Suchergebnisse

Road traffic crashes (RTCs) represent the 8th leading cause of global mortality. Worldwide, about 3,700 people lose their lives daily and 1.35 million people die annually due to RTCs. Majority of these deaths occur among children and young adults and almost 93% deaths are from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Every year, around 50 million people are disabled due to non-fatal injuries during RTCs, posing serious threats to the global public health. 1,2 In 2004, on the recommendations of United Nations (UN) General Assembly, World Health Organization (WHO) established UN Road Safety Collaboration to address the road safety issues across the world. In March 2010, UN General Assembly proclaimed 2011–2020 as the "Decade of Action for road safety" to reduce the RTCs related deaths through safe system approach at national, regional and global levels.3 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target 3.6 was aimed to halve the number of global deaths and injuries due to RTCs by the year 2020.4 Decade 2011–2020 partially succeeded in making road safety as a global priority by its inclusion in global health and development agenda, developing technical guidance and global partnership along with political and resources mobilization. However, WHO global status report on road safety 2018 showed that with current road traffic deaths rate, SDG target 3.6 will not be met till 2020.2 The projected number of global deaths and injuries related to RTCs is up to 500 million between 2020 and 2030.5 In August 2020, UN General assembly resolution set a new time frame for at least 50% reduction in RTCs related deaths and injuries by 2030 through proclaiming "Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030". Proposed plan of action is focused on various road safety measures including transport system planning, public transport, infrastructure improvements, vehicle safety measures, improvements and implementation of road safety laws, protection of most vulnerable road users, post crash life-saving emergency care and data collection etc.6 Pakistan is the fifth most populous country in the world7 with 268,935 kilometer roads and rapidly growing number of vehicles on road.8 As per Pakistan Bureau of Statistics data for 2018, total registered vehicles in Pakistan were 18,352,500 including 3,638,833 cars and 4-wheeled light vehicles, 19,743,066 motor cycles (2 wheels) and 847,187 motorcycles/motor rickshaws. During 2017-18, 11,121 reported cases of RTCs included 4829 fatal and 6292 non-fatal crashes involving 13,134 vehicles. During these RTCs, 5948 persons lost their lives and 14,489 got injured.8 However, the actual figures may be much higher due to under-reporting and poor data record as previously documented.9 This huge burden of fatal & nonfatal injuries due to road trauma is adversely affecting on the national economy of Pakistan. According to World Bank estimates, Pakistan expenditure on RTCs related deaths and injuries amounted to 4.7% of its gross domestic product, costing about 13.23 billion dollars in 2016.10 In order to address the long term effects of RTCs, Pakistan has taken several steps regarding road safety like establishing National Highways Authority (NHA) in 1991, National Road Safety Database" and "National Road Safety Fund through Road Safety Act 2020.11 Government of Pakistan has already launched the "National Road Safety Strategy 2018-2030" 12, based on the principles of safe system approach. Main features of safe system approach include safe roads and roadsides, safe vehicles, safe speeds, safe road use (behavior), and post-crash response.13 Regarding safe roads and roadsides, NHA is doing excellent job in improving the infrastructural standards of new and existing roads. Main focus is on the engineering aspects like road widths, curves, fencing, barriers and barrier terminals, signage, pavement marking, cat eyes and shoulder sealing etc. However, the safety standards of roads vary significantly from motorways to highways and from urban areas to rural areas. Design standards for the safety of most vulnerable road-users like pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists are not meeting the international standards and need special attention.2,10 Majority of the RTCs related fatalities are due to poor structural and safety standards of the vehicles on the roads.10 International vehicle safety standards include frontal and side impact protection, electronic stability control, seat belts & anchorages, child restraints, motorcycle anti-lock braking system, intelligent speed adaptation and pedestrian protection. Like other LMICs, compliance of Pakistan regarding vehicle safety standards is very poor, especially in case of locally manufactured vehicles.2,10,12 Apart from inadequate vehicle safety regulations, poor implementation of the rules and regulations like periodic inspection of old vehicles, imported used vehicles and heavy vehicles by the law enforcing authorities is a critical issue in Pakistan. Safe speed reflects the behaviour of the road users. High speed not only escalates the risk of RTCs but increases the fatality rate and severity of nonfatal injuries as well. Pakistan has a maximum speed limit of 90 km/h for urban road, 110 km/h for rural road & 130 km/h for motorway.2 Pakistan needs to reduce the speed limit to 50km/h for urban arterial roads and 30km/h in city centres to protect the most vulnerable road users. Enforcement of speed limits through fixed speed camera systems, special speed checking squads or traffic police with license penalty points system for drivers will help in achieving the desired safe speed targets. Special public campaigns should be regularly arranged to change the behavior of all road users including drivers, motorcyclists, passengers and pedestrians regarding responsible road use. Special emphasis should be laid to educate people regarding road safety measures like motorcycle helmet wearing, seat-belt use, avoidance of drink-driving, mobile phone use during driving and over speeding. Post-crash response is vital to prevent the death and disability through emergency care provision to the injured persons. Recently, Pakistan has developed the "National Guidelines for Post-Crash Response" in 2019.14 Although, rescue 1122 services are accessible in majority of areas in Pakistan, but optimal pre-hospital emergency care is not widely available to cover to 268,935 kilometer roads across the country. Former certification is not available for pre-hospital care-providers and trauma registry is not up to the mark. Accident and emergency departments of majority of roadside hospitals are not well-equipped with neurosurgical & orthopaedic emergency services including radiology services like CT scan. Federal and provincial governments need to develop a comprehensive plan for establishing emergency medical services to reduce the post-crash morbidity and mortality. Reliable and high quality data collection and local research regarding the burden and magnitude of RTCs is crucial for short and long term planning of road safety. Unfortunately, accident data collection in Pakistan is highly inadequate and not consistent with international standards.2,14,15 Although local research on road safety has been previously conducted in Pakistan,9,15-17 however the extent and gravity of situation demands extensive research on RTCs by involving all stake holders including academic and research institutes to achieve SDG target 3.6 by the year 2030.

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council [grant number ST/P006760/1] through the DISCnet Centre for Doctoral Training. MS acknowledges support from EU/FP7-ERC grant 615929. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the US Department of Energy, the US '0:funding-source 3:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001"' National Science Foundation'/0:funding-source', the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, and the Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. This paper is based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This paper has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. This paper is based in part on data acquired at the Anglo-Australian Telescope, under program A/2013B/012. We acknowledge the traditional owners of the land on which the AAT stands, the Gamilaraay people, and pay our respects to elders past and present. This paper has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting this paper for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this paper, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ; We present DES14X2fna, a high-luminosity, fast-declining Type IIb supernova (SN IIb) at redshift z = 0.0453, detected by the Dark Energy Survey (DES). DES14X2fna is an unusual member of its class, with a light curve showing a broad, luminous peak reaching Mr −19.3mag 20 d after explosion. This object does not show a linear decline tail in the light curve until 60 d after explosion, after which it declines very rapidly (4.30 ± 0.10 mag 100 d−1 in the r band). By fitting semi-analytic models to the photometry of DES14X2fna, we find that its light curve cannot be explained by a standard 56Ni decay model as this is unable to fit the peak and fast tail decline observed. Inclusion of either interaction with surrounding circumstellar material or a rapidly-rotating neutron star (magnetar) significantly increases the quality of the model fit. We also investigate the possibility for an object similar to DES14X2fna to act as a contaminant in photometric samples of SNe Ia for cosmology, finding that a similar simulated object is misclassified by a recurrent neural network (RNN)-based photometric classifier as an SN Ia in ∼1.1–2.4 per cent of cases in DES, depending on the probability threshold used for a positive classification. ; Science and Technology Facilities Council through the DISCnet Centre for Doctoral Training ; EU/FP7-ERC grant 615929 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 839090 ; Spanish grant within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) PGC2018-095317-B-C21 ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Spanish Government ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Higher Education Funding Council for England ; National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago ; Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University ; Financiadora de Inovacao e Pesquisa (Finep) ; Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) ; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1138766 AST-1536171 ; MINECO AYA2015-71825 ESP2015-66861 FPA2015-68048 SEV-2016-0588 SEV-2016-0597 MDM-2015-0509 ; European Commission ; CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya ; European Research Council (ERC) FP7/2007-2013 ; European Research Council (ERC) European Commission 240672 291329 306478 ; Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant) 465376/2014-2 ; Fermi Research Alliance, LLC DE-AC02-07CH11359 ; Anglo-Australian Telescope A/2013B/012 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)

It has been found that the history of credit institutions indicates the fact of their existence in the ancient economy. Historically, it has been found that the scientific understanding of the economic content and purpose of credit institutions in economic processes begins with the emergence of the capitalist socio-economic formation. At the same time, it was found that the nature of the predominantly bank loan. Even later, representatives of classical economic theory laid down the basic postulates for understanding the role of credit institutions. Consideration of the evolution of scientific thought on the interpretation of the role of credit institutions in the system of economic relations is impossible without explaining the basic concepts. The significance of credit institutions within the framework of the naturalistic theory of credit, namely as formal intermediaries in the process of redistribution of capital, which do not create but increase capital in circulation by exchanging metal money for paper, is substantiated. Scientific analysis shows that in the framework of the capital theory of credit, the main attention is paid to credit institutions in view not only of intermediation in credit relations, but also taking into account the ability to produce credit by deposit-check issue without the exclusive need to accumulate temporarily free funds as credit resources. The urgent need to interpret the modern nature of credit institutions has been identified. A retrospective analysis of the economic content, nature and peculiarities of the functioning of a credit institution proves the existing difficulty of clearly distinguishing its characteristics that significantly distinguish it from a financial institution. The relationship between the concepts of "credit institution" and "financial institution" in the regulations of different countries is presented. On this basis, it is proved that in Ukraine, at the legislative level, a financial institution absorbs a credit institution by its functional purpose. According to the results of the study, a set of generic features of the credit institution is formulated, which allow to distinguish it among other financial intermediaries, namely: 1) the right to form financial resources by attracting funds from individuals and legal entities on terms of maturity, payment and return; 2) recognition as a legal entity that carries out professional activities in the credit market to provide loans to economic agents on its own terms and at its own risk; 3) implementation of professional mediation in the field of settlements between economic agents. The author's interpretation of the concept of "credit institution" as a legal entity that has the right to carry out monetary intermediation, namely, is authorized to accumulate free cash of individuals and legal entities, including attracting deposits (deposits), their redistribution in compliance principles of lending, as well as the provision of other financial services in the financial market, the content and list of which is determined by the license conditions. ; Установлено, что факты в истории возникновения кредитных учреждений указывают на их существования еще в античном хозяйстве. Исторически установлено, что научное осмысление экономического содержания и назначения кредитных учреждений в экономических процессах начинается с зарождения капиталистической социально-экономической формации. При этом, выявлено, что исследовалась природа преимущественно банковского кредита. Уже позже представителями классической экономической теории были заложены основные постулаты к пониманию роли кредитных учреждений. Рассмотрение эволюции научной мысли относительно толкования роли кредитных учреждений в системе экономических отношений невозможно без осмысления основных концепций. Обоснована значимость кредитных учреждений в рамках натуралистической теории кредита, а именно как формальных посредников в процессе перераспределения капитала, которые не создают, но увеличивают капитал в обращении путем обмена металлических денег на бумажные. Научный анализ показывает, что в рамках капиталотворческой теории кредита основное внимание уделяется кредитным учреждениям, учитывая не только посредничество в кредитных отношениях, но и с учетом способности к продуцированию кредита путем депозитной-чековой эмиссии без исключительной необходимости по аккумуляции временно свободных средств, как кредитных ресурсов. Определена насущная необходимость в толковании современной природы кредитных учреждений. Ретроспективный анализ экономического содержания, природы и особенностей функционирования кредитного учреждения доказывает существующую сложность четкого выделения его характеристических признаков, которые содержательно отличают его от финансового учреждения. Представлена взаимосвязь понятий «кредитное учреждение» и «финансовое учреждение» в нормативных документах различных стран. На этом основании доказано, что в Украине на законодательном уровне финансовое учреждение по своему функциональному назначению поглощает кредитное учреждение. По результатам исследования сформулирована совокупность родовых признаков кредитного учреждения, которые позволяют выделить его среди других финансовых посредников, а именно: 1) право формирования финансовых ресурсов путем привлечения средств от физических и юридических лиц на условиях срочности, платности и возвратности; 2) признание юридическим лицом, которое осуществляет профессиональную деятельность на кредитном рынке по предоставлению кредитов экономическим агентам на собственных условиях и собственный риск; 3) осуществление профессионального посредничества в сфере расчетов между экономическими агентами. Представлено авторское толкование понятия «кредитная организация» как юридического лица, которое вправе осуществлять денежно-кредитное посредничество, а именно является уполномоченным по аккумулированию свободных денежных средств физических и юридических лиц, в том числе привлечению во вклады (депозиты), их перераспределения в условиях соблюдения принципов кредитования, а также предоставление других финансовых услуг на финансовом рынке, содержание и перечень которых определяется лицензионными условиями. ; З'ясовано, що факти в історії виникнення кредитних установ вказують на їх існування ще в античному господарстві. Історично виявлено, що наукове осмислення економічного змісту та призначення кредитних установ в економічних процесах починається із зародження капіталістичної соціально-економічної формації. При цьому виявлено, що досліджувалась природа переважно банківського кредиту. Вже пізніше представниками класичної економічної теорії були закладені основні постулати до розуміння ролі кредитних установ. Розгляд еволюції наукової думки щодо тлумачення ролі кредитних установ у системі економічних відносин неможливий без опрацювання основних концепцій. Обґрунтовано значущість кредитних установ у рамках натуралістичної теорії кредиту, а саме як формальних посередників у процесі перерозподілу капіталу, які не створюють, але збільшують капітал в обігу шляхом обміну металевих грошей на паперові. Науковий аналіз доводить, що в рамках капіталотворчої теорії кредиту основна увагу приділяється кредитним установам з огляду не лише посередництва у кредитних відносинах, але й з урахуванням здатності до продукування кредиту шляхом депозитної-чекової емісії без виключної необхідності щодо акумуляції тимчасово вільних коштів, як кредитних ресурсів. Визначено нагальну потребу у тлумаченні сучасної природи кредитних установ. Ретроспективний аналіз економічного змісту, природи та особливостей функціонування кредитної установи доводить існуючу складність чіткого виокремлення її характеристичних ознак, які змістовно відрізняють її від фінансової установи. Представлено взаємозв'язок понять «кредитна установа» та «фінансова установа» у нормативних документах різних країн. На цій підставі доведено, що в Україні на законодавчому рівні фінансова установа за своїм функціональним призначенням поглинає кредитну установу. За результатами дослідження сформульовано сукупність родових ознак кредитної установи, які дозволяють виділити її серед інших фінансових посередників, а саме: 1) право формування фінансових ресурсів шляхом залучення коштів від фізичних та юридичних осіб на умовах строковості, платності та поверненості; 2) визнання юридичною особою, яка здійснює професійну діяльність на кредитному ринку з надання кредитів економічним агентам на власних умовах та власний ризик; 3) здійснення професійного посередництва у сфері розрахунків між економічними агентами. Представлене авторське тлумачення поняття «кредитна установа» як юридичної особи, яка має право здійснювати грошово-кредитне посередництво, а саме є уповноваженою щодо акумулювання вільних грошових коштів фізичних та юридичних осіб, у тому числі залучення на вклади (депозити), їх перерозподілу на умовах дотримання принципів кредитування, а також наданні інших фінансових послуг на фінансовому ринку, зміст та перелік яких визначається ліцензійними умовами.

This preliminary business case is the final stage of the Northern Territory Irrigated Agriculture Feasibility Study (NTIAFS). The NTIAFS was developed to assess the feasibility of using managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in small to medium sized irrigated agriculture developments at selected sites. MAR is the broad term used for all types of artificial recharge (such as recharge weirs, injection bores, infiltration ponds). MAR has the potential to increase recharge to the groundwater system during the wet season to support additional groundwater extraction or environmental flow objectives during the dry season. Irrigated agriculture represents an important opportunity for the Northern Territory (NT) to reach its economic and social potential. The NT constitutes one-sixth of Australia's landmass, but only accounts for about 1% of Australia's population. More intensive and profitable agriculture, supported by irrigation, could create employment, output and population growth in the NT. Irrigated agriculture in the NT Agriculture is currently a relatively low value industry in the NT due to the dominance of low value grazing beef cattle on unimproved native vegetation. Beef cattle production in the NT produced $569 million of gross value in 2015-16, equating to $1,000 per square kilometre of grazing land ($10 per hectare) (ABS, 2017). In contrast, the remaining agricultural production in the NT is predominantly high value horticulture, particularly of mangoes and melons. The estimated horticulture income per square kilometre in 2015-16 was $633,500 ($6,335 per hectare) (ABS, 2017; ABARES, 2017). Growing horticulture (and some grains) without irrigation is not possible due to the low rainfall and very high evapotranspiration rates during the dry season. According to ABARES (2017), there are 14,200 hectares of irrigated agriculture in the NT, comprised mostly of irrigated horticulture (83%). The key regions for irrigation in the NT are the Greater Darwin region (3,000 hectares) and the Daly catchment/Katherine Douglas Daly Area (2,200 hectares) (Australian Government, 2015; Grice et al, 2013; Ash et al, 2017). There are suitable soils and water resources available for the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the NT. The Daly and Roper Rivers are known to have soils suitable for irrigation. Groundwater potential has been identified in the Victoria, Daly and Roper catchments. The surface water catchments Van Diemen, Arafura, Ord-Bonaparte and Daly have relatively consistent surface water flow. This preliminary business case addresses the following specific opportunity: There is potential to increase the value of agriculture production in irrigation districts of the Northern Territory where groundwater is fully allocated1 by increasing the availability of reliable water for irrigation. There is growing global demand for food, particularly from Asia, which could support increased sales of higher value agricultural products grown in the NT. Global food demand is increasing with growing a world population and rising incomes in emerging economies (OECD-FAO, 2016). By 2030 Asia will grow to represent approximately two thirds of global middle class consumption, including food (Australian Government, 2015). Addressing this opportunity provides a number of benefits including: · Greater sustainable returns to agricultural landowners in the NT irrigation areas · Greater sustainable investment and employment in the NT. Investing in irrigation in the NT aligns with Commonwealth and state government visions and policies. Investing in irrigation aligns with the Commonwealth Government's vision for developing Northern Australia. It also aligns with the NT Government's strategic focus on promoting and facilitating the development of its primary industries and resources. The main options for increasing the supply of water for irrigation in the NT are: · Surface water dams (given surface water flows are highly seasonal); · Groundwater; and · Managed Aquifer Recharge of groundwater. This preliminary business case focuses on the potential for increased agricultural production in existing irrigation regions in the NT where groundwater is fully allocated. As aquifers are fully allocated, issuing new or expanded groundwater licenses is not possible. In these regions, the key challenges with increasing reliable water for irrigation are: · Unreliable surface and groundwater allocations, given variability in annual rainfall, surface river flows and minimum environmental flow requirements; · The seasonality of surface water flows and high rates of surface water evaporation; and · The cost-effectiveness of surface water dams and Managed Aquifer Recharge. ; Executive Summary -- 1. Background -- 1.1 The Northern Territory Irrigated Agriculture Feasibility Study (NTIAFS) -- 1.2 Climate, water availability and agriculture in the Northern Territory -- 1.2.1 Region -- 1.2.2 Climate -- 1.2.3 Agriculture in the Northern Territory -- 1.2.4 Water and soil availability for irrigation in the Northern Territory -- 1.2.4.1 Total water supply -- 1.2.4.2 Water extraction and allocation policy -- 1.2.4.3 Surface water availability -- 1.2.4.4 Groundwater availability -- 1.2.4.5 Soil availability -- 1.2.5 Irrigation developments in the Northern Territory -- 2. Opportunity -- 2.1 Definition of the opportunity -- 2.1.1 The potential for greater value from irrigated agriculture -- 2.1.2 Increasing the availability of reliable water for irrigation in regions -- 2.2 Evidence of the opportunity -- 2.2.1 Demand for licences for irrigation -- 2.2.2 Aquifers fully allocated -- 2.2.3 Unreliable surface and groundwater allocations -- 2.2.4 High rate of surface water evaporation -- 2.2.5 Cost-effectiveness of surface water storage and Managed Aquifer Recharge -- 2.3 Timing considerations -- 2.4 Consideration of the broader context -- 3. Benefits -- 3.1 Benefits to be delivered from the opportunity -- 3.2 Alignment of the benefits to Government objectives -- 3.2.1 Federal Government -- 3.2.2 State Government -- 3.3 High level economic, social and environmental benefits and costs of the initiative -- 3.4 Evidence of benefit delivery -- 3.5 Interdependencies -- 4. Strategic response -- 4.1 Strategic options analysis -- 4.1.1 Assessment -- 4.2 Recommended strategic options -- 5. Solution -- 5.1 Solution options development -- 5.2 Testing the technical feasibility of MAR options -- 5.2.1 Phase 1: Short-listing of sites for testing MAR -- 5.2.2 Phase 2: Detailed technical analysis of options -- 5.2.2.1 Initial sites modelled -- 5.2.2.2 Upper King River site -- 5.2.2.3 Technical feasibility findings -- 5.2.3 MAR scheme designs for Upper King River -- 5.3 Solution options modelled -- 5.3.1 Land use and irrigation infrastructure for each solution option -- 5.3.2 Groundwater extraction bores for irrigation supply -- 5.4 Cost-benefit analysis of solution options -- 5.4.1 Approach -- 5.4.2 MAR Costs – for Options 2A, 2B and 2C -- 5.4.3 On-farm costs – for all solution options -- 5.4.4 Benefits -- 5.4.5 Comparison of costs and benefits -- 5.4.6 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.5 Feasibility of MAR to support irrigation development throughout the NT -- 5.5.1 Key criteria for a successful MAR scheme -- 5.5.2 MAR Potential at other sites in the NT -- 6. Risk management -- 7. Conclusions and Recommendations -- 7.1 Conclusions -- 7.2 Recommendations -- 8. References -- Appendix A. Site assessment in Phase 1 -- Appendix B. Full cost-benefit analysis -- B.1 Approach -- B.2 Costs (off-farm) -- B.2.1 Capital costs for MAR -- B.2.2 Maintenance costs for MAR -- B.2.3 Operating costs for MAR -- B.3 Levelised costs for MAR -- B.4 Costs (on-farm) -- B.4.1 Capital costs (on-farm) -- B.4.2 Annual operation and maintenance costs (on-farm) -- B.5 Benefits -- B.5.1 Melons -- B.5.2 Mango -- B.5.3 Okra -- B.5.4 Fodder -- B.6 Comparison of costs and benefits -- B.6.1 Sensitivity analysis -- B.6.2 Conclusion ; This study is supported by funding from the Australian Government National Water Infrastructure Development Fund, an initiative of the Northern Australia and Agricultural Competitiveness White Papers

The people who live in the Merapi area have been going on for years. Merapi is the most active volcano in Central Java that can threaten the community, but the community still exists today, of course, having local wisdom in responding to the eruption of Merapi. This study aims to determine the local wisdom of Wonolelo Village before, during, and after the Merapi eruption. In addition, to find out the historical relationship of the Merapi eruption to local wisdom and the challenges faced by Wonolelo Village in maintaining the sustainability of local wisdom. This research was used as a descriptive qualitative method. The method of collecting data is done through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data sources of this study are community leaders, spiritual leaders, and people who are more than 70 years old. Analysis of the data used is sourced triangulation based on the Miles & Huberman model. The results showed that local wisdom in responding to the Merapi eruption in Wonolelo Village still exists today. Local wisdom is divided into three segments, namely before, during, and after the eruption of Merapi. Local wisdom before the Merapi eruption is a notification that Merapi eruption activity will occur. Local wisdom in Wonolelo Village has challenges in the form of modernization and not running the local wisdom relay to young people. Keywords: Disaster, Local wisdom, Merapi volcano. References Andreastuti, S.D., Newhall, C., Dwiyanto, J. (2006). Menelusuri Kebenaran Letusan Gunung Merapi 1006. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 1, No. 4, Hal. 201-207. Andreastuti, S., Paripurno, E., Gunawan, H., Budianto, A., Syahbana, D., & Pallister, J. (2019). Character of community response to volcanic crises at sinabung and kelud volcanoes.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,382, 298-310. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.022 Atmojo, S. E., Rusilowati, A., Dwiningrum, S. I. A., & Skotnicka, M. (2018). The reconstruction of disaster knowledge through thematic learning of science, environment, technology, and society integrated with local wisdom.Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia,7(2), 204-213. doi:10.15294/jpii.v7i2.14273 Bencana, B. N. P. (2010). Peraturan Kepala Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana Nomor 17 Tahun 2010 Tentang Pedoman Umum Penyelenggaraan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Pasca Bencana.Jakarta: BNPB. Bencana, B. P. B. (2010). Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Daerah.Magelang: BPBD. Geologi, BPPTK (2018). Badan Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi.Jakarta: BPPTKG Geologi, BPPTK (2019). Badan Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi.Jakarta: BPPTKG Bardintzeff, J.M. (1984). Merapi volcano (java, Indonesia) and merapi type nuee ardente. Bull volcanol, Vol. 47, No. 3, Hal. 432-446. Boyolali, B. P. S. K. (2018). Kabupaten Boyolali dalam Angka. Boyolali : Badan Pusat Statistik Cahyadi, A. (2013). Pengelolaan lingkungan zamrud khatulistiwa. Yogyakarta: Pintal. Cho, S.E., Won, S., & Kim, S. (2016). Living in harmony with disaster: exploring volcanic hazard vulnerability in Indonesia. Sustainability, Vol. 8, Hlm. 1-13. Daly, P. (2015). Embedded wisdom or rooted problems? aid workers' perspectives on local social and political infrastructure in post-tsunami aceh.Disasters,39(2), 232-257. doi:10.1111/disa.12105 Dibyosaputro, S., Hadmoko, D.S., Cahyadi, A., & Nugraha, H. (2016). Gunung merapi: kebencanaan dan pengurangan risikonya. Yogyakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Geografi (BPFG) Universitas Gadjah Mada. Fatkhan, M. (2006). Kearifan lingkungan masyarakat lereng gunung merapi. Aplikasia, Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu-ilmu Agama, Vol. 7, No. 2, Desember, Hal. 107-121. Gertisser, R., Charbonnier, S.J., Keller, J., & Quidelleur, X. (2012). The geological evolution of Merapi vulcano, Central Java, Indonesia. Bull Volcanol, Vol. 74. Hal. 1213-1233. Haba, J. (2008). Bencana alam dalam perspektif lokal dan perspektif kristiani. LIPI, Vol. 34, No. 1, Hal. 25-49. Hardoyo, S.R., Marfai, M.A., Ni'mah, N.M., Mukti, R.Y., Zahro, Q., & Halim, A. (2011). Strategi adaptasi masyarakat terhadap bencana banjir rob di pekalongan. Yogyakarta: Magister Perencanaan Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Daerah Aliran Sungai, Cahaya Press. Ikeda, S., & Nagasaka, T. (2011). An emergent framework of disaster risk governance towards innovating coping capability for reducing disaster risks in local communities.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2(2) doi:10.1007/s13753-011-0006-7 Inaotombi, S., & Mahanta, P. C. (2019). Pathways of socio-ecological resilience to climate change for fisheries through indigenous knowledge.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,25(8), 2032-2044. doi:10.1080/10807039.2018.1482197 Klaten, B. P. S. K. (2018). Kabupaten Klaten dalam Angka. Klaten : Badan Pusat Statistik Kusumasari, B., & Alam, Q. (2012). Local wisdom-based disaster recovery model in indonesia.Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal,21(3), 351-369. doi:10.1108/09653561211234525 Lestari, P., Kusumayudha, S. B., Paripurno, E. T., & Jayadianti, H. (2016). Environmental communication model for disaster mitigation of mount sinabung eruption karo regency of north sumatra.Information (Japan),19(9B), 4265-4270. Magelang, B. P. S. K. (2018). Kabupaten Magelang dalam Angka. Boyolali : Badan Pusat Statistik Marfai, M.A. (2011). Jakarta flood hazard and community participation on disaster preparedness. Prosiding dalam seminar Community preparedness and disaster management, center for religious and cross-cultural studies, UGMI, no. 2/2011 (december), Hlm, 209-221. Marfai, M.A., & Hizbaron, D.R. (2011). Community's adaptive capacity due to coastal flooding in semarang coastal city, Indonesia. International Journal of Seria Geografie, Annals of the Univeristy of Oradea. E-ISSN 2065-1619. Year XX. Mulyaningsih, S., Sampurno, Zaim, Y., Puradimaja, D.J., Bronto, S., & Siregar, D.A. (2006). Perkembangan geologi pada kuwarter awal sampai masa sejarah di dataran yogyakarta. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 1, No. 2, Juni, Hal. 103-113. Permana, S. A., Setyowati, D. L., Slamet, A., & Juhadi. (2017). Society management in manage economic after merapi disaster.International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research,15(7), 1-10 Preece, K., Gertisser, R., Barclay, J., Berlo, K., Herd, R.A., & Facility, E.I.M. (2014). Pre and syneruptive degassing and crystallisation processes of the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of merapi volcano, indonesia. Contrib Mineral Petrol, Vol. 168: No. 1061, Hal. 1-25, DOI 10.1007/s00410-014-1061-z. Ridwan, N.A. (2007). Landasan keilmuan kearifan lokal. Jurnal study islam dan budaya, Vol. 5, No. 1. Hlm. 27-38. Rokib, M. (2013). Teologi Bencana: Studi Santri Tanggap Bencana. Yogyakarta: Buku Pintal. Sawangan, B. P. S. K. (2018). Kecamatan Sawangan dalam Angka. 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2-s2.0-85054527535 ; Measurements of azimuthal angular correlations are presented for high-multiplicity pPb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV and peripheral PbPb collisions at sNN=2.76TeV. The data used in this work were collected with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Fourier coefficients as functions of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity are studied using the scalar product method; four-, six-, and eight-particle cumulants; and the Lee-Yang zero technique. The influence of event plane decorrelation is evaluated using the scalar product method and found to account for most of the observed pseudorapidity dependence. © 2018 CERN. for the CMS Collaboration. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. ; ST/I003622/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/N000242/1, ST/N001273/1 National Science Foundation, NSF National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Welch Foundation: C-1845 Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 675440 Weston Havens Foundation Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST CERN Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics Cosmetic Surgery Foundation, CSF Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC: ST/F007434/1, ST/M004775/1 European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, ?????? Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, CSIR Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT National Science Council, NSC Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Academy of Finland Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS Russian Academy of Sciences, ??? Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Chulalongkorn University, CU Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN A.G. Leventis Foundation National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN: 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Universiti Malaya, UM Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy?szego, MNiSW Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, MOST National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS Ministry of Education and Science, MES Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Horizon 2020 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, IN2P3 ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); and DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced by the European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), Contracts Harmonia No. 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus No. 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, No. 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and No. 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis No. 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

The scientific research is devoted to the coverage of foreign experience in providing administrative services in the field of ecology and the use of natural resources and the way of implementation in the domestic legislation of Ukraine. The legislation of Kazakhstan, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom on the provision of administrative services in the field of ecology and the use of natural resources is covered. The expediency of developing and implementing a common environmental permit operating in the territory of the European Union countries is determined, and it will help to ensure the integrated use of natural resources.It is established that the right of nature use in foreign countries arises in the order of providing administrative services (obtaining permits, licenses, certificates, etc.) or in the order of concluding administrative contracts (usually based on the results of the competition). The first group includes such foreign countries as the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation. The second group of foreign countries includes the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Federal Republic of Germany in terms of regulating the procedure for granting a subsoil plot for use.It is proved that the competitive procedure for concluding administrative contracts for the geological study of subsurface resources and (or) mining of minerals allows to avoid the subjective factor in the distribution of natural resources of national importance, provided that the principles of transparency and openness of the relevant administrative procedures are observed. The expediency of introducing the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which provides for the possibility of using combined contracts (contracts) depending on specific operations for the use of nature, is justified, and the procedure for concluding such contracts and their content is determined by law.The success of the results of the centralization projects for the provision of administrative services in the use of land resources has been determined through the establishment of centralized registers of land registration in the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden. It is established that the common world trend, which is typical for Ukraine, is the integration of the functions of administration in the sphere of ecology and natural resources, which, in particular, is expressed in a combination of registration of rights to land and cartographic activities, forest and land resources accounting, and the like.It is determined that in the system of providing administrative services in the field of natural resources in Western European countries (for example, in the Kingdom of Denmark, in the Kingdom of Sweden, etc.), there is a transition from a decentralized model of state registers, in particular, through the creation of a unified centralized land accounting system , which is primarily due to the need to inform registries and ensure the nationwide access of citizens to such registries, it is possible to provide only in conditions of the state A centralized approach to the feet ; Научное исследование посвящено освещению зарубежного опыта предоставления административных услуг в сфере экологии и использования природных ресурсов и пути имплементации в отечественное законодательство Украины. Освещается законодательство Казахстана, Франции, США, Великобритании о предоставлении административных услуг в сфере экологии и использования природных ресурсов. Определена целесообразность разработки и внедрения общего экологического разрешения, действующего на территории стран Европейского Союза, будет способствовать обеспечению комплексного использования природных ресурсов.Установлено, что право природопользования в зарубежных странах возникает в порядке предоставления административных услуг (получение разрешения, лицензии, свидетельства и т.п.) или в порядке заключения административных договоров (как правило, на основании результатов проведенного конкурса). К первой группе отнесены такие зарубежные страны, как Республика Беларусь, Республика Молдова, Российскую Федерацию. Ко второй группе зарубежных стран отнесены Республику Казахстан, Республику Кыргызстан, Федеративную Республику Германию в части регулирования порядка предоставления участка недр в пользование.Доказано, что конкурсный порядок заключения административных договоров на геологическое изучение недр и (или) добычи полезных ископаемых позволяет избежать субъективного фактора при распределении природных ресурсов общегосударственного значения при условии соблюдения принципов прозрачности и открытости проведения соответствующих административных процедур. Обоснована целесообразность внедрения опыта Республики Казахстан, предусматривающего возможность применения в зависимости от конкретных операций по природопользованию комбинированных договоров (контрактов), при этом порядок заключения таких контрактов и их содержание определяется законодательством.Определены успешность результатов проектов централизации системы предоставления административных услуг в сфере использования земельных ресурсов путем создания централизованных реестров учета земельных ресурсов в Королевстве Дания и Королевстве Швеция. Установлено, что общей мировой тенденцией, что характерно и для Украины, является объединение функций администрирования в сфере экологии и природных ресурсов, что, в частности, выражается в сочетании регистрации прав на земельный участок и картографической деятельности, учета лесных и земельных ресурсов и тому подобное.Определено, что в системе предоставления административных услуг в сфере природных ресурсов в странах Западной Европы (например, в Королевстве Дания, в Королевстве Швеция и др.) Наблюдается ситуация перехода от децентрализованной модели ведения государственных реестров, в частности путем создания единой централизованной системы учета земельных ресурсов, что обусловлено прежде всего необходимостью информатизации реестров и обеспечения общегосударственного доступа граждан к таким реестров, возможно обеспечить только в условиях государственного Централизованная а ноги подхода ; Наукове дослідження присвячене висвітленню зарубіжного досвіду надання адміністративних послуг у сфері екології та використання природних ресурсів та шляхи імплементації в вітчизняне законодавство України. Висвітлюється законодавство Казахстану, Франції, США, Великобританії щодо надання адміністративних послуг у сфері екології та використання природних ресурсів. Визначено доцільність розроблення та впровадження загального екологічного дозволу, який діє на території країн Європейського Союзу, що сприятиме забезпеченню комплексного використання природних ресурсів.Встановлено, що право природокористування в зарубіжних країнах виникає в порядку надання адміністративних послуг (отримання дозволу, ліценції, свідоцтва тощо) або у порядку укладення адміністративних договорів (як правило, на підставі результатів проведеного конкурсу). До першої групи віднесено такі зарубіжні країни, як Республіку Білорусь, Республіку Молдова, Російську Федерацію. До другої групи зарубіжних країн віднесено Республіку Казахстан, Республіку Киргизстан, Федеративну Республіку Німеччину у частині регулювання порядку надання ділянки надр у користування.Доведено, що конкурсний порядок укладення адміністративних договорів на геологічне вивчення надр та (або) видобування корисних копалин дозволяє уникнути суб'єктивного фактору при розподілі природних ресурсів загальнодержавного значення за умови дотримання принципів прозорості та відкритості проведення відповідних адміністративних процедур. Обґрунтовано доцільність впровадження досвіду Республіки Казахстан, що передбачає можливість застосування залежно від конкретних операцій з природокористування комбінованих договорів (контрактів), при цьому порядок укладання таких контрактів та їх зміст визначається законодавством.Визначено успішність результатів проектів централізації системи надання адміністративних послуг у сфері використання земельних ресурсів шляхом створення централізованих реєстрів обліку земельних ресурсів в Королівстві Данія і Королівстві Швеція. Встановлено, що загальною світовою тенденцією, що характерно і для України, є об'єднання функцій адміністрування у сфері екології та природних ресурсів, що, зокрема, виражається у поєднанні реєстрації речових прав на земельну ділянку та картографічної діяльності, обліку лісових та земельних ресурсів тощо.Визначено, що в системі надання адміністративних послуг у сфері природних ресурсів в країнах Західної Європи (наприклад, у Королівстві Данія, у Королівстві Швеція та ін.) спостерігається ситуація переходу від децентралізованої моделі ведення державних реєстрів, зокрема шляхом створення єдиної централізованої системи обліку земельних ресурсів, що обумовлено передусім необхідністю інформатизації реєстрів та забезпечення загальнодержавного доступу громадян до таких реєстрів, що можливо забезпечити лише в умовах державного централізованого підходу

The scientific research is devoted to the coverage of foreign experience in providing administrative services in the field of ecology and the use of natural resources and the way of implementation in the domestic legislation of Ukraine. The legislation of Kazakhstan, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom on the provision of administrative services in the field of ecology and the use of natural resources is covered. The expediency of developing and implementing a common environmental permit operating in the territory of the European Union countries is determined, and it will help to ensure the integrated use of natural resources.It is established that the right of nature use in foreign countries arises in the order of providing administrative services (obtaining permits, licenses, certificates, etc.) or in the order of concluding administrative contracts (usually based on the results of the competition). The first group includes such foreign countries as the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation. The second group of foreign countries includes the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Federal Republic of Germany in terms of regulating the procedure for granting a subsoil plot for use.It is proved that the competitive procedure for concluding administrative contracts for the geological study of subsurface resources and (or) mining of minerals allows to avoid the subjective factor in the distribution of natural resources of national importance, provided that the principles of transparency and openness of the relevant administrative procedures are observed. The expediency of introducing the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which provides for the possibility of using combined contracts (contracts) depending on specific operations for the use of nature, is justified, and the procedure for concluding such contracts and their content is determined by law.The success of the results of the centralization projects for the provision of administrative services in the use of land resources has been determined through the establishment of centralized registers of land registration in the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden. It is established that the common world trend, which is typical for Ukraine, is the integration of the functions of administration in the sphere of ecology and natural resources, which, in particular, is expressed in a combination of registration of rights to land and cartographic activities, forest and land resources accounting, and the like.It is determined that in the system of providing administrative services in the field of natural resources in Western European countries (for example, in the Kingdom of Denmark, in the Kingdom of Sweden, etc.), there is a transition from a decentralized model of state registers, in particular, through the creation of a unified centralized land accounting system , which is primarily due to the need to inform registries and ensure the nationwide access of citizens to such registries, it is possible to provide only in conditions of the state A centralized approach to the feet ; Научное исследование посвящено освещению зарубежного опыта предоставления административных услуг в сфере экологии и использования природных ресурсов и пути имплементации в отечественное законодательство Украины. Освещается законодательство Казахстана, Франции, США, Великобритании о предоставлении административных услуг в сфере экологии и использования природных ресурсов. Определена целесообразность разработки и внедрения общего экологического разрешения, действующего на территории стран Европейского Союза, будет способствовать обеспечению комплексного использования природных ресурсов.Установлено, что право природопользования в зарубежных странах возникает в порядке предоставления административных услуг (получение разрешения, лицензии, свидетельства и т.п.) или в порядке заключения административных договоров (как правило, на основании результатов проведенного конкурса). К первой группе отнесены такие зарубежные страны, как Республика Беларусь, Республика Молдова, Российскую Федерацию. Ко второй группе зарубежных стран отнесены Республику Казахстан, Республику Кыргызстан, Федеративную Республику Германию в части регулирования порядка предоставления участка недр в пользование.Доказано, что конкурсный порядок заключения административных договоров на геологическое изучение недр и (или) добычи полезных ископаемых позволяет избежать субъективного фактора при распределении природных ресурсов общегосударственного значения при условии соблюдения принципов прозрачности и открытости проведения соответствующих административных процедур. Обоснована целесообразность внедрения опыта Республики Казахстан, предусматривающего возможность применения в зависимости от конкретных операций по природопользованию комбинированных договоров (контрактов), при этом порядок заключения таких контрактов и их содержание определяется законодательством.Определены успешность результатов проектов централизации системы предоставления административных услуг в сфере использования земельных ресурсов путем создания централизованных реестров учета земельных ресурсов в Королевстве Дания и Королевстве Швеция. Установлено, что общей мировой тенденцией, что характерно и для Украины, является объединение функций администрирования в сфере экологии и природных ресурсов, что, в частности, выражается в сочетании регистрации прав на земельный участок и картографической деятельности, учета лесных и земельных ресурсов и тому подобное.Определено, что в системе предоставления административных услуг в сфере природных ресурсов в странах Западной Европы (например, в Королевстве Дания, в Королевстве Швеция и др.) Наблюдается ситуация перехода от децентрализованной модели ведения государственных реестров, в частности путем создания единой централизованной системы учета земельных ресурсов, что обусловлено прежде всего необходимостью информатизации реестров и обеспечения общегосударственного доступа граждан к таким реестров, возможно обеспечить только в условиях государственного Централизованная а ноги подхода ; Наукове дослідження присвячене висвітленню зарубіжного досвіду надання адміністративних послуг у сфері екології та використання природних ресурсів та шляхи імплементації в вітчизняне законодавство України. Висвітлюється законодавство Казахстану, Франції, США, Великобританії щодо надання адміністративних послуг у сфері екології та використання природних ресурсів. Визначено доцільність розроблення та впровадження загального екологічного дозволу, який діє на території країн Європейського Союзу, що сприятиме забезпеченню комплексного використання природних ресурсів.Встановлено, що право природокористування в зарубіжних країнах виникає в порядку надання адміністративних послуг (отримання дозволу, ліценції, свідоцтва тощо) або у порядку укладення адміністративних договорів (як правило, на підставі результатів проведеного конкурсу). До першої групи віднесено такі зарубіжні країни, як Республіку Білорусь, Республіку Молдова, Російську Федерацію. До другої групи зарубіжних країн віднесено Республіку Казахстан, Республіку Киргизстан, Федеративну Республіку Німеччину у частині регулювання порядку надання ділянки надр у користування.Доведено, що конкурсний порядок укладення адміністративних договорів на геологічне вивчення надр та (або) видобування корисних копалин дозволяє уникнути суб'єктивного фактору при розподілі природних ресурсів загальнодержавного значення за умови дотримання принципів прозорості та відкритості проведення відповідних адміністративних процедур. Обґрунтовано доцільність впровадження досвіду Республіки Казахстан, що передбачає можливість застосування залежно від конкретних операцій з природокористування комбінованих договорів (контрактів), при цьому порядок укладання таких контрактів та їх зміст визначається законодавством.Визначено успішність результатів проектів централізації системи надання адміністративних послуг у сфері використання земельних ресурсів шляхом створення централізованих реєстрів обліку земельних ресурсів в Королівстві Данія і Королівстві Швеція. Встановлено, що загальною світовою тенденцією, що характерно і для України, є об'єднання функцій адміністрування у сфері екології та природних ресурсів, що, зокрема, виражається у поєднанні реєстрації речових прав на земельну ділянку та картографічної діяльності, обліку лісових та земельних ресурсів тощо.Визначено, що в системі надання адміністративних послуг у сфері природних ресурсів в країнах Західної Європи (наприклад, у Королівстві Данія, у Королівстві Швеція та ін.) спостерігається ситуація переходу від децентралізованої моделі ведення державних реєстрів, зокрема шляхом створення єдиної централізованої системи обліку земельних ресурсів, що обумовлено передусім необхідністю інформатизації реєстрів та забезпечення загальнодержавного доступу громадян до таких реєстрів, що можливо забезпечити лише в умовах державного централізованого підходу

A Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a short-range network that consists of a coordinator (Crd) and a collection of low-power sensors that can be implanted in or attached to the human body. Basically, WBANs can provide real-time patient monitoring and serve in various applications such as ubiquitous health-care, consumer electronics, military, sports, etc. [1]. As the license-free 2.4 GHz ISM band is widely used among WBANs and across other wireless technologies, the fundamental problem is to mitigate the resulting co-channel interference. Other serious problems are to extend the network lifetime and to ensure reliable transmission within WBANs, which is an urgent requirement for health-care applications. Therefore, in this thesis, we conduct a systematic research on a few number of research problems related to radio co-channel interference, energy consumption, and network reliability. Specifically, we address the following problems ranging from theoretical modeling and analysis to practical protocol design: • Intra-WBAN interference mitigation and avoidance • Cooperative inter-WBAN interference mitigation and avoidance • Non-cooperative inter-WBAN interference mitigation and avoidance • Interference mitigation and avoidance in WBANs with IoT Firstly, to mitigate the intra-WBAN interference, we present two mechanisms for a WBAN. The first is called CSMA to Flexible TDMA combination for Interference Mitigation, namely, CFTIM, which dynamically allocates time-slots and stable channels to lower the intra-WBAN interference. The second is called Interference Avoidance Algorithm, namely IAA that dynamically adjusts the superframe length and limits the number of channels to 2 to lower the intra-WBAN interference and save energy. Theoretically, we derive a probabilistic model that proves the SINR outage probability is lowered. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of CFTIM and IAA in terms of lowering the probability of interference, extending network lifetime, improving throughput and reliability. Secondly, we address the problem of interference among cooperative WBANs through using orthogonal codes. Motivated by distributed time provisioning supported in IEEE 802.15.6 standard [2], we propose two schemes. The first is called Distributed Time Correlation Reference, namely, DTRC that provides each WBAN with the knowledge about which superframes overlap with each other. The second is called Orthogonal Code Allocation Algorithm for Interference Mitigation, namely, OCAIM, that allocates orthogonal codes to interfering sensors belonging to sensor interference lists (SILs), which are generated based on the exchange of power-based information among WBANs. Mathematically, we derive the successful and collision probabilities of frames transmissions. Extensive simulations are conducted and the results demonstrate that OCAIM can diminish the interference, improve the throughput and save the power resource. Thirdly, we address the problem of co-channel interference among non-cooperative WBANs through time-slot and channel hopping. Specifically, we propose two schemes that are based on Latin rectangles. The first is called Distributed Algorithm for Interference mitigation using Latin rectangles, namely, DAIL that allocates a single channel to a timeslot combination to each sensor to diminish inter-WBAN interference and to yield better schedules of the medium access within each WBAN. The second is called Channel Hopping for Interference Mitigation, namely, CHIM, which generates a predictable interference free transmission schedule for all sensors within a WBAN. CHIM applies the channel switching only when a sensor experiences interference to save the power resource. Furthermore, we present an analytical model that derives bounds on collision probability and throughput for sensors transmissions. (.) ; L'amélioration de la qualité et de l'efficacité en santé est un réel enjeu sociétal. Elle implique la surveillance continue des paramètres vitaux ou de l'état mental du sujet. Les champs d'applications sont vastes : l'application la plus importante est la surveillance des patients à distance. Les avancées en micro-électronique, capteurs et réseaux sans-fil permettent aujourd'hui le développement de systèmes ambulatoires performants pour le monitoring de paramètres physiologiques, capables de prendre en compte d'importantes contraintes techniques : forte intégration pour la réduction de la taille et faible consommation pour une plus grande autonomie [1]. Cependant, la conception de ce type de réseaux de capteurs médicaux WBANs (Wireles Body Area Networks) se heurte à un certain nombre de difficultés techniques, provenant des contraintes imposées par les capacités réduites des capteurs individuels : basse puissance, énergie limitée et faible capacité de stockage. Ces difficultés requièrent des solutions différentes, encore très embryonnaires, selon l'application visée (monitoring à but médical). La forte mobilité et le changement rapide de la topologie du réseau dévoilent un verrou scientifique et social. En outre, l'interférence de différents capteurs constituant le WBAN augmente la difficulté de la mise en place de ce type de réseaux. De nombreuses solutions dans la littérature ont été étudiées, comme nous allons illustrer dans ce manuscrit, néanmoins elles restent limitées. Nous nous intéresserons tout particulièrement à la gestion des interférences Intra- et Inter-WBAN, leur impacte sur la fiabilité des transmissions (des liens) et la durée de vie de ce type de réseaux. Plus précisément, nous abordons ces problématiques en se basant sur des modélisations théoriques et analytiques et avec une conception pratique des solutions proposées. Afin d'atteindre les objectifs cités ci-dessous, nous abordons quatre solutions : • Une gestion des interférences intra-WBAN • Une gestion coopérative des interférences Inter-WBAN • Une gestion non coopérative des interférences, Inter-WBAN • Une gestion des interférences WBAN dans un contexte IoT Dans la première partie de cette thèse et afin de répondre en partie aux problèmes de gestion des interférences Intra-WBAN. Nous présentons deux mécanismes pour le WBAN : (a) CFTIM qui alloue dynamiquement des slots et des canaux dit- stables (avec un taux d'interférences le bas possible dans le temps) pour réduire les interférences intra-WBAN. (b) IAA ajuste dynamiquement la taille du superframe et limite le nombre de canaux à 2 pour abaisser les interférences Intra-WBAN et ainsi économiser l'énergie. Une validation avec un model probabiliste est proposé afin de valider théoriquement l'efficacité de notre solution. Les résultats de la simulation démontrent l'efficacité du CFTIM et de l'IAA en termes de réduction de la probabilité d'interférence, l'extension de la durée de vie du réseau et l'amélioration du débit et de la fiabilité des transmissions. Notre seconde contribution, propose une gestion coopératives des interférences Inter-WBAN en utilisant des codes orthogonaux. Motivé par un approvisionnement temporel distribué basé sur la norme [2] IEEE 802.15.6, nous proposons deux solutions. (a) DTRC qui fournit à chaque WBAN les connaissances sur les superframes qui se chevauchent. Le second, (b) OCAIM qui attribue des codes orthogonaux aux capteurs appartenant à deux listes de groupe de capteur en interférences de deux WBAN différents (SIL). Les résultats démontrent qu'OCAIM diminue les interférences, améliore le débit et préserve la ressources énergétiques. La troisième partie nous a permis d'aborder la gestion des interférences, mais cette fois ci d'une manière non-coopérative en se basant sur l'affectation couple Slot/Canal. Plus précisément, nous proposons deux schémas basés sur les carrés latins. (.)

Injuries are one of the most important medical and social problems of modern time for the majority of countries in the world. Injury rate around the world has been steadily increasing, causing a huge public social and economic damage. Traffic injuries (RTIs) are a significant proportion in its structure, being the most severe injuries. Traffic accidents are the only external cause of death, and one of the seven leading causes by the Global Burden of Disease (The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008). According to WHO, all over the world daily 3,000 people die from accident-associated injuries and injured or nearly 40 million become disabled per year (World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention, Geneva, 2014). Injuries, being preventable, are an important and very real reserve for reducing population mortality. For over 40 years the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Military Surgery in Zaporozhye State Medical University has been studying the issues of road traffic injuries. The research results offer a number of proposals for the prevention and timely organization of qualified and specialized medical care. In recent years, we have set the goal to study the role of a woman-driver in the structure of road accidents and road traffic injuries. According to our data of the analysis of accident cases (12,706) in Zaporizhzhia and sections of the route Kharkiv — Simferopol in the range of 240 km from Zaporizhzhia region there were determined the most typical accidents provoked by male and female drivers. Japan is considered to have the lowest rate of traffic accidents. This is related to the fact, in particular, that female drivers are about 35 %, and the Japanese believe that this also reduces the rate of accidents on the roads. The analysis of 12 schools and courses for driving training in Zaporizhzhia region demonstrated a regular increase in the number of women who wish to acquire a driver's license among the students, with the exception for the candidates for a professional category. If the ratio of men and women on the courses in 1980th was 10 : 1, whereas in 2000 it was 10 : 4, and in 2015 — 10 : 7. To the instructors' opinion, the women learn the theoretical part of the traffic code much better than the men, but are also far behind in learning the practical driving. We hope that when the proportion of female drivers 35 % as in Japan the number and severity of road traffic injuries will significantly reduce in Ukraine as well. ; Травматизм является одной из важнейших медико-социальных проблем современности для большинства стран мира. Травматизм во всем мире неуклонно растет, нанося обществу огромный социальный и экономический ущерб. Значительную долю в его структуре составляют дорожно-транспортные травмы, относящиеся к наиболее тяжелым видам травматизма. Транспортные происшествия являются единственной внешней причиной смерти, входящей в семь ведущих причин по критерию «Глобального бремени болезней» (The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. — Geneva: World Health Oгganization, 2008). По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, в мире от травм, полученных в дорожно-транспортных происшествиях (ДТП), каждый день погибает в среднем 3 тыс. человек, а получают травмы или становятся инвалидами около 40 млн человек в год (Всемирный доклад предупреждения дорожно-транспортного травматизма. — Женева, 2014). Травматизм в связи с его предотвратимостью является важным и вполне реальным резервом снижения смертности населения страны. На протяжении более 40 лет кафедра травматологии, ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии Запорожского государственного медицинского университета занималась изучением вопросов дорожно-транспортного травматизма. По результатам исследований сделан ряд предложений по профилактике и организации своевременной квалифицированной и специальной медпомощи пострадавшим при ДТП. В последние годы мы поставили себе цель изучить роль женщины за рулем в структуре дорожных происшествий и дорожно-транспортного травматизма. По данным нашего анализа случаев ДТП (12 706) по г. Запорожью и участку трассы Харьков — Симферополь в пределах 240 км по Запорожской области отмечены наиболее характерные ДТП, совершаемые водителями-мужчинами и водителями-женщинами. Считается, что самое низкое число аварий — в Японии, потому что женщин-автомобилистов в этой стране около 35 %. Японцы уверены, что это и снижает показатель аварийности на дорогах. При анализе 12 школ и курсов по подготовке водителей-автомобилистов в Запорожской области мы отметили, что среди курсантов, за исключением претендующих на категорию профессионалов, установлен закономерный рост количества женщин, желающих приобрести водительские права. Если в 1980 году соотношение мужчин и женщин на курсах было 10 : 1, то уже в 2000 г. — 10 : 4, а в 2015 г. — 10 : 7. Как отмечают инструкторы, женщины осваивают теоретическую часть правил дорожного движения значительно лучше, чем мужчины, но также значительно отстают в усвоении практики вождения. Остается надеяться, что, когда удельный вес женщин за рулем достигнет 35 %, как в Японии, количество и тяжесть дорожно-транспортных травм значительно снизятся и в Украине. ; Травматизм є однією з найважливіших медико-соціальних проблем сучасності для більшості країн світу. Травматизм у всьому світі неухильно зростає, наносячи суспільству величезний соціальний і економічний збиток. Значну частку в його структурі становлять дорожньо-транспортні травми, що належать до найбільш тяжких видів травматизму. Транспортні пригоди є єдиною зовнішньою причиною смерті, що входить у сім провідних причин за критерієм «Глобального тягаря хвороб» (The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. — Geneva: World Health Oгganization, 2008). За даними Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я, у світі від травм, отриманих у дорожньо-транспортних пригодах (ДТП), кожен день гине в середньому 3 тис. людей, а отримують травми або стають інвалідами близько 40 млн осіб на рік (Всесвітня доповідь запобігання дорожньо-транспортному травматизму. — Женева, 2014). Травматизм у зв'язку з його передбачуваністю є важливим і цілком реальним резервом зниження смертності населення країни. Протягом більше 40 років кафедра травматології, ортопедії та військово-польової хірургії Запорізького державного медичного університету займалася вивченням питань дорожньо-транспортного травматизму. За результатами досліджень зроблено ряд пропозицій щодо профілактики та організації своєчасної кваліфікованої та спеціальної меддопомоги постраждалим при ДТП. Останнім часом ми поставили собі за мету вивчити роль жінки за кермом у структурі дорожніх пригод і дорожньо-транспортного травматизму. За даними нашого аналізу випадків ДТП (12 706) по м. Запоріжжю та ділянкам траси Харків — Сімферополь у межах 240 км по Запорізькій області відзначені найбільш характерні ДТП, що здійснюються водіями-чоловіками і водіями-жінками. Вважається, що найнижча кількість аварій — в Японії, тому що жінок-автомобілістів в цій країні близько 35 %. Японці впевнені, що це і знижує показник аварійності на дорогах. Аналізуючи 12 шкіл і курсів із підготовки водіїв-автомобілістів Запорізької області, ми відзначили, що серед курсантів, за винятком тих, хто претендує на категорію професіоналів, установлене закономірне зростання кількості жінок, які бажають придбати водійські права. Якщо в 1980 році співвідношення чоловіків і жінок на курсах було 10 : 1, то вже у 2000 р. — 10 : 4, а у 2015 р. — 10 : 7. Як відзначають інструктори, жінки освоюють теоретичну частину правил дорожнього руху значно краще, ніж чоловіки, але також значно відстають у засвоєнні практики водіння. Залишається сподіватися, що, коли питома вага жінок за кермом досягне 35 %, як в Японії, кількість і тяжкість дорожньо-транспортних травм знач-но знизяться і в Україні.

Tribunale unificato dei brevetti e brevetto europeo con effetto unitario: giurisdizione e legge applicabile. Oggetto del presente elaborato è il pacchetto normativo costituito dall'accordo internazionale n. 2013/C 175/01 sul tribunale unificato dei brevetti, dal regolamento UE n. 542/14, che ha modificato il regolamento n. 1215/12 (c.d. Bruxelles I-bis) e dai regolamenti UE n. 1257/12 e n. 1260/12 sul brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e sul relativo regime di traduzione; con specifico riferimento alle tematiche della giurisdizione del tribunale unificato e della legge applicabile. Si tratta di due temi tradizionali in materia di tutela interstatale dei diritti, che tuttavia assumono nell'ambito della nuova regolamentazione connotati del tutto innovativi ed originali, funzionali ad assicurare una protezione uniforme delle invenzioni in Europa. La riforma introduce un titolo brevettuale con effetto unitario (peraltro limitato ad alcuni soltanto degli Stati dell'Unione europea) e realizza una maggiore uniformità anche rispetto agli esistenti brevetti europei senza effetto unitario. L'uniformità viene realizzata sul piano giurisdizionale rimettendo una porzione prevalente del contenzioso alla cognizione esclusiva di un tribunale unificato. Alle autorità nazionali degli Stati aderenti all'accordo rimane una competenza solo residuale, che attiene principalmente alla materia contrattuale, agli aspetti proprietari, e alla reazione agli abusi del titolare del brevetto. Oltretutto la riforma, modificando il regolamento Bruxelles I-bis, attribuisce al tribunale unificato dei brevetti una giurisdizione estesa potenzialmente anche al di fuori dei confini degli Stati aderenti all'accordo istitutivo del tribunale medesimo. Anche sul binario della legge applicabile il pacchetto realizza una maggiore uniformità di trattamento, assoggettando il brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e il brevetto europeo senza effetto unitario a una disciplina uniforme degli effetti e delle limitazioni del diritto di brevetto, che va ad aggiungersi alle norme uniformi in materia di validità e di interpretazione del brevetto previste dalla CBE. La riforma lascia ancora tuttavia diversi spazi alla legislazione nazionale, in relazione alla tutela della domanda, alle invenzioni dei dipendenti e su commessa, agli aspetti proprietari del brevetto, ai diritti di preuso, alle licenze obbligatorie, alla disciplina del concorso e della responsabilità solidale (che non assurgano a contraffazione indiretta), nonché alla tutela penale. Il pacchetto normativo realizza dunque un passo in avanti rilevante rispetto al passato per il brevetto europeo senza effetto unitario, mentre a confronto il passo appare scarso per il brevetto europeo con effetto unitario, a causa della porzione probabilmente eccessiva di disciplina e di giurisdizione lasciate per quest'ultimo alla dimensione nazionale. Terminato il periodo transitorio, la scelta tra i due titoli sembra dunque essenzialmente rimessa a una comparazione dei costi, rapportata ai territori di interesse per la tutela brevettuale. Occorre peraltro notare che il referendum inglese sulla Brexit ha gettato un'ombra di incertezza sul futuro del pacchetto: sulla base del testo attuale, l'accordo non consente la partecipazione del Regno Unito al sistema dopo il recesso dall'UE, ma il Regno Unito ha dichiarato di voler comunque aderire. La possibilità di modificare l'accordo in modo da aprirsi all'adesione di Stati non europei o comunque di consentire la permanenza in esso di Stati che perdano la qualifica di Stato membro dell'UE pone seri dubbi di compatibilità con i Trattati istitutivi alla luce del parere n. 1/09 della Corte di giustizia, rispetto al quale tuttavia le opinioni non sono concordi. Non è neppure scontato che una volontà politica in tal senso sussista in capo a tutte le parti in gioco. Il futuro del brevetto con effetto unitario e del tribunale unificato è quindi ancora incerto. ; Unified Patent Court and European Patent with unitary effect: jurisdiction and applicable law. This study examines the "UP-UPC package" (agreement no. 2013/C 175/01 on the unified patent court, EU Reg. no. 542/14, which amended EU reg. no. 1215/12 Bruxelles I-bis, and EU Reg. no. 1257/12 and no. 1260/12 on the european patent with unitary effect); with regard to jurisdiction and applicable law, both relevant matters in the light of pursuing a more uniform protection of inventions in Europe. Uniformity is pursued by the package for both the european patent with unitary effect and the already existing european patent without unitary effect, by devolving most portion of litigation to the exclusive competence of the unified patent court. National courts' competence will thus become residual, mainly referring to contract law, proprietary aspects, and patent holder's abuse. Furthermore, by amending EU Reg. Bruxelles I-bis, the package confers to the unified patent court a long-arm jurisdiction potentially extended over the territories of countries which are not part of the UPC agreement. With regard to applicable law, the package introduces some uniform rules (applicable not only to european patent with unitary effect, but also to the "traditional" european patent without unitary effect) regarding patent infringement and limitations, which add to the unirofm rules on patent validty and interpretation set forth by the EPC widely extending the scope of the uniform protection. Many areas however will continue to be regulated by national laws, more specifically the matters related to patent application's enforcement, employees' inventions, proprietary aspects, prior use, compulsory licenses, joint liability and criminal sanctions. In the light of the above, it appears that the package achieves a sensitive improvement for the european patent without unitary effect, in terms of uniformity of protection. On the other hand, the step forward seems quite limited with regard to the european patent with unitary effect, as too many areas will be left to national law and jurisdiction. Under the new regulation, the protection granted by "old" european patents without unitary effect will not be much different than that assured by "new" patents with unitary effect. Therefore, after the expiration of the transitory period, the patentees' choice between the two option will essentially depend on a comparison of costs taking into consideration the territories where they seek protection. It is to be noted that entry into force of the package is still at risk after the UK referendum on Brexit. The UPC agreement (at least, the version currently under ratification) prevents non-EU countries from joining the package, but notwistanding this circumstance, the UK Government recently announced that the UK will ratify the UPC agreement. Wether the agreement can be amended in that non-EU countries can be part of it, or in that previous EU countries can continue to be part of it, is a disputed matter, as the Court of Justice stated in opinion n. 1/09 that the previous version of the agreement (which was open to non-EU countries participation) was not compliant with EU treaties. This interpretation of op. 1/09 is not shared by all, and the matter is still unclear. Moreover, it is not clear if there would event be the necessary consensus among the member states to such amendment of the agreement. The future of the UP-UPC package is therefore still uncertain.

Today's economies are usually not isolated but are closely connected via the processes of globalization. Especially the production of goods and services is not limited to one country anymore, it has rather been internationalized and increasingly takes place in global value chains that span several countries. The study examines the effects of different institutional parameters on global trade flows and economic growth in such interconnected economies. Next to political influence by regulation, special attention is given to the influence of innovative activities on macroeconomic developments. The study therefore places a special focus on the analysis of formal standards and patents which are used to measure innovation. The study is composed of two parts and begins with an analysis of global value chains. The first matter to be examined is if and how product market regulation influences the competitive position of countries in global value chains. Consequently, the effects of industry-made standards on these value chains are examined. With the help of an exemplary look at the information and telecommunication technology sector, the challenges of combining intellectual property and global standards for the producers are demonstrated eventually. The second part of the study concerns long-term economic growth and examines how it is affected by the two different kinds of codification of innovations, standards and patents. The study rests upon empirical analyses that are based on econometric models. Thanks to the availability of new macroeconomic trade data it is possible to represent the global value chains using the trade flows of production value-added. This representation makes it possible to attribute the actual economic contribution to the creation of value in a good or service to a single country. The gravity model of trade is used to estimate the effects of the various variables. While the macroeconomic data are found in the databases of different international organizations, the standards data are retrieved from the Perinorm database. The database allows the differentiation between national, European, and international standards. The patent data are provided by affiliated research institutes and companies, and by openly available databases. Because of the long time period and the nonstationarity of the time series, the estimation of the long-term effects on economic growth is carried out using special econometric techniques that provide unbiased estimators for such panels. In order to ensure the robustness of the results, three different estimators are used. The results indicate that product market regulation only leads to better integration in global value chains if it assists in reducing information asymmetries between the various global market actors. Standards function in a similar manner. National standards that are principally directed at domestic producers impose high costs onto foreigners who wish to comply with them. Regional and international standards, on the other hand, facilitate the communication between groups of international market actors and lead to better integration in global value chains. Likewise, it is beneficial to exchange intellectual property in certain industries. In the information and telecommunication technology sector, licenses for patents are exchanged reciprocally between the actors in global value chains for them to be able to apply common standards that implement protected technologies. Regarding long-term, international economic growth the study shows that national standards have no influence on a whole group of economies. The countries' common standards, however, affect economic growth positively. Patents also have no significant effect on economic growth because they only improve the competitive position of those countries in which the patents are held. The empirical examinations illustrate that the exchange of information regarding the legal framework or regarding innovations and technologies supports today's economic structures that are closely intermingled internationally. The more the global economies close ranks, e.g. by forming customs, trade, or economic unions, and use global value chains, the more they profit from regulatory reform and common standards. In the long term, such developments also have a positive effect on economic growth. Patents promise competitive advantage for the patent holder on the one hand. On the other hand, there are sectors that are characterized by both an abundance of intellectual property protection and global interconnectedness. In these sectors, it is important to grant other market actors access to protected technologies in order to be able to take part in global markets. ; Die heutigen Volkswirtschaften stehen oft nicht mehr für sich alleine, sondern sind durch die Prozesse der Globalisierung eng miteinander verbunden. Besonders die Erstellung von Gütern und Dienstleistungen ist nicht mehr auf ein Land beschränkt. Vielmehr wurde die Produktion internationalisiert und findet vermehrt in globalen Wertschöpfungsketten statt, die mehrere Länder umspannen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen auf die internationalen Handelsströme und das Wirtschaftswachstum in Volkswirtschaften, die auf diese Weise organisiert sind. Neben politischer Einflussnahme durch Regulierung liegt ein besonderes Augenmerkt auf dem Einfluss von Innovationstätigkeiten auf die makroökonomischen Entwicklungen. Im Fokus steht deshalb die Analyse von Standards und Patenten, mithilfe derer Innovation messbar gemacht wird. Die Arbeit ist in zwei Teile unterteilt. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der globalen Wertschöpfungsketten. Dabei wird zuerst analysiert, ob und wie politische Maßnahmen in Form von Regulierung die Wettbewerbsposition der Länder in globalen Wertschöpfungsketten beeinflussen. Sodann wird untersucht, welche Auswirkungen Standards, die von Industrievertretern entworfen werden, auf diese Wertschöpfungsketten haben. Zuletzt wird anhand des Informations- und Telekommunikationstechnologiesektors aufgezeigt, welche Herausforderungen die Verknüpfung von geistigem Eigentum mit internationalen Standards für die Produzenten in diesem Sektor mit sich bringt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche langfristigen Auswirkungen die unterschiedlichen Arten der Kodifizierung von Innovationen in Standards und Patenten auf das Wirtschaftswachstum haben. Empirische Untersuchungen auf Basis ökonometrischer Modelle bilden die Grundlage der Arbeit. Dank der Verfügbarkeit neuer makroökonomischer Handelsdaten ist es möglich, die globalen Wertschöpfungsketten durch die Handelsströme von produziertem Mehrwert abzubilden. Diese Betrachtung ermöglicht die genaue Nachverfolgung des ökonomischen Beitrags eines Landes an der Wertschöpfung eines Produkts oder einer Dienstleistung. Um die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Einflussvariablen zu errechnen, wird das Gravitationsmodell angewendet. Während die makroökonomischen Daten aus den Datenbanken verschiedener internationaler Organisationen stammen, werden die Standarddaten aus der Datenbank Perinorm bezogen. Der Aufbau der Datenbank erlaubt es, zwischen nationalen, europäischen und internationalen Standards zu unterscheiden. Die Patentdaten werden von kooperierenden Forschungseinrichtungen und Unternehmen sowie öffentlichen Datenbanken zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Schätzung der langfristigen Effekte auf das Wirtschaftswachstum erfordern aufgrund der Länge des Zeitraums und der Nichtstationarität der Zeitreihen besondere ökonometrische Schätzer, die unverzerrte Ergbnisse für solche Panels liefern. Um die Robustheit der Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten, werden drei verschiedene Schätzer verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass staatliche Regulierung nur dann zu besserer Integration in globale Wertschöpfungsketten führt, wenn diese dabei hilft, Informationsasymmetrien zwischen den verschiedenen globalen Marktteilnehmern abzubauen. Derselbe Mechanismus trifft auch für die Wirkung von Standards zu. Nationale Standards, die sich größtenteils an die heimischen Produzenten richten, legen Außenstehenden zu hohe Kosten auf, um damit zu arbeiten. Regionale und internationale Standards, die die Kommunikation zwischen größeren Gruppen von Marktteilnehmern erleichtern, führen im Gegensatz dazu zu besserer Integration in globale Wertschöpfungsketten. Auch bezüglich geistigen Eigentums ist es von Vorteil, wenn dieses ausgetauscht wird. Im Informations- und Telekommunikationstechnologiesektor werden Lizenzen für Patente zwischen den Akteuren in einer globalen Wertschöpfungskette gegenseitig ausgetauscht, damit einheitliche Standards, die die geschützten Technologien benutzen, angewendet werden können. Im Hinblick auf das langfristige, länderübergreifende Wirtschaftswachstum zeigt sich, dass nationale Standards keinen Einfluss auf eine gesamte Gruppe von Volkswirtschaften haben. Gemeinsame Standards der Länder schaffen jedoch eine wachstumsfördernde Grundlage. Auch Patente haben keinen erkennbaren, länderübergreifenden Effekt, da sie nur denjenigen Volkswirtschaften Wettbewerbsvorteile bringen, in denen die Patente gehalten werden. Die empirischen Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, dass die heutigen, international eng verwobenen Wirtschaftsstrukturen durch den Austausch von Informationen über gesetzliche Bestimmungen und über Innovationen bzw. Technologien gefördert werden. Je mehr sich die Volkswirtschaften, gegebenenfalls auch zu Zoll-, Handels- oder Wirtschaftsunionen, zusammenschließen, und globale Wertschöpfungsketten bilden, desto mehr profitieren sie vom Abbau von Regulierung und von gemeinsamen Standards. In der langen Frist wirken sich derlei Maßnahmen positiv auf das Wirtschaftswachstum aus. Patente versprechen einerseits Wettbewerbsvorteile für den Patentinhaber. Andererseits gilt es jedoch in den Sektoren, die sowohl von geistigem Eigentum als auch von einem hohen Maße internationaler Verknüpfung geprägt sind, diese geschützten Technologien anderen Marktteilnehmern zugänglich zu machen, um am globalen Wirtschaftsgeschehen teilhaben zu können.

ABSTRACTLand expropriation is apparently became quite serious discussion in the international community inline with the global food crisis that occurred in 2008. It immediately raises fears of country of its inability to meet the food for its own people. Realizing the impact of food scarcity would be bad for the life of a country. As a result, the "exploitation" of a number of commodities started by each country in order to maintain their food security. In Indonesia, land acquisition practices occured since the development of oil palm plantations in which the Indonesian government has launched the development of oil palm plantations in the frontier region (Indonesia and Malaysia) along 850 km with an area of 1.8 million hectares with a count of 1,000,000 million hectares will be developed in West Kalimantan Province. Therefore, the productive lands of indigenous peoples for agricultural land and plantation of rubber, local fruits such as durian, and mentawa is converted into oil palm plantations owned by the company. It is certainly threating the Indigenous Peoples who think and treat the land as the only place for their business of agriculture and a place to live. At the same time, the government has issued permits granted to large corporations. Problems of this research: How is the practices of land acquisition of the Indigenous Dayak Iban of Jaya Pareh sub village of Semunying village, Bengkayang District bythe Oil Palm Company, PT. Ledo Lestari and what are the impacts to the local community when their land is occupied by the company?.In 2004, PT. Ledo Lestari got license to open oil palm plantation granted by the government of Bengkayang District. Afterwards, the company was directly executing the land clearing in the area of indigenous peoples' customary in where there woods for building materials, rattan to make a bidai (mats from rattan), many types of fruits, and the place for hunting. These activities are well-said as their source for income's gathering, and the company came with no consent from the people.The impacts of oil palm plantation development in the border region has caused changes in the condition of people's livelihood who live and work in there, especially in Semunying Jaya. The impacts for instances, firstly is, socio-cultural aspect; conflict in society is occured and the loss of source of traditional medicine. Secondly is, environmental sspects; the loss of2Indigenous forests as the source of people's livelihood and loss of clean water resources; Thirdly, economic aspect; loss of rattan as a source of soceity's potential economy and the loss of plants and tembawang. Above-mentioned impacts are causing a crisis of agricultural land.The conclusion is that the land acquisition practiced by PT. Ledo Lestari over the Indigenous Dayak Iban of Semunying Jaya by doing land clearing is only based on permits issued by local governments Bengkayang through Regent Decree Bengkayang Number . 13 / IL-BPN / BKY / 2004 dated December 20, 2004 regardings the granting of concessions for oil palm plantations to PT. Ledo Lestari of as large as 20,000 Ha area. There is no Indigenous Peoples's consent . The impacts of company's presence to the community are; the conflict in the community, source of traditional medicines disappear, indigenous forest been cleared, source of clean water is polluted, rattan as a source of the local economy is also missing,the community lost their agricultural land as well as lost thier plants growing like fruits that will lead to food crisis.Keywords: Oil Palm, conflict, indigenous peoples, land expropriation, food crisisABSTRAKPengambilalihan tanah muncul dan menjadi pembahasan yang cukup serius di dunia internasional bersamaan dengan terjadinya krisis pangan global yang terjadi pada tahun 2008 silam. Hal tersebut langsung memunculkan ketakutan bagi negara akan ketidakmampuannya untuk mencukupi pangan bagi rakyatnya sendiri. Menyadari dampak kelangkaan pangan akan berakibat buruk bagi kehidupan sebuah negara, maka kemudian "eksploitasi" terhadap sejumlah komoditas mulai dilakukan oleh masing-masing negara demi menjaga keamanan pangan mereka. Di Indonesia sendiri praktek-praktek pengambilalihan lahan itu terjadi karena pembangunan perkebunan sawit, dimana Pemerintah Indonesia sendiri telah mencanangkan pengembangan pembangunan perkebunan kelapa sawit diwilayah perbatasan (Indonesia-Malaysia) sepanjang 850 km dengan luas 1,8 juta hektar dengan hitungan 1.000.000 juta hektar akan di kembangan di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, sehingga tanah-tanah masyarakat adat yang produktif untuk lahan pertanian dan perkebunan baik itu karet, buah-buahan lokal seperti durian, langsat, mentawa beralih fungsi menjadi tanaman sawit yang miliki oleh perusahaan, hal ini tentu menjadi ancaman tersendiri bagi masyarakat adat, yang berangapan bahwa tanah merupakan satu-satu tempat usaha pertanian dan tempat untuk hidup, sementara di wilayah mereka, pemerintah telah mengeluarkan ijin usaha perkebunan sawit yang diberikan kepada perusahaan-perusahaan besar.Permasalahan penulisan ini adalah: Bagaimana Praktek-praktek pengambilalihan tanah pada Masyarakat Adat Dayak Iban Dusun Pareh Desa Semunying Jaya Kabupaten Bengkayang yang dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Sawit PT. Ledo Lestari dan Seperti apa dampak-dampak yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat ketika tanahnya sudah kuasai oleh pihak perusahaan PT. Ledo Lestari ?Setelah Perusahaan PT. Ledo Lestari mengantongi ijin untuk membuka perkebunan sawit di Desa Semunying Jaya pada tahun 2004 dengan ijin yang diberikan oleh Pemerintah Dearah Kabupaten Bengkayang maka perusahaan langsung mengarap lahan-lahan usaha masyarakat dengan cara melakukan pengusuran dan pembabatan hutan adat milik masyarakat adat semunying jaya yang didalam hutan adat terdapat kayu-kayu untuk bahan bangunan masyarakat, rotan-rotan untuk membuat bidai (tikar dari rotan), jenis-jenis buah-buahan,3tempat berburu dan itu semua merupakan sumber mata pencharian masyarakat adat Semunying Jaya tanpa terlebih dahulu musyawarah dengan masyarakat adat.Dampak-dampak Pengembangan perkebunan kelapa sawit di kawasan perbatasan telah menyebabkan perubahan kondisi tatanan kehidupan masyarakat yang hidup dan tinggal di kawasan perbatasan khususnya di Semunying Jaya yaitu Pertama, Aspek sosial budaya Terjadinya konflik di masyarakat dan hilangnya Sumber obat tradisional hilang kedua, Aspek Lingkungan yaitu Hilangnya Hutan Adat yang menjadi sumber penghidupan dan Hilangnya Sumber air bersih . Ketiga, Aspek ekonomi yaitu hilangnya Potensi Rotan sebagai sumber ekonomi masyarakat dan Hilangnya Tanam Tumbuh dan Tembawang sehingga menimbulkan Krisis lahan pertanianKesimpulan bahwa Praktek-praktek pengambilalihan tanah pada Masyarakat Adat Dayak Iban Dusun Pareh Desa Semunying jaya yang dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Sawit PT. Ledo Lestari dengan cara melakukan pengusuran tanah-tanah masyarakat adat Dayak Iban Dusun Pareh Desa Semunying Jaya tanpa melalui musyawarah hanya didasarkan atas ijin yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Bengkayang melalui Keputusan Bupati Bengkayang Nomor 13/IL-BPN/BKY/2004 tertanggal 20 Desember 2004 tentang pemberian ijin lokasi perkebunan kelapa sawit kepada pihak PT. Ledo Lestari seluas 20.000 Ha. Dan dampak yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat atas kehadiran perusahaan tersebut yaitu terjadinya konflik di masyarakat, Sumber obat tradisional hilang, Hutan Adat habis ditebang, Sumber air bersih tercemar, Potensi Rotan yang sebagai sumber ekonomi masyarakat juga hilang, dan diperparah lagi masyarakat tidak punya lahan pertanian, sementara Tanam Tumbuh buah-buahan juga sudah tidak ada lagi sehingga akan mengakibatkan krisis pangan.Kata kunci : Sawit, konflik, masyarakat adat, pengambilalihan tanah, krisis pangan

Forgotten children. The living situation of undocumented children in the NetherlandsThe Netherlands signed the UN Convention for the Rights of the Child two decades ago. However, various measures taken by the Dutch Cabinet indicate a narrowing of the rights of children. These measures are attracting a great deal of criticism from the High Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, the Children's Ombudsman, human rights organizations and interest groups. They base their criticism primarily on research into children with residence status: children in refugee centres and family detention centres, and individual under-age refugees.There is virtually no information on undocumented children. By this, we mean children who are not staying in family detention centres, have never requested asylum, or children who have been denied refugee status. Researchers and organizations estimate this group of children to number in the thousands. No recent information is available about the current situation of undocumented children living in the City of Utrecht. This was the reason for conducting this study into the number of undocumented children and the conditions in which they live.Fanga Musow, a shelter project for undocumented women and children in Utrecht, initiated the study. Stichting Los ("National Support Point for Undocumented Migrants"), HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht (Research group Innovation in Social Work) and Defence for Children were also all involved in this study. The request for a follow-up on this initiative came from the City of Utrecht. The municipality wanted to know what it could do to improve the situation of this group of children in the city.The objective of the study was to gain insight into the number of undocumented children and into their living and housing circumstances.There were four research questions: 1) How many undocumented children are there in the Netherlands and in the City of Utrecht? 2) How do undocumented children experience their housing and living conditions? 3) To what extent are conditions for the children's development guaranteed? And 4) What recommendations should be formulated for municipal policy to ensure decent conditions for development of undocumented children?To answer these research questions, we conducted a quantitative study to estimate the number of undocumented children, and a qualitative study to examine the developmental situation of these children.The data was collected using the following methods: through a written questionnaire sent out and phone calls made to educational institutions (primary schools and secondary education institutions) and early development centres in Utrecht; secondary analyses of the databases belonging to the City of Utrecht; semi-structured interviews with undocumented children between 6 and 19 years old; and a study of the scientific literature on the housing and living conditions of undocumented children.We used a model from Kalverboer and Zijlstra (2008) as a source for the interview questions. On the basis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the researchers formulated fourteen conditions for development. We reduced this number of conditions to eight, distributed over the categories inside and outside the family. The conditions inside the family are livelihood, housing, pedagogical environment and health. The conditions outside the family are social networks, education, interaction with peers and the future. Fourth-year students from HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht conducted the interviews and transcribed them verbatim. They performed the analyses together with the researchers from HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht. The reason for involving students in the research was to make these prospective professionals in the social and legal sectors aware of the issues surrounding this group of vulnerable children. The children were recruited via social work institutions and intermediaries. Since we did not manage to find enough children in Utrecht who would agree to an interview within the research period, we expanded the area of recruitment to the three other major cities in the Netherlands: Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague."Only" 45 children without a permanent residence are recorded in the education files of the City of Utrecht. Our survey and calls to schools and early development centres revealed that seven undocumented children live in Utrecht. Most of the intermediaries that we approached indicated that they did not have enough time to participate in the study.The interviews resulted in the following findings. Of the 29 children, 16 were born in the Netherlands. More than half are growing up without a father. The children form part of a total of 21 families. All of these children attend school. They have a social network that they can fall back on and that supports them in practical matters but also in legal procedures. Most of the children aspire to a future in the Netherlands. A large number of the children indicate that they lack basic needs such as school supplies, toys, (sports) clothing or a bike. Of the 21 families to which the children belong, seven are completely dependent on donations. The children also say they suffer from the many relocations that they have gone through and their cramped housing conditions. Furthermore, the children indicate that there are many things they cannot do, such as work, obtain a scooter or driving license, visit places where they will need to show identification, or travel abroad.Determining the actual number of undocumented children in the Netherlands and Utrecht turned out to be quite challenging. The scientific literature, municipal database and the intermediaries who were approached did not provide conclusive information about the group. It was not possible to establish an exact number for the City of Utrecht based on the numbers that we found.The children who were interviewed reported problems that correspond in part to those of documented children and particularly those growing up in poverty. Many children who live in poverty suffer from problems related to an unhealthy or unvaried diet, or cannot afford the membership of (sports) clubs. These issues are not unique to undocumented children. However, our study shows that the problems of undocumented children are more fundamental in their nature than those of documented children who grow up in poverty.Kinderen buiten beeld. De leefsituatie van ongedocumenteerde kinderen in NederlandDit artikel werpt licht op de omstandigheden waaronder kinderen zonder verblijfsstatus (ongedocumenteerde kinderen) opgroeien in Nederland en niet in beeld zijn bij de overheid. Het betreft uitgeprocedeerde kinderen en kinderen die nooit een asielaanvraag hebben ingediend. In beide gevallen gaat het om kinderen die met hun ouders een bestaan in de illegaliteit opbouwen. De data zijn afkomstig uit een studie naar de woon- en leefsituatie van 29 illegale kinderen tussen 6 tot 19 jaar oud. De kinderen benoemen problemen die gedeeltelijk samenvallen met die van andere kinderen in Nederland, ook kinderen die in armoede opgroeien. De problemen van ongedocumenteerde kinderen werken echter zwaarder door. Ook staan zij onder grote psychische druk. Ze leven met het geheim van hun juridische status, zijn bang door de politie te worden opgepakt, weten niet wie ze kunnen vertrouwen en ervaren hun toekomst als ongewis.

1.1 Global Agreements and Standards China joined the WTO in 20011. If we look at foodstuffs and medicines from a consumer viewpoint, the most important WTO agreements are the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT Agreement) and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). The TBT Agreement covers all mandatory and voluntary technical regulations and standards, including testing and certification procedures. The aim of the agreement is that these technical measures do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.2 The SPS Agreement defines the rights and obligations of members with respect to application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures. This means laws and standards on food safety, animal health and plant health. Basically, the SPS agreement defines how food is to be regulated in order to maintain TBT agreement goals3. The TBT agreement also applies to medicines4. Disputes arise when trade restrictions are justified by somewhat ambiguous goals such as human health. The most famous food disputes resolved by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body are the 'hormones in beef case'5 of 1998 and the 'sardine case'6 of 2002. EC banning beef hormones was not justified according to the SPS agreement, because it was not based on Codex Alimentarius Standards. EC restricting the use of the term 'sardine' was not justified according to the TBT agreement, because the restrictions were not based on the Codex.7. Here we see the connection between Codex standards and WTO disputes: Codex rules are specifically referred to in the TBT Agreement8 and the SPS Agreement9, and are therefore used as a reference in trade disputes at the WTO.10 Codex Alimentarius is an international organization governing foodstuffs and operating under United Nations organizations FAO11 and WHO12. China is a member. Codex documents are global food law13: Codex Alimentarius pursues to protect the health of consumers and to promote fair international food trade.14 The Codex Alimentarius Commission is the highest decision-making body, where the representatives of the approximately 18015 member states meet every year. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is the most important global actor drafting food standards. Codex documents are in the forms of standards, codes of practice, guidelines, principles, recommendations, etc. Standards often relate to product features and can be very precise, setting for example MRLs (maximum residue levels) for pesticides or medicinal substances in foods. There is for example a standard for canned baby food and a standard for frozen spinach. Codes of practice guide procedure as regards production, preparation, transport and storage, including HACCP16 systems. Guidelines exist for example on nutrition and health claims17. Principles are more general and relate for example to import and export certificates. The division between different document types is not important as none of the Codex documents are directly binding on food industry operators. All of the above-mentioned document types are listed under 'standards' on the Codex web page18. It is important for China to defend their interests in Codex, particularly as a member of the WTO. The role of the Codex Commission is to provide a political forum to debate issues. The role of WTO Dispute Settlement Body is to ultimately resolve issues that cannot be agreed upon. As regards to China, the absence of WTO disputes against China is seen as a sign of China's reasonably effective implementation of the WTO rules19. The worst possible scenario is that China would disrupt the whole WTO process that is based on consensus20. Trade partners expect China to comply with the spirit of the WTO agreements and to develop into a "more responsible member of the international community"21. Foreign businesses expected to benefit from a more transparent and predictable business environment in China22. According to the US-China Business Council in 2008, China has gone a long way in fulfilling its WTO obligations, but there are still problems related to the principle of national treatment in particular. This means that foreign companies experience adverse treatment compared to Chinese companies. Discrimination comes in the form of stricter regulations and their enforcement. In addition, application procedures and license approval procedures are more stringent, time consuming or costly for foreign companies, foreigners are excluded from standards setting processes, and there is bias towards domestic goods in government procurement.23 According to Peerenboom, some of the areas listed by foreign investors are actually required of China by the WTO, while others are just wishful thinking seeking to further foreign interests24. Besides factors related to the Chinese legal culture, employment and income levels of the Chinese people will determine whether China will fulfil its WTO obligations25. The TBT Agreement recommends the recourse to international standards wherever possible while drafting technical regulations. Besides Codex standards, ISO/IEC26 standards are particularly referred to in the TBT Agreement27. ISO is the International Organisation for Standardisation, and has published several standards related to the food industry. ISO is a nongovernmental organization "forming a bridge between the public and private sectors". ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of its 157 member countries. Many of the member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, while others have been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.28 Legal description of the ISO standards is difficult. They are not agreements between states as with Codex standards, and they are not selfregulation as governments are involved. They are followed voluntarily, although abiding by a standard might be required in practice. In any case, ISO standards can be defined as soft law. On medicines, the WHO is involved in developing international medicinal products law. They develop international norms, standards and guidelines, and provide guidance, technical assistance and training to support countries in adopting these standards on medicinal products.29 The WHO also organizes international conferences of drug regulatory authorities, where medicinal products law is discussed. The outcome of these meetings are "Recommendations", in which various areas of medicinal products law are discussed. They are in the form "member states should…"i.e. adoption is not mandatory. In 2006, it was agreed for example that member states should support clinical studies of herbal medicines30, and seek efficient sanctions for false drug advertising, particularly internet advertising31. China is involved in the WHO discussions and drafting the recommendations on medicinal products law. China also works bilaterally on issues of medicine law. For example between China and the EU, the agreement on a "Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism" was signed in 2008. In 2009, the Chinese SFDA32 met with the Director General Enterprise of the EC in the first annual high-level working conference under the "mechanism".33