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Our research goal has been to find the optimal nutrient media for initiation of the primary callus in the species of the Cactaceae family. Common methods of plant biotechnology were used. Primary explants of the cacti were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS medium). The content of macro- and microelements has been diluted twice (½ MS) and the vitamins (B1 and B6 – 0.5 mg/l, PP – 1 mg/l) were added, as well as 100 mg/l meso-isonitol and 20 g/l of sucrose. It was determined that callus formation formed efficiently when cultivated on half MS media with 20 g/l sucrose, 3 mg/l 6- benzylaminopurine, 0,2 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid,0,1 mg/l α-napthaleneacetic acid and 5 mg/l ascorbic acid. It was discovered, that for initiation of tissue differentiation and cacti callus formation, high concentrations of cytokinine-active growth regulators are required.

Histological events occurring in the calluses of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. at the initial stages of in vitro culture (1 passage) were described for the first time. It was found that the non-morphogenic callus is mainly represented by parenchymal tissue with few morphogenetic foci, mostly degenerated. In morphogenic calluses the morphogenesis pathways such as de novo organogenesis and indirect in vitro somatic embryogenesis have been identified and multiple developing morphogenetic foci have been noted also. The question of the realization of the pluri- and totipotency properties of callus cells in vitro is discussed. The histological data can be used in choosing the direction of application of regenerants obtained from calluses of this valuable essential oil and medicinal plant in various cell technologies.

The study revealed the results of the comparative analysis of the deoxyribonucleoproteid complex (chromatin) lipid composition in the callus and explant nuclei of plants, belonging to different systematic groups (winter rye, potatoes, peas). It provided the data on the phospho- and neutral lipid composition of the investigated plants and showed that the phospholipid content in the explants from dormant winter rye seed embryos and potato stems, having low metabolic activity, is significantly higher than in the calluses in the stage of active proliferation. Both winter rye and potato calluses tend to have a lower share of neutral lipids, including sterols, in their composition. The revealed factors can be used as markers of metabolic activity of the plant cell biology objects (callus and cell cultures).

The availability of high-quality seeds is now a necessity. This is due to a government program to replace oil palm trees in smallholder plantations with high quality seeds. An efficient protocol to produce a large number of embryos is needed. To increase the number of embryogenic callus production, the callus proliferation experiment was carried out through suspension culture. This study aimed to examine the proliferation ability of embryogenic callus from three different oil palm clones, in several repeated subcultures. Liquid MS media added with 1 ppm 2.4-D and 0.1 ppm NAA were used. Embryogenic callus was weighed by 0.1 - 0.2 g, transferred into the liquid media, shaking at 60-80 rpm and 27 ºC for 8 weeks without light. Continues subcultures were repeated up to 7 times. The results showed that the growth rate of embryogenic callus increased in the third and fourth subcultures and then decreased in subsequent subcultures. It also revealed that the entire embryogenic callus from the first subculture up to seventh subculture still has the ability to regenerate into new plants. These results indicate that oil palm embryogenic callus can be proliferated by suspension culture with a limit up to the fourth subculture. Ketersediaan benih kelapa sawit berkualitas saat ini merupakan kebutuhan karena adanya program pemerintah untuk menggantikan tanaman sawit di kebun-kebun petani. Salah satu cara vegetatif yang dapat dilakukan adalah meningkatkan jumlah kalus embriogenik yang dihasilkan melalui pengembangan kultur suspensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kemampuan proliferasi kalus embriogenik dari tiga klon kelapa sawit, pada beberapa kali subkultur yang berulang. Media cair MS dengan penambahan 1 ppm 2,4-D dan 0,1 ppm NAA digunakan untuk memperbanyak 0,1–0,2 g kalus embriogenik, dikocok pada 60-80 rpm dan suhu 27 ºC tanpa cahaya selama 8 minggu. Subkultur berulang dilakukan hingga 7 kali. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan proliferasi kalus dipengaruhi oleh genotip tanaman induk. Rata-rata kalus embriogenik dapat meningkat pada subkultur ke-3 dan ke-4 dan semakin menurun pada subkultur selanjutnya. Kalus embriogenik hasil proliferasi subkultur pertama hingga ke-7 dapat tumbuh menjadi calon tanaman baru. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kalus embriogenik kelapa sawit dapat diperbanyak dengan kultur suspensi pada batas sampai subkultur ke-4.

The availability of high-quality seeds is now a necessity. This is due to a government program to replace oil palm trees in smallholder plantations with high quality seeds. An efficient protocol to produce a large number of embryos is needed. To increase the number of embryogenic callus production, the callus proliferation experiment was carried out through suspension culture. This study aimed to examine the proliferation ability of embryogenic callus from three different oil palm clones, in several repeated subcultures. Liquid MS media added with 1 ppm 2.4-D and 0.1 ppm NAA were used. Embryogenic callus was weighed by 0.1 - 0.2 g, transferred into the liquid media, shaking at 60-80 rpm and 27 ºC for 8 weeks without light. Continues subcultures were repeated up to 7 times. The results showed that the growth rate of embryogenic callus increased in the third and fourth subcultures and then decreased in subsequent subcultures. It also revealed that the entire embryogenic callus from the first subculture up to seventh subculture still has the ability to regenerate into new plants. These results indicate that oil palm embryogenic callus can be proliferated by suspension culture with a limit up to the fourth subculture. Ketersediaan benih kelapa sawit berkualitas saat ini merupakan kebutuhan karena adanya program pemerintah untuk menggantikan tanaman sawit di kebun-kebun petani. Salah satu cara vegetatif yang dapat dilakukan adalah meningkatkan jumlah kalus embriogenik yang dihasilkan melalui pengembangan kultur suspensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kemampuan proliferasi kalus embriogenik dari tiga klon kelapa sawit, pada beberapa kali subkultur yang berulang. Media cair MS dengan penambahan 1 ppm 2,4-D dan 0,1 ppm NAA digunakan untuk memperbanyak 0,1–0,2 g kalus embriogenik, dikocok pada 60-80 rpm dan suhu 27 ºC tanpa cahaya selama 8 minggu. Subkultur berulang dilakukan hingga 7 kali. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan proliferasi kalus dipengaruhi oleh genotip tanaman induk. Rata-rata kalus embriogenik dapat meningkat pada subkultur ke-3 dan ke-4 dan semakin menurun pada subkultur selanjutnya. Kalus embriogenik hasil proliferasi subkultur pertama hingga ke-7 dapat tumbuh menjadi calon tanaman baru. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kalus embriogenik kelapa sawit dapat diperbanyak dengan kultur suspensi pada batas sampai subkultur ke-4.

The current study aimed to adopt a method for inducing callus cells and regenerating the important common red bean using different types of growth regulators such as N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and Thidiazuron (TDZ). Different types of common bean pinto cultivar explants, such as internodes, cotyledons and roots, were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) provided with different combinations of plant growth regulators, including 1- BAP (5 mg/l) 2-BAP (4.5 mg/l) NAA (0.5 mg/l), 3- BAP (4.5 mg/l), and TDZ (0.1mg/l). Callus was initiated on MS culture medium supplied with 5 mg/l BAP for all explants (internodes, cotyledons, and roots) at 50, 20, and 10% respectively, while adding NAA with 0.5mg/l showed a low percentage of callus (30%) only in the internode explants. Optimum results were obtained by growing the internodes on MS medium with 4.5 mg/l BA and either 0.5 mg/l NAA or 0.1 mg/l TDZ, transplanting the derived shoots into internodes and cotyledons with 70 and 10% respectively. This study concludes that the internodes as explants have the best growth results.

Mass propagation of cassava on several hectares of arable land due to increasing demand for its starch is not feasible due to land availability, pests and disease invasion, and long cultivation period. Plant cell culture technology is a promising solution despite the scarcity of cassava callus culture for starch production applications. Therefore, a systematic mapping study (SMS) was performed to identify the applications of cassava tissue culture and its prospects in starch production and investigate the important parameters for cassava callus culture initiation. The SMS began with formulating research questions (RQs), conducting searches on various databases, collecting and screening related articles, and extracting and mapping the selected articles. A total of 56 of 589 articles in the initial searching phase were chosen to be used as references to answer each RQ. The extracted data indicates that cassava tissue culture was mostly used for micropropagation, while starch production from its tissue culture is still limited. Basal medium and plant growth regulators influence cassava callus culture initiation most. The findings of the SMS offer a better understanding of cassava tissue culture and the prospects of producing cassava starch.

This study looked at the amount of tropane alkaloids in both the leaves of the mother plant and the callus cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. It also looked at how biotic elicitation affects the growth of callus cultures and increases the production of alkaloids. The investigation identified and quantified three primary tropane alkaloids (Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, and Atropine) from both sources. Remarkably, the callus cultures exhibited obviously higher levels of alkaloids in comparison to the leaves of the mother plant, implying their potential as a valuable reservoir for alkaloid production. Concerning the effects of biotic elicitation, the study showed that the application of chitosan (CHT), yeast extract (YE), and fungal extract of Trichoderma asperellum yielded a substantial decrease in callus weight when contrasted with the control group. This decrease became more pronounced with escalating concentrations of the elicitors. In terms of alkaloid synthesis, a clear correlation between the concentration of bio stimulants and tropane alkaloid levels was established. Particularly, CHT elicitation displayed the most pronounced enhancement in levels of tropane alkaloids among the three elicitors. Notably, the highest CHT concentration of 40 mg/L yielded the most elevated levels of alkaloids, measuring at 25.3 µg/g for Hyoscyamine, 31.2 µg/g for Scopolamine, and 21.5 µg/g for Atropine. This represents approximate percentage increases in concentration of 208%, 183%, and 198%, respectively, when compared to the control treatment. Generally, these findings carry significant implications for advancing tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, with potential applications spanning the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors.