumed 1% annual average growth in enteric fermentation emissions from 2010 to 2030. Official livestock population data combined with IPCC 2006 Tier 1 emission factors show that from 2000 to 2018, enteric fermentation emissions in fact increased by 8.5% per year, and have exceeded the BAU projections in every year since 2007. Assuming annual growth of 3.34%, livestock enteric fermentation emissions in 2030 could exceed 33 Mt CO2e, which is more than double the estimated emissions in 2010. Increasing livestock GHG emissions are mainly driven by rising demand for meat and milk due to increasing population, urbanization and rising incomes. As other sectors decarbonize, agricultural emissions – led by livestock emissions – will become more important. Livestock can also contribute to GHG mitigation. A Dairy NAMA has been proposed, with an estimated mitigation potential of 8.8 Mt CO2e over a 10-year period. The Dairy NAMA has not yet been implemented due to lack of financial support. Other livestock industries also have mitigation potential and there are strong synergies with adaptation. However, the technical feasibility, costs and benefits have not yet been assessed in detail. The majority of non-dairy cattle and small ruminants are raised in the arid and semi-arid areas, where adaptation to climate change and food security are national priorities. Livestock sub-sector contributions to enhanced NDC: NDCs can be enhanced on the basis of a stocking taking of trends, policies and measures, and actions of sub-national and non-state actors in the sector; by updating assumptions and analysis; by ensuring alignment of the NDC with sector development objectives; by ensuring complete coverage of sectors and sub-sectors; and by ensuring that adaptation priorities, policies and plans are appropriately reflected. Based on a stock-taking, the following pathways to NDC enhancement have been identified in the livestock sector. In addition to pursuing financing of the Dairy NAMA, in line with the recommendation in the Mitigation Technical Analysis Report, during the 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan implementation period the livestock sub-sector should build expertise and improve data for mitigation action, while focusing climate change efforts on adaptation. In particular, actions to enhance mitigation ambition and promote adaptation actions are proposed in the following four areas. (1) In-depth assessment and identification of adaptation and mitigation options. This will contribute to identification of feasible livestock sub-sector climate actions for inclusion in the third NDC. •Documentation of vulnerability to climate change and extreme events by livestock in different production systems and in grasslands, for evidenced based development of policies and measures in the livestock sub-sector. •In-depth feasibility assessment in each production system for each livestock species for upscaled implementation of key adaptation and mitigation strategies. •Inventory of domestic (national and county government, non-government, private sector) and internationally-supported initiatives that promote key adaptation and mitigation strategies. •Stakeholder-led identification of adaptation and mitigation initiatives for upscaling. (2) Develop a Livestock Sub-Sector Climate Change Action Plan.T his will support coordination in the sub-sector and assist in resource mobilization for enhanced climate action. •Engage stakeholders and key supporting institutions in the main initiatives in each production system for each species to identify actions to support upscaled implementation of key adaptation and mitigation actions in the livestock sub-sector and ensure coordination with stakeholders. •Develop strategies for the national government to promote climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in the livestock sub-sector, including: -strategies to ensure that these actions are mainstreamed in the workplans of state department for livestock divisions and units and related semi-autonomous government agencies; -strategies to ensure that these actions are mainstreamed in the work of other relevant MDAs and county governments; -strategies to support non-government and private sector actors to address sector support needs; -coordination mechanisms to engage the key stakeholders in each strategy. (3) Improve monitoring and evaluation of livestock sub-sector climate actions. This will support sector coordination, enable tracking of non-state climate actions and support UNFCCC reporting•Design livestock CSA monitoring & evaluation (M&E) system to provide and track information on: -Progress in implementing Livestock Sub-sector Climate Change Action Plan; -KCSAIF M&E framework indicators; -Information required by sub-sector stakeholders; -Other indicators as required by national measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems (e.g. adaptation and mitigation action registry). (4) Improve MRV of livestock GHG emissions. This will improve national capacities for MRV to support implementation and tracking of climate actions. •GHG inventory compilation: -Continue to compile and submit the Tier 2 dairy cattle GHG inventory on an annual basis; -Expand application of Tier 2 method to the other livestock species; -Continue to build state department for livestock capacity for GHG inventory compilation. •GHG inventory improvement: -Collaborate with national and county stakeholders to improve livestock administrative statistics in line with GHG inventory data needs; -Strengthen county capacities for improved livestock data collection. •MRV system improvement: -Revise NDC GHG BAU projections for livestock GHG emissions based on Tier 2 emission factors and revised livestock population time series in view of the 2019 livestock census results; -Develop models for tracking change in emission intensity of livestock production in line with key adaptation and mitigation strategies. This report summarizes the state of knowledge and action in the livestock sub-sector regarding adaptation and mitigation, highlighting gaps and priorities for future policy developments. The first chapter provides a general overview of the sector's position in relation to climate change in Kenya. The following four chapters review priorities for adaptation and mitigation for each of the main livestock species (dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle, small ruminants and poultry). The final chapter assesses policy and institutional issues, and provides recommendations for the State Department for Livestock, with a focus on near-term actions to increase the livestock sector's support to enhanced climate change ambitions. ; Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases ; UNIQUE Forestry and Other Land Use GmbH ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security