Suchergebnisse

Darstellungen der Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts und die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, der Shoah und des Zweiten Weltkrieges sind immer wieder Gegenstand von kulturellen Produkten. Sie bilden einen zentralen Teil im kollektiven Gedächtnis von gegenwärtigen Mediengesellschaften. Speziell die Repräsentation der Täterinnen und Täter der NS-Zeit erwies sich als besonders umstrittenes Thema des Erinnerungskultur. Gerade die Rezeption Adolf Hitlers nahm in Anbetracht der Vielfalt der Darstellungen der historischen Persönlichkeit (von Historienfilmen über Komödie und Satire bis hin zu Trashfilmen) eine besondere Stellung ein. Trotz der großen Anzahl an kulturellen Produkten nehmen das gesellschaftliche Interesse und damit die Notwendigkeit, sich mit diesen Darstellungen vertiefend auseinanderzusetzen, nicht ab. Dies gilt auch für eines der jüngeren Beispiele in der langen Geschichte der künstlerischen Repräsentation Adolf Hitlers, nämlich der deutschen Filmproduktion "Er ist wieder da" von David Wnendt aus dem Jahr 2015. Gemeinsam mit dem im Jahr 2012 gleichnamig erschienenen Roman von Timur Vermes, der zum Bestseller und international rezipiert wurde, und dem damit verbundenen und ähnlich erfolgreichen Hörbuch steht der Film für ein multimediales, massenwirksames kulturelles Phänomen. Besonders der Film weist durch seine Einbettung in den politischen und gesellschaftlichen Kontext, aber auch durch die Bezüge zur Geschichtskultur eine außerordentliche Relevanz auf. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit dem Film "Er ist wieder da" (2015) und untersucht die Darstellung Adolf Hitlers im Zusammenhang mit dem Medienwandel und der Erinnerungskultur. Auf Diskursen über Zeitgeschichte, das Medium Film und die Digitalisierung aufbauend, arbeitet sie heraus, wie sich "Er ist wieder da" in die lange Filmgeschichte von Charlie Chaplin über Mel Brooks bis hin zu "Der Untergang" (2004) und "Inglourious Basterds" (2009) einordnet. Vor dem Hintergrund der Public History geht sie auch auf die Darstellung von unterschiedlichen Medien und Orten der Erinnerungskultur, unter anderem "Influencer", YouTube und deren Rolle für den Umgang mit der Vergangenheit, ein. In einem fachdidaktischen Teil bereitet die Arbeit einen Vorschlag zur Behandlung des Filmes "Er ist wieder da" im Unterrichtsfach Geschichte, Sozialkunde/Politische Bildung auf. Eine Dekonstruktion des Spielfilmes fokussiert dabei die Macht der Medien am Beispiel von YouTube und zielt auf eine kritische Reflexion in Form einer Videoproduktion durch Schülerinnen und Schüler ab. ; Representations of the history of the 20th century and the era of National Socialism, the Shoa and World War Two have often been the subject of cultural productions. As such, they have become a central part of collective memory of the contemporary "media society". In particular, the depiction of the perpetrators and central actors of the Nazi era has turned out to be a highly controversial issue of the culture of remembrance. In consideration of the large variety of representations, the figure of Adolf Hitler has occupied an extraordinary space. Despite the high number of cultural products the interest in society and, thus, the necessity to critically reflect on the depictions have not diminished. This is also the case for a recent example from the rich history of the artistic reception of Adolf Hitler, namely the 2015 German production "Look Who's Back" ("Er ist wieder da") by David Wnendt. Based on the novel of the same name by Timur Vermes (2012), which was a major international bestseller, and in connection with the similarly successful audiobook, the film has made it to a popular cultural phenomenon. Especially the film stands out for its relation to the socio-political context, but also for its references to historical culture. Therefore, the diploma thesis discusses the movie "Look Who's Back" (2015) and investigates the representation of Adolf Hitler in connection with the transition of the media and the culture of remembrance. Drawing on discourses about contemporary history, the medium film and digitisation, the thesis delineates how "Look Who's Back" can be integrated into the history of film, ranging from Charlie Chaplin and Mel Brooks to "Downfall" (2004) and "Inglourious Basterds" (2009). From the backdrop of the concept of public history, the representation of various media and sites of memory - among others "Influencers", YouTube and their role for dealing with the past - is considered. In a didactic part the thesis offers an approach to use the film "Look Who's Back" in the subjects of history and political education. The focus lies on the deconstruction of the film and on discussing the power of the media with the example of YouTube. The lesson plan aims at fostering critical awareness by reflecting on this issue in the form of a video production by students. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Innsbruck, Univ., Diplomarb., 2019 ; (VLID)4497298

Приведен краткий научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Сергее Павловиче Королеве, ставшем одним из основоположников отечественного ракетостроения и практической космонавтики. Отмечен важный вклад бывших немецких ракетчиков, работавших в СССР после окончания Второй мировой войны, в разработку первых советских баллистических ракет. Описаны основные научно-технические достижения С.П. Королева в области создания советского стратегического ракетного оружия и современной ракетно-космической техники для освоения землянами ближнего и дальнего космического пространства. Показано, что главный конструктор С.П. Королев является «отцом» отечественной ракетно-космической техники, обеспечившей запуск первого в мире советского искусственного спутника Земли (1957 г.) и пребывание на околоземной космической орбите первого в истории человечества советского космонавта Ю.А. Гагарина (1961 г.). ; Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics, distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technology Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and development in the world of space-rocket technique and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev, becoming one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics. The important deposit of former German people, creating rockets, workings in the USSR after completion of the World War II is marked, in development of the first Soviet ballistic rockets. Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist and practical worker, becoming in 1950 a Chief Designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (SDB-1), S.P. Korolev in area of creation of Soviet strategic rocket weapon (rocket-nuclear «shield») and modern space-rocket technique for mastering of near and distant space tellurians. It is pointed out that under the direction of the Chief Designer of SDB-1 S.P. Korolev in the USSR was developed and accepted on the armament of Soviet Army consisting of two stages intercontinental ballistic rocket (ICBR) of type P-7 (1956, military index 8K71, by power of thermonuclear war-head in 5 Mt and distance of its flight in 8 thousands km) with the liquid rocket engines (LRE) of type РД-107 and РД-108 of design of distinguished Soviet designer in area of rocket engines V.P. Glushko. It is indicated that the Chief Designer S.P. Korolev is the «father» of domestic space-rocket technique, providing by powerful launch vehicles, created in the USSR on the basis of ICBR with LRE of РД-7 type (military index 8K71), start of first in the world of Soviet space satellite (on Octobers, 4, 1957) and start on the circumterrestrial space orbit of the first in history humanity of Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin (on April, 12, 1961). Originality. Certain systematization is executed of known from mass medias of scientific and technical materials, touching becoming and development in the USSR of rocket production, at the sources of which the talented scientist-practical worker and distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineer and technical and scientific workers of physical and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of modern rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren immer mehr Männer im Kriegseinsatz und Frauen blieben in der Heimat zurück. Dieses führte dazu, dass Frauen immer wichtiger für die Arbeitswelt wurden. So wurde es für die Gesellschaft immer selbstverständli-cher, dass Frauen studierten und auch Berufe übernahmen, welche vorher vorwiegend Männern zugeschrieben wurden. Gerade im Studienfach Medizin wurde zu Beginn der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus versucht, Frauen den Zugang zu erschweren. Als jedoch durch den Krieg ein immer größerer Mangel an Ärzten entstand und immer weniger Männer ein Studium beginnen konnten, wurden diese Zugangsbeschränkungen wieder gelockert. So stieg die Zahl der Studentinnen an den Universitäten immer weiter an und es wurden im Verlauf immer mehr Frauen als Ärztinnen tätig. In der Nachkriegszeit und den folgenden 1950er Jahren wurde durch die Politik und die Kirchen in Westdeutsch-land versucht, diese Entwicklung aufzuhalten. So wurde die Normalfamilie propagiert und die Frau wieder in ihrer Rolle als Hausfrau und Mutter gesehen. In Westdeutsch-land fiel durch diese Tendenzen der Anteil der Medizinstudentinnen und Studentinnen in anderen Studienfächern wieder ab. In der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und in der im Verlauf entstehenden Deutschen Demokratischen Republik wurden schon mit Be-ginn der 1950er Jahre vermehrt Frauenkarrieren gefördert, hier konnte ein Anstieg der Zahlen der Studentinnen an den Universitäten verzeichnet werden und schließlich auch im Arztberuf. Auch wenn in der DDR vermehrt Einrichtungen zur Unterstützung der berufstätigen Frau errichtet wurden, wie etwa Kindergärten, war es trotz der Förderung durch den Staat für Frauen nicht einfach, Beruf und Karriere zu vereinen, auch wenn es in der DDR für Frauen weitaus einfacher war als in Westdeutschland. Dort war dies ohne Hilfe durch die Familie oder Kindermädchen noch weniger möglich. Um über-haupt zum Medizinstudium zugelassen zu werden, war eine Hochschulzugangsberechti-gung nötig, welche auf dem Gymnasium erworben werden musste. In dieser Zeit war es für Frauen durchaus unüblich, ein Gymnasium zu besuchen und Medizin zu studieren, so zumindest war die Annahme im Vorfeld dieser Arbeit. Stehen die Biographien der Ärztinnen in einem Verhältnis zu den zeithistorischen Ent-wicklungen, wie ist ihre subjektive Wahrnehmung zu dieser Zeit, wie haben sie es emp-funden Ärztin und Frau zu sein und welchen Beeinträchtigungen, das Medizinstudium zu bestreiten und den Arztberuf auszuüben, waren sie ausgesetzt. Um diese Fragen be-antworten zu können wurde die Geschlechterordnung in der Nachkriegszeit und den 1950er Jahre in West- und Ostdeutschland beleuchtet. ; During World War II more and more men were on war missions while women stayed at home. So women gained more importance in the world of work. As a result it was increasingly taken for granted in society that women went to university and took up professions which previously had predominantly been attributed to men. In particular, in the beginning of the emergence of the National Socialist era, access to the study of medicine for women had been made more difficult. When due to the consequences of the war the shortage of medical doctors increased and fewer men could take up medical studies, restricted access was relaxed. So the number of female students continued to rise and as a consequence more and more women were employed as medical doctors. In the post-war period and the following nineteen-fifties politics and the churches in Western Germany tried to stop this trend. Thus, the "normal family" was propagated and the woman was seen again in her traditional role as housewife and mother. In West Germany, on account of this policy, the proportion of female students in medicine or other fields of study declined. In the Soviet Occupation Zone and in the German Democratic Republic, which was formed in the course of this period, women's careers were already increasingly promoted at the beginning of the 1950s, with an increase in the number of female students at universities and finally in the medical profession. Even though more and more institutions were set up in the GDR to support working women, such as kindergartens, it was not easy for women to combine work and career As a matter of fact , however, it was still easier for women in the GDR than in West Germany. There this was extremely difficult without the support of the family or nannies. Access to medical studies was not possible without authorisation obtained by graduating from grammar school. At that time it was quite unusual for women to attend a grammar school let alone take up medical studies. At any rate, this was the assumption prior to this thesis. Are the biographies of female medical doctors in relation to historical developments of the time ? What about their subjective perception at that time? What were their feelings as to being woman and female medical doctor at the same time? What impairments concerning studies and profession did they have to overcome? In order to find answers to these questons it was essential to examine the gender order in the post-war period and the 1950s, both in West and East Germany.

Die digitale Transformation der Gesellschaft birgt enorme Potenziale für Unternehmen aus allen Sektoren. Diese verfügen aufgrund neuer Datenquellen, wachsender Rechenleistung und verbesserter Konnektivität über rasant steigende Datenmengen. Um im digitalen Wandel zu bestehen und Wettbewerbsvorteile in Bezug auf Effizienz und Effektivität heben zu können müssen Unternehmen die verfügbaren Daten nutzen und datengetriebene Entscheidungsprozesse etablieren. Dennoch verwendet die Mehrheit der Firmen lediglich Tools aus dem Bereich "descriptive analytics" und nur ein kleiner Teil der Unternehmen macht bereits heute von den Möglichkeiten der "predictive analytics" und "prescriptive analytics" Gebrauch. Ziel dieser Dissertation, die aus vier inhaltlich abgeschlossenen Teilen besteht, ist es, Einsatzmöglichkeiten von "prescriptive analytics" zu identifizieren. Da prädiktive Modelle eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für "prescriptive analytics" sind, thematisieren die ersten beiden Teile dieser Arbeit Verfahren aus dem Bereich "predictive analytics." Ausgehend von Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens wird zunächst die Entwicklung eines prädiktiven Modells am Beispiel der Kapazitäts- und Personalplanung bei einem IT-Beratungsunternehmen veranschaulicht. Im Anschluss wird eine Toolbox für Data Science Anwendungen entwickelt. Diese stellt Entscheidungsträgern Richtlinien und bewährte Verfahren für die Modellierung, das Feature Engineering und die Modellinterpretation zur Verfügung. Der Einsatz der Toolbox wird am Beispiel von Daten eines großen deutschen Industrieunternehmens veranschaulicht. Verbesserten Prognosen, die von leistungsfähigen Vorhersagemodellen bereitgestellt werden, erlauben es Entscheidungsträgern in einigen Situationen bessere Entscheidungen zu treffen und auf diese Weise einen Mehrwert zu generieren. In vielen komplexen Entscheidungssituationen ist die Ableitungen von besseren Politiken aus zur Verfügung stehenden Prognosen jedoch oft nicht trivial und erfordert die Entwicklung neuer Planungsalgorithmen. Aus diesem Grund fokussieren sich die letzten beiden Teile dieser Arbeit auf Verfahren aus dem Bereich "prescriptive analytics". Hierzu wird zunächst analysiert, wie die Vorhersagen prädiktiver Modelle in präskriptive Politiken zur Lösung eines "Optimal Searcher Path Problem" übersetzt werden können. Trotz beeindruckender Fortschritte in der Forschung im Bereich künstlicher Intelligenz sind die Vorhersagen prädiktiver Modelle auch heute noch mit einer gewissen Unsicherheit behaftet. Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit schlägt einen präskriptiven Ansatz vor, der diese Unsicherheit berücksichtigt. Insbesondere wird ein datengetriebenes Verfahren für die Einsatzplanung im Außendienst entwickelt. Dieser Ansatz integriert Vorhersagen bezüglich der Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeiten und die Modellqualität des entsprechenden Vorhersagemodells in ein "Team Orienteering Problem." ; The digital transformation of business and society presents enormous potentials for companies across all sectors. Fueled by massive advances in data generation, computing power, and connectivity, modern organizations have access to gigantic amounts of data. Companies seek to establish data-driven decision cultures to leverage competitive advantages in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. While most companies focus on descriptive tools such as reporting, dashboards, and advanced visualization, only a small fraction already leverages advanced analytics (i.e., predictive and prescriptive analytics) to foster data-driven decision-making today. Therefore, this thesis set out to investigate potential opportunities to leverage prescriptive analytics in four different independent parts. As predictive models are an essential prerequisite for prescriptive analytics, the first two parts of this work focus on predictive analytics. Building on state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, we showcase the development of a predictive model in the context of capacity planning and staffing at an IT consulting company. Subsequently, we focus on predictive analytics applications in the manufacturing sector. More specifically, we present a data science toolbox providing guidelines and best practices for modeling, feature engineering, and model interpretation to manufacturing decision-makers. We showcase the application of this toolbox on a large data-set from a German manufacturing company. Merely using the improved forecasts provided by powerful predictive models enables decision-makers to generate additional business value in some situations. However, many complex tasks require elaborate operational planning procedures. Here, transforming additional information into valuable actions requires new planning algorithms. Therefore, the latter two parts of this thesis focus on prescriptive analytics. To this end, we analyze how prescriptive analytics can be utilized to determine policies for an optimal searcher path problem based on predictive models. While rapid advances in artificial intelligence research boost the predictive power of machine learning models, a model uncertainty remains in most settings. The last part of this work proposes a prescriptive approach that accounts for the fact that predictions are imperfect and that the arising uncertainty needs to be considered. More specifically, it presents a data-driven approach to sales-force scheduling. Based on a large data set, a model to predictive the benefit of additional sales effort is trained. Subsequently, the predictions, as well as the prediction quality, are embedded into the underlying team orienteering problem to determine optimized schedules.

У статті розглянуті два законодавчі акти Німеччини, присвячені регулюванню авторського права і суміжних прав в інформаційному суспільстві. Перший введений в дію 10 вересня 2003 гора (Закон 2003 роки), другий посилання — 1 січня 2008 року (Закон 2008 року), якими внесено істотні зміни до Закону Німеччини про авторське право і суміжні права від 9 вересня 1965 року. Досліджено нововведення зазначених законодавчих актів Німеччини, які рекомендовано розглядати при подальшому вдосконаленні національного законодавства України у сфері авторського права і суміжних прав. ; В статье рассмотрены два законодательных акта Германии, посвященные регулированию авторского права и смежных прав в информационном обществе.Первый введен в действие 10 сентября 2003 гора (Закон 2003 года), второй — 1 января 2008 года (Закон 2008 года), которыми внесены значительные изменения в Закон Германии об авторском праве и смежных правах от 9 сентября 1965 года. Исследованы нововведения указанных законодательных актов Германии, которые рекомендовано рассматривать при дельнейшем совершенствовании национального законодательства Украины в области авторского права и смежных прав. ; The article discusses two legislative acts of Germany on the regulation of copyright and related rights in the information society. The first was enacted on September 10, 2003 (the 2003 law) and the second — January 1, 2008 (the 2008 law), which introduced significant changes to the German law of September 3, 1965 (on copyright and related rights).The main innovation of the 2003 law introduced the rights to publicity post rights works on the Internet and its restrictions prohibit the use of technical means of protecting works without the consent of the authors. The law also prohibits the copying of works for personal use in cases where a copy is used to create a copy (the counterfeitingof which is obvious). The main points of the reform envisaged by the 2008 law: in paragraph 31 of the «Copyright and Related Rights» Law the fourth paragraph containing a ban on granting rights use was crossed out. The system of determining the amount of funds that arepayable by importers of manufacturers and equipment and material carriers used to reproduce works replacement by contractual. Amendments were made to the article containing the rules of free coping for personal purposes. New laws were established on thelegislative framework for the use of copyright works in the field of education and science.As of March 1, 2017, new rules for exclusive licenses apply in Germany. Thus, «exclusivity » under an exclusive license reduced to 10 years (paragraph 40 A); after a ten-year license period, are considered non-exclusive and the author may freely and free of chargeoperate the licensed work and grant licenses to other persons. After the first five years of the period, only its licenses may be agreed by the parties and agreed to extend the exclusivity beyond ten years. This provides the authors with the opportunity to claim additionalcompensation for extended exclusivity, especially where practice has shown that there is real commercial success by the end of the first five years of the license.Introducing also reporting obligations (paragraphs 32 d and 32 c): new rules for author authorizing the right to require licensees of annual reports detailing how licensed works are used and the amount of revenue generated from such use.Investigated the innovations of legislative acts in Germany, which is recommended to take into account while further improving of the legislation of Ukraine in the field of copyright and adjacent rights are investigated.

Introduction. The dual system of VET, widely practiced and popular in Germany, serves as a model for the European Union. The effectiveness of such training, successfully combining the development of theoretical knowledge with the practical activities of students, has been tested by life and time. The indisputable advantages of this system include its ability to respond quickly to the challenges of globalisation and transformation in the world of professions. In this regard, it is very important to address the socio-cultural and historical backgrounds of the dual system formation and to find out the reasons for its successful contemporary functioning.The aim of the present publication was to comprehend the implementation experience of theGermany's dual system based on the opinions analysis of experts and participants of the dual education system and the feedback from the direct participants of the educational process about this method of acquiring a profession and building a career path.Methodology and research methods. The leading research methods were questionnaire survey, comparative analysis and content analysis of empirical materials. Processing and generalisation of the detailed answers of respondents were based on the inductive method.Results. Historical, mental, socio-economic prerequisites for the appearance and formation of the Germany's dual education system were identified and described. The methodology and methodological tools for the comparative analysis of attitudes of educational process members (students, practitioners, experts) and their points of view concerning degree of rationality, expediency and efficiency of support and development of dual forms of vocational education. The obtained data and synthesis of evaluative judgments of informants allow us to present an objective picture of the considered option for providing the country's economy with the necessary labour resources.Practical significance. The materials of the article, confirming the prospects of the introduction and dissemination of the experience accumulated inGermany on the reproduction of skilled workers of enterprises, can be useful for understanding the directions of VET in other countries. Moreover, the research materials can be practically applied for the selection and creation of effective, similar to the German, mechanisms of rapid response to globalisation changes in the manufacturing sector. ; Введение. Широко практикуемая и популярная в ФРГ дуальная модель профессионального образования служит образцом для всего Европейского Союза. Эффективность подготовки рабочих кадров, удачно сочетающей освоение теоретических знаний с производственной деятельностью обучающихся, проверена жизнью и временем. К бесспорным достоинствам данной модели относится ее способность оперативно реагировать на вызовы глобализации и трансформации в мире профессий. В связи с этим весьма актуальны обращение к социально-культурным и историческим основам формирования дуальной системы образования и выяснение причин ее успешного современного функционирования.Цель статьи заключается в осмыслении немецкого опыта реализации программ дуальной подготовки специалистов через изучение мнений экспертов и отзывов непосредственных участников образовательного процесса о подобном способе приобретения профессии и построения карьерной траектории.Методология и методы. Ведущими методами исследования являлись анкетирование, сравнительный анализ и контент-анализ эмпирических материалов. Обработка и обобщение развернутых ответов респондентов производились с опорой на индуктивный метод.Результаты. Определены и описаны исторические, ментальные и социально-экономические предпосылки возникновения и условия становления дуальной системы обучения в Германии. Разработаны методология и методический инструментарий для сопоставления установок субъектов образовательного процесса (студентов, практиков, экспертов) и их точек зрения по поводу целесообразности поддержки и продуктивности развития дуальных форм профподготовки. Полученные сведения и синтез оценочных суждений информантов позволяют представить объективную картину обеспечения экономики страны необходимыми трудовыми ресурсами.Практическая значимость. Проведенное исследование подтверждает перспективность распространения накопленного в ФРГ опыта по воспроизводству квалифицированного рабочего персонала предприятий. Результаты изыскания помогают более четко понять направления реформирования систем профессионального образования других стран, выбрать наиболее действенные механизмы модернизации этих систем и создать с учетом национальной специфики гибкие рациональные структуры профподготовки, адекватно отвечающие на глобализационные перемены в производственном секторе.

Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics, distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technology Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and development in the world of space-rocket technique and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev, becoming one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics. The important deposit of former German people, creating rockets, workings in the USSR after completion of the World War II is marked, in development of the first Soviet ballistic rockets. Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist and practical worker, becoming in 1950 a Chief Designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (SDB-1), S.P. Korolev in area of creation of Soviet strategic rocket weapon (rocket-nuclear «shield») and modern space-rocket technique for mastering of near and distant space tellurians. It is pointed out that under the direction of the Chief Designer of SDB-1 S.P. Korolev in the USSR was developed and accepted on the armament of Soviet Army consisting of two stages intercontinental ballistic rocket (ICBR) of type P-7 (1956, military index 8K71, by power of thermonuclear war-head in 5 Mt and distance of its flight in 8 thousands km) with the liquid rocket engines (LRE) of type РД-107 and РД-108 of design of distinguished Soviet designer in area of rocket engines V.P. Glushko. It is indicated that the Chief Designer S.P. Korolev is the «father» of domestic space-rocket technique, providing by powerful launch vehicles, created in the USSR on the basis of ICBR with LRE of РД-7 type (military index 8K71), start of first in the world of Soviet space satellite (on Octobers, 4, 1957) and start on the circumterrestrial space orbit of the first in history humanity of Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin (on April, 12, 1961). Originality. Certain systematization is executed of known from mass medias of scientific and technical materials, touching becoming and development in the USSR of rocket production, at the sources of which the talented scientist-practical worker and distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineer and technical and scientific workers of physical and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of modern rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society. ; Приведен краткий научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Сергее Павловиче Королеве, ставшем одним из основоположников отечественного ракетостроения и практической космонавтики. Отмечен важный вклад бывших немецких ракетчиков, работавших в СССР после окончания Второй мировой войны, в разработку первых советских баллистических ракет. Описаны основные научно-технические достижения С.П. Королева в области создания советского стратегического ракетного оружия и современной ракетно-космической техники для освоения землянами ближнего и дальнего космического пространства. Показано, что главный конструктор С.П. Королев является «отцом» отечественной ракетно-космической техники, обеспечившей запуск первого в мире советского искусственного спутника Земли (1957 г.) и пребывание на околоземной космической орбите первого в истории человечества советского космонавта Ю.А. Гагарина (1961 г.).

The performance of the missing transverse (E-T(miss) momentum) reconstruction with the ATLAS detector is evaluated using data collected in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2015. To reconstruct E-T(miss), fully calibrated electrons, muons, photons, hadronically decaying tau-leptons, and jets reconstructed from calorimeter energy deposits and charged-particle tracks are used. These are combined with the soft hadronic activity measured by reconstructed charged-particle tracks not associated with the hard objects. Possible double counting of contributions from reconstructed charged-particle tracks from the inner detector, energy deposits in the calorimeter, and reconstructed muons from the muon spectrometer is avoided by applying a signal ambiguity resolution procedure which rejects already used signals when combining the various E-T(miss) contributions. The individual terms as well as the overall reconstructed E-T(miss) are evaluated with various performance metrics for scale (linearity), resolution, and sensitivity to the data-taking conditions. The method developed to determine the systematic uncertainties of the E-T(miss) scale and resolution is discussed. Results are shown based on the full 2015 data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Max Planck Society ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; MINECO, Spain ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; Japanese Urological Association ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; BCKDF ; FQRNT ; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada ; European Union (EU) European Research Council (ERC) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; Minerva, Israel ; BRF, Norway ; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya ; Generalitat Valenciana ; Royal Society of London ; Leverhulme Trust ; NRC, Canada ; CERN, Chile ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; IN2P9-CNRS, France ; IIGF, Germany ; ISF, Isreael ; CNRST, Morocco ; MES of Russia ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; JINR ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; SERI ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF ; Canton of Geneva ; Canton of Switzerland ; Canada Council ; CANARIE ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme ; Compute Canada ; European Union (EU) ; Horizon 2020, European Union ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1624739

Compassion in International Relations: The Case Study of Armenian Genocide Recognition Not all decisions in international politics can be explained by power and interest, as realists would suggest. Constructivists claim identity plays an important role for interaction of countries and nations. Some nations decide to choose the most painful part of their history and are building their special identity – victim identity. In first part of this paper the concept of identity, especially victim identity, is analyzed. Then two competing identities are analyzed – Armenian victim identity and Turkish "denial identity". Reasons for selection of these particular identities, ways of promotion and making it priority of foreign policy agenda are discussed in second and third parts of this paper. Special identity can generate soft power in international politics only in case if it is recognized by other countries. Therefore, Armenia listed recognition of the Armenian Genocide in top priorities list of Foreign Policy. Although right after becoming the independent country, first Armenian President was trying to be "rational" and was refusing claims of recognition by Turkey in order to assure good relationship, victimhood was deep in identity of Armenian society and diaspora, therefore, such foreign policy was not widely accepted. So later Armenian policy makers were making sure not to repeat this mistake and were giving to recignition of genocide a very special place in Armenian Foreign Policy. State coordinated campaigns and civic initiatives have increased public awareness about the issue, and so far, 28 countries recognized Armenian genocide. By recognizing Armenian identity, they denied competing Turkish identity (claiming not being responsible for Armenian genocide), which is being promoted with the same amount of efforts. This paper tries to find an answer: what kind of power leads the decision of other countries choosing to support small, not strategically important country and take risk to anger much powerful actor of international affairs? In case of Germany, it had even more to lose: good bilateral relationship with Turkey and, even more important, strategically important alley in high peak of refugee crisis in Europe. But regardless that, German Bundestag nearly unanimously voted for recognition of Armenian genocide in June 2016. In most cases it is difficult to evaluate direct effect of soft power and prove its effect to implementation of foreign policy goals, therefore it is the most criticised aspect of soft power theory. In this case we can see how the decision by Armenia to choose victim identity and constantly promote it is being converted into soft power and push into political agenda of other country activities that are important and useful for Armenian Foreign Policy goals. Analysis of rhetoric of dedicated political activist Erika Steinbach, strategical documents and arguments of Bundestag members before final vote that led to recognition of Armenian genocide reveals that one of the leading arguments for decision was compassion. Members of Bundestag stressed the importance of recognition as a way to express their compassion to grievance of Armenian people, to share responsibility for mediation of bilateral relationship, and to share the burden of guilt – for not preventing Armenian genocide as former ally of Ottoman Empire. Armenian themselves and many human right advocates all around the world stress the importance of recognition of genocide in order to prevent it in the future. They say would be needed to disclose all the cruelty of humanity in the past in order to ensure any early warning sign would be met with highest concern and world society wouldn't observing just observing. And, finally, would fulfil the promise humanity gave after the Holocaust, most recognized genocide off all times, –– newer again.

High-flying illusions on the part of the proponents and grim predictions of the sceptics characterize the controversy about Brexit. The article analyses five issues at stake for the Post-Brexit relationships between Britain, the EU and Africa with a focus on the Commonwealth Sub-Saharan Africa: market access, FDI, aid, security and partnership . The British government's vision of a 'Global Britain' relies heavily on a reinforced co-operation with Commonwealth nations. However, most likely this would be possible only at the expense of the poor in Africa and elsewhere. Concerning security cooperation with Africa, London apparently exaggerated its defence input in order to enhance its bargaining position with the EU. It will be crucial for both the EU and the UK to find post-Brexit agreements to stem irregular migration and the growth of jihadist groups and terrorism. In a nutshell, the analysis of these different policy fields shows that expectations of Brexiteers and African politicians alike concerning an enhanced, partner-like Post-Brexit Commonwealth relationship are largely unfounded. ; Author's comprehensive version of an article forthcoming in Africa Spectrum, Vol. 53, No. 2 (2018), GIGA Journal Family, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, Germany. ; RÉSUMÉ: "Grande-Bretagne et Afrique: en route pour les rochers du Brexit: Des illusions vu trop grand de la part des partisans et des prédictions sinistres des sceptiques marquent la controverse sur le Brexit. L'article analyse cinq des principaux enjeux des relations post-Brexit entre la Grande-Bretagne, l'UE et l'Afrique, en mettant l'accent sur l'Afrique du Commonwealth: à savoir, l'accès aux marchés, IDE, aide, sécurité et partenariat. La vision du gouvernement britannique d'une «Grande-Bretagne mondiale» repose largement sur une coopération renforcée avec les pays du Commonwealth et les marchés libéralisés. On peut se demander si cela impliquerait également un meilleur accès aux marchés pour l'Afrique et la protection de ses industries naissantes. Compte tenu de la forte position de Londres sur les marchés financiers mondiaux, la politique d'après-Brexit pourrait entraîner d'additionnelles investissements nets substantiels en Afrique. Cependant, il est fort probable que cela ne soit possible qu'au détriment des pauvres en Afrique et ailleurs. Les perspectives de la future relation d'aide entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Afrique après le Brexit sont étroitement liées à la politique commerciale et financière de la Grande-Bretagne. L'analyse révèle que le Brexit devrait entraîner une diminution de l'aide. En ce qui concerne le renforcement de la sécurité en Afrique, Londres aurait apparemment exagéré son apport en matière de défense afin de renforcer sa position de négociation avec l'UE. Enfin, l'analyse de ces différents domaines politiques montre que les attentes des Brexiteers et des politiciens africains en ce qui concerne une relation post-Brexit améliorée avec les partenaires sur un pied d'égalité sont largement infondées. ; ZUSAMMENFASSUNG "Großbritannien und Afrika: im Aufbruch zu den Brexit-Felsen": Hochfliegende Illusionen der Befürworter und grimmige Vorhersagen der Skeptiker kennzeichnen die Kontroverse um den Brexit. Der Artikel analysiert fünf der wichtigsten Fragen, die für die Beziehungen zwischen Großbritannien, der EU und Afrika nach dem Brexit anstehen, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dem Commonwealth Afrika: und zwar Marktzugang, FDI, Entwicklungshilfe, Sicherheit und Partnerschaft. Die Vision der britischen Regierung von einem "Global Britain" hängt stark von einer verstärkten Zusammenarbeit mit den Commonwealth-Staaten und liberalisierten Märkten ab. Ob dies einen besseren Zugang zu Märkten auch für Afrika und den Schutz seiner jungen Industrien bedeuten würde, ist fraglich. Angesichts der starken Position der City of London auf den globalen Finanzmärkten könnte die Post-Brexit-Politik zu erheblichen Nettoinvestitionen in Afrika führen. Dies wäre jedoch höchstwahrscheinlich nur auf Kosten der Armen in Afrika und anderswo möglich. Die Perspektiven zukünftiger Hilfsbeziehungen des Vereinigten Königreichs mit Afrika nach dem Brexit sind eng mit der britischen Handels- und Finanzpolitik verknüpft. Analysen zeigen, dass der Brexit wahrscheinlich zu einem Rückgang der Entwicklungshilfe führen wird. Was verstärkte Sicherheit für Afrika anbelangt, so hat London offenbar seinen Verteidigungsbeitrag übertrieben, um seine Verhandlungsposition gegenüber der EU zu verbessern. Nicht zuletzt zeigt die Analyse der o.g. unterschiedlichen Politikbereiche, dass die Erwartungen von Brexiteers und afrikanischen Politikern hinsichtlich einer verstärkten partnerschaftlichen Beziehung auf Augenhöhe weitgehend unbegründet sind.

Under the "Third Vote" method, the voters cast no votes but are asked about their preferences on policy issues as declared in the party manifestos (like in voting advice applications, e.g. German Wahl-O-Mat). Then the policy profile of the electorate with the balance of public opinion on every issue is determined. The degree to which the parties match with it is expressed by the parties' representativeness indices of popularity (the average percentage of electors represented on all the issues) and universality (the percentage of cases when a majority is represented), and the parliament seats are distributed among the parties in proportion to their indices. The voters are no longer swayed by politicians' charisma and communication skills but are directed to subject matters behind personal images and ideological symbols. The focus on choice properties (e.g., political and economic implications of Brexit) is supposed to make vote more rational and responsible and representative democracy "more representative" and "more democratic". This method has been approbated during the 2016 and 2017 elections of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Student Parliament (StuPa). The 2016 experiment showed that the method increased the parliament's representativeness but also revealed that the critical point was the selection of questions by the election committee. Indeed, they can be favorable for one party and unfavorable for another, or they can poorly discriminate between the parties, finally causing an equalization of sizes of the party factions in the parliament (regarded by some as the method's malfunction). These problems were tackled in the 2017 experiment. The eligible parties were asked to formulate questions themselves and to answer all of them, including the questions by other parties. The collected 94 questions were reduced to 25 using a model aimed at contrasting as much as possible between the parties by maximizing the total distance between the vectors which characterized their policy profiles. Thereby, the accusation of partiality in the question selection was avoided, the gain in the parliament representativeness was confirmed, but the equalization effect was still persistent. The 2018 experiment has three distinctions. Firstly, we use an advanced model to reduce the list of questions. It enhances the multi-dimensionality of the set of parties' policy profiles aimed at covering the policy space most evenly. For this purpose, the least squares criterion is applied to principal component variances of the correlation or distance matrices for the parties' policy profiles. Then the reduced set of questions results in a ball-shaped "cloud" of parties' policy profiles rather than in a stretched ellipsoid, as in the 2017 experiment. Secondly, we test several variants of the Third Vote, using different optimization models to select questions, and compare their impact on the representativeness of the parliament elected. It turns out that the StuPa is by far most representative if elected by the third votes based on the questions selected using the advanced criterion, and this superiority is observed for all groups of electors considered in the experiment. Thirdly, we tackle the Third Vote's equalization effect. For this purpose, we reduce the party indices, retaining only their part beyond the threshold between representative and nonrepresentative values. The parliament reallocated in proportion to the reduced indices has a similar faction ratio as the one elected by party name, is still more representative than the latter, but less representative than the one allocated in proportion to the complete indices. This means that the optimal proportional representation of public preferences leads to a certain equalization of party factions. Consequently, the equalization effect should not be regarded harmful; it can be tackled, if desired, but at the price of reducing the gain in the parliament representativeness.

Die Bundesregierung hat angekündigt, die Bedingungen in der Pflege weiter verbessern zu wollen. Allerdings hat der Bund keineswegs die alleinige Gestaltungshoheit im Bereich der Pflege. Insbesondere das Angebot an Pflegeheimplätzen und an ambulanter Pflege vor Ort wird maßgeblich durch das Handeln anderer staatlicher Ebenen beeinflusst. Länder und Kommunen haben grundsätzlich heute schon die Möglichkeit, einiges für die Situation in der Altenpflege zu tun und die Weichen für die Zukunft zu stellen. Dass deutschlandweit mit steigenden Pflegefallzahlen allein aufgrund des demografischen Wandels gerechnet werden muss, zeigt eine Simulation. Bei unverändertem Gesundheitszustand nimmt die Zahl der Pflegebedürftigen bis 2035 auf über vier Millionen zu. Selbst wenn sich die Pflegebedürftigkeit mit zunehmender Lebenserwartung in höhere Lebensalter verschiebt, müsste noch mit knapp 3,9 Millionen Pflegebedürftigen gerechnet werden. Insgesamt sind diese Ergebnisse eher als Untergrenze zu interpretieren, da hier die aktuellen Entwicklungen, die sich durch die Einführung der Pflegegrade ergeben, noch nicht eingerechnet sind. Die Simulationsrechnungen verdeutlichen zudem, dass eine wirkliche Entspannung der Lage in keinem Bundesland zu erwarten ist, alle Bundesländer müssen sich auf einen Zuwachs der Zahl der Pflegebedürftigen einstellen. Allerdings sind die Bundesländer unter anderem aufgrund ihrer spezifischen Bevölkerungsentwicklung unterschiedlich stark betroffen: Während der Anteil der Pflegebedürftigen an der Gesamtbevölkerung im wachsenden Berlin mit 3,5 Prozent konstant bleibt, steigt er in allen anderen Ländern weiter. Dieser Anstieg ist aber wiederum in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern Brandenburg und Sachsen-Anhalt mit 2 Prozentpunkten beziehungsweise Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Thüringen mit sogar über 2 Prozentpunkten zwi-schen 2015 und 2035 vergleichsweise am stärksten. Für diese ostdeutschen Bundesländer liegt der Anteil der Pflegebedürftigen an der Gesamtbevölkerung in 2035 mit 7,3 Prozent (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) beziehungsweise 6,8 Prozent (Brandenburg und Thüringen) und 6,7 Prozent (Sachsen-Anhalt) deutschlandweit am höchsten - in Hamburg (3,8 Prozent), Bayern (3,9 Prozent) und Baden-Württemberg (4,3 Prozent) hingegen am niedrigsten. Deshalb ist schon heute darüber nachzudenken, wie dieser Anstieg an Pflegefallzahlen bewältigt werden kann. In der Pflicht sind dabei neben dem Bund auch die Bundesländer zusammen mit ihren Kommunen, um den jeweiligen regionalen Herausforderungen in diesem Bereich zu begegnen. ; The Federal Government wants to further improve the conditions in long-term care. However, the federal government does not have the sole power of designing this field. In particular, the provision of nursing home places and on-site outpatient care is significantly influenced by the federal states and municipalities. They already have the opportunity today to do a lot for the situation in the care of the elderly and to set the course for the future. A simulation in which only the influence of demographic change is considered shows a nationwide increase of peo-ple in need of care in the future. If the state of health remains unchanged, the number of peo-ple in need of care will increase to more than four million by 2035. Even if the need for care shifts with increasing life expectancy into higher age, just under 3.9 million people in need of care can be expected. All in all, these results are to be interpreted as a lower limit, since the current developments resulting from the latest reforms are not yet included here. The simulations also show that a real easing of the situation is not to be expected in any of the federal states. However, due to their specific population development, the federal states are affected to varying degrees: while the proportion of people in need of care in the growing Ber-lin population remains constant at 3.5 percent, it continues to rise in all other federal states. However, in the most eastern German federal states this increase is comparatively strongest, with 2 percentage points in Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt respectively more than 2 percent-age points in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Thuringia between 2015 and 2035. Here, the proportion of those in need of care in the total population is also highest in Germany in 2035, with 7.3 percent (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), 6.8 percent (Brandenburg and Thuringia) and 6.7 percent (Saxony-Anhalt). In comparison, Hamburg (3.8 percent), Bavaria (3.9 percent) and Baden-Württemberg (4.3 percent) are the lowest. Therefore, it is already time to think about how this increase in the numbers of people in need of care can be managed. In addition to the federal government, it is therefore the duty of the federal states together with their municipalities to meet the challenges in this area specific to their regions.

Das Handwerk ist ländlich. Der Beschäftigungsbeitrag des Handwerks in ländlichen Regionen ist 33 % höher als in den städtischen Regionen. Gerade in diesen Räumen, welche eine niedrigere Wirtschaftsleistung aufweisen als Städte, übernimmt das Handwerk eine stabilisierende Funktion, vermindert Armut, integriert Jugendliche in das Arbeitsleben und schafft eine lebenswerte Umgebung. Dennoch spielt das Handwerk auch in den Städten eine wichtige Rolle. In den meisten der 402 deutschen Kreise liegt der Anteil der Handwerker an allen Erwerbstätigen über 10 %. Die vorliegende Kurzstudie widmet sich jedoch vornehmlich den ländlichen Räumen, die man als handwerkswirtschaftliche Kernregionen bezeichnen kann. Folgende Fragen werden in dieser Kurzstudie beantwortet: 1. Welche Funktionen erfüllt das Handwerk in ländlichen Räumen? Produkt- und Dienstleistungsinnovationen in Handwerksunternehmen erzeugen positive Impulse für die regionale Wirtschaft. Außerdem integrieren Handwerksunternehmen Jugendliche mit niedrigeren Bildungsabschlüssen in den regionalen Arbeitsmarkt und wirken somit Armut und Abwanderung entgegen. Und schließlich übernehmen Handwerksunternehmen eine Versorgungsfunktion in dünn besiedelten Räumen. 2. Gibt es besondere Merkmale handwerklicher Regionen? Handwerksregionen unterscheiden sich in bestimmten Merkmalen deutlich von Nicht-Handwerksregionen. Sie weisen ein niedrigeres Pro-Kopf-Einkommen auf und sind vorrangig ländlich geprägt. In Handwerksregionen gibt es dennoch weniger Armut als in vergleichbaren Nicht-Handwerksregionen und die Bevölkerungsentwicklung verläuft langfristig stabiler. 3. Welche Regionen profitieren von der GRW-Strukturförderung (Gemeinschaftsaufgabe "Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur")? Handwerksregionen erhalten eine geringere Fördersumme als Nicht-Handwerksregionen. Die bisherige Strukturförderung kommt Siedlungsräumen zugute, welche am stärksten durch die Schrumpfung betroffen sind. Wenn man das Ziel einer räumlichen Strukturförderung prinzipiell akzeptiert, stellt sich hier die Frage, ob eine Förderung der am stärksten schrumpfenden Regionen als nachhaltig angesehen werden kann. Stattdessen wäre über eine Förderung von strukturschwachen Wirtschaftsräumen nachzudenken, welche ein Mindestmaß an zukünftiger Bestandsfestigkeit aufweisen. 4. Einmal Handwerksregion – immer Handwerksregion? Wie lange überdauern regionale wirtschaftliche Strukturen? Es kann gezeigt werden, dass Regionen, deren Wirtschaftsstruktur 1926 bereits stark vom Handwerk geprägt wurde, heute wieder zu den Handwerksregionen zählen. Es gibt weiterhin Hinweise darauf, dass die Wurzeln dieser strukturellen Stabilität noch weiter in der Vergangenheit liegen und im Zusammenhang mit bestimmten landwirtschaftlichen Strukturen im 19. Jahrhundert stehen. ; The proportion of craftsmen in the overall labor force is 33 % higher in rural counties (Kreise und kreisfreie Städte) than in urban ones. Rural counties are characterized by lower levels of prosperity and the crafts play a stabilizing role, lowers poverty, integrates young people into the labor force und promotes a livable social environment. The crafts sector also plays a minor role in urban areas. In most of the 402 German counties, the proportion of craftsmen in the overall labor force lies above 10 %. This study focusses on rural regions however, that can be called core crafts regions. The following questions will be answered in this study: 1. What function does the crafts sector have in rural regions? There are positive effects of innovative crafts products and services for regional economies. Young workers who would otherwise have trouble entering the labor market are supported by crafts training, thereby lowering poverty. The crafts sector provides goods and services in sparsely populated areas. 2. Are there typical characteristics of crafts counties? Crafts counties are different from non-crafts counties. They display lower per capita levels of GDP and they are mostly rural. Nevertheless, there is less poverty in crafts regions than in non-crafts regions and the longer term population dynamics are more stable. 3. What are the regions benefitting from regional economic subsidies provided by the government? Crafts regions receive less regional economic aid than non-crafts regions. The current support system benefits settlement areas that are strongly affected by population decline. If one accepts the existence of regional economic support in principle, it must nevertheless be asked whether such a support policy can be regarded as sustainable. 4. Once a crafts region always a crafts region? The historical persistence of regional economic structures. It can be shown that regions whose economic structures were characterized by the crafts in 1926 also display a strong crafts focus today. There is evidence for even older roots of such a crafts structure. In particular, if a region tended to display a low productivity agricultural structure in the 19th century it is likely to develop a crafts structure over time, which then persists over many decades.

La recente riedizione di Trust and Power - l'opera di Luhmann che propone, in lingua inglese, due lavori del sociologo tedesco sulla fiducia e sul potere nella società complessa – testimonia il vivo interesse, nella conoscenza sociologica, per temi come quelli della comunicazione, della complessità sociale e delle sue semplificazioni sistemiche. Luhmann definisce la fiducia come un investimento a rischio, funzionale a connettere la limitata conoscenza e la parziale ignoranza delle riduzioni di complessità ambientale effettuate dai contesti comunicativi di cui è formata la società complessa, estrapolando elementi informativi dall'evidenza disponibile. Il nesso che lega la fiducia al rischio consente di distinguere la prima dalle situazioni di interazione sociale elementare nelle quali entra in gioco la familiarità. Al progredire delle forme di differenziazione funzionale, la fiducia acquisisce la tipica connotazione riflessiva dei sistemi funzionalmente differenziati per svilupparsi nella fiducia nei sistemi esperti. Il potere costituisce un medium di comunicazione simbolicamente generalizzato, strumento ausiliario al linguaggio e motivazionale nel facilitare l'accettazione di riduzioni della complessità ambientale effettuate da altri. La stabilizzazione del potere attraverso le forme giuridiche è una delle condizioni di possibilità della specificazione del codice binario in termini universalistici e dell'instaurarsi dei meccanismi riflessivi, per mezzo dei quali viene aumentata la tecnicizzazione del potere, ottenendone ripercussioni nella configurazione del sistema politico. Mediante il potere si delinea, allora, la relazione tra diritto e politica nella società complessa. È da rilevare come in Luhmann non venga sollevata alcuna domanda né sulla legittimità dei contesti comunicativi qui esaminati né su una loro eventuale predominanza, argomenti che renderebbero i sistemi sociali condizionati ed esposti ad influenze ambientali, sottoponendoli a livelli di complessità esterna di ardua gestione. ; The recent re-edition of Trust and Power - the work of Luhmann that offers, in English, two works by the German sociologist on trust and power in the complex society - testifies the lively interest, in sociological knowledge, for topics such as communication, of social complexity and its systemic simplifications. Luhmann defines trust as an investment at risk, functional to connect the limited knowledge and partial ignorance of the reduction of environmental complexity carried out by the communicative contexts of which, according to systemic theory, the complex society is formed, extrapolating information elements from the available evidence. The link that binds trust to risk makes it possible to distinguish the former from situations of elementary social interaction in which, mainly, familiarity comes into play. As functional forms of differentiation progress, trust acquires the typical reflexive connotation of functionally differentiated systems to develop in trust in expert systems. Power constitutes a symbolically generalized medium of communication, an instrument that is auxiliary to language and motivational in facilitating the acceptance of reductions in environmental complexity carried out by others. The stabilization of power through juridical forms is one of the conditions of possibility of the specification of the binary code in universalistic terms and of the establishment of the reflexive mechanisms of functionally differentiated social systems, through which the technicalization of power is increased, obtaining reflections in the configuration of the political system. By means of power, then, that relationship between law and politics, in complex society, is outlined. It should be noted that in Luhmann no question is raised on the legitimacy of the communicative contexts examined here or on their possible dominance, topics that would make the social systems conditioned and exposed to environmental influences, subjecting them to levels of external complexity of difficult management.

"Anticolonial Intellectual" Anton Łuckiewicz and "Hybrid Nationalist" Otto Eichelman. A Comparative Study of Federalist UtopiasIt is not an easy task to compare Łuckiewicz federalist ideas with a project by Otto Eichelman. As a Belarusian activist, he perceived federalism as a political system within a great state project – a Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Eichelman on the other hand sought to substantiate with historical facts a project of domestic federalisation of Ukraine. In their concepts it was to be a national state which, due to difficult international conditions could be realised as a federation, even a multiethnic one. Łuckiewicz could be described as a "anti-colonial intellectual" who placed any Belarusian statehood within a broad federal union. For him, the Belarusian independence depended on the freedom of neighbouring countries. In Łuckiewicz view the transformation of the whole Eastern Europe was possible after the elimination of Russian imperialism in favour of federalisation of the region.This opinion was shared by Eichelman. But they disagreed in one point: the Belarusian activist excluded Russian from Eastern-European statehood, while the Ukrainian lawyer included Russia in his concept of the union of independent states. It could be said that after 1918 they rhetorically adopted the formula of federalisation on the principle of "imperialising nations", without thinking of its implementation. Both of them favoured federalisation, on the condition, however, that Lithuania or the Crimea would be included in their state. A common feature of Łuckiewicz's and Eichelman's federalist utopias were their ideological sources: the German thought of "nationalist federation", socialist ideas and nationalism.They responded to geopolitical interests of Eastern Europe and the struggle against Bolshevism. Łuckiewicz's and Eichelman's concepts expressed hopes for the creation of the foundations of the statehood of these countries. "Антиколониальный интеллектуал" Антон Луцкевич и "гибридный националист" Отто Эйхельман: компаративное исследование федеративных утопий АннотацияСложно сравнить федеративные идеи Антона Луцкевича с проектами Отто Эйхельмана. Белорусский деятель воспринимал федерализм как политическую систему в рамках большого государственного проекта – Великого Княжества Литовского. Для украинского интеллектуала характерный был другой подход: Эйхельман пытался обосновать проект внутренней федерализации Украины, исходя из политической конъюнктуры и на основе исторических фактов. Их политические концепции это, прежде всего, проект национального государства, который мог быть реализован как федерация, на основе сложных международной ситуации того времени. Лукцевича можно определить, как «антиколониального интеллектуала", который любую белорусскую государственность рассматривал в рамках широкого государственного союза, основанного на федеративных связях. Для него вопрос самостоятельности Белоруссии зависел от свободы соседних наций. Луцкевич считал, что переустройство всей Восточной Европы возможно при условии ликвидации имперскости России по принципу федерализации этого региона.Идентичной позиции придерживался Эйхельман. Однако между ними существовало некоторое противоречие: белорусский деятель исключал Россию из восточноевропейских государственных процессов, в то время как украинский юрист включал её в возможную организацию союза независимых государств. Следовательно, Эйхельман конструировал свое видение политических границ Восточной Европы вместе с Россией. Можно утверждать, что после 1918 года эти деятели ситуационно использовали формулу федерализации по принципу «impirealizing nations", даже, не думая о её реализации. Оба были склонны к федерализации, при условии, что Литва или Крым войдут в состав их национальных государств. Как известно, похожей концепции придерживался Роман Дмовский, который при условии присоединения к Польше Восточной Пруссии или Литвы, тоже соглашался на федерализацию страны. Не говоря уже о идеях Томаша Масарика о Чехословакии как восточноевропейской Швейцарии. "Реальная политика" Пилсудского включала различные федеративные идеи и проекты, которые использовались как инструмент формирования восточных границ Польши в дипломатической борьбе.Общей чертой федеративных утопий Луцкевича и Эйхельмана были идейные источники: немецкая политическая мысль о «националистической федерации", социалистические идеи и национализм. Они также соответствовали геополитическим интересам в Восточной Европе и борьбе с большевизмом. Концепции Луцкевича и Эйхельмана выражали надежду на создание основ государственности их стран.