Suchergebnisse

The devolution of procurement responsibilities to local levels of government is increasingly occurring across South Asia. This trend is significant because increasingly localized decision-making better enables communities to hold government authorities accountable for the effectiveness of public spending, which can lead to various improved development outcomes, such as improvements in quality of service delivery; greater empowerment and understanding by end-users services supplied through public procurement processes; and improved oversight and accountability of service delivery agencies. The objective of this report is to set out an overview of the strategic approach developed by World Bank Institute (WBI) as a component of the Norwegian governance trust fund (NTF) program `procurement and service delivery: establishing effective collaboration between government and beneficiaries on monitoring procurement outcomes`. WBI received funds under the NTF to facilitate the development of context and audience-specific knowledge products by recognized practitioners and civil society organizations in South Asia as part of a broader effort to create a practical curriculum on social accountability in procurement.

Chapter1. The Sustainable Development of Green Space in the Tourism Zone of Moc Chau Mountains (Son La, Vietnam) -- Chapter2. Wooden Funeral Sculptures of the Jrai and Bahnar in the Vietnam Central Highlands: Conservation or Destruction?- Chapter3. Traditional Concepts on "Sustainability" in Vietnamese Culture and the Impacts on Forming Modern Values of Sustainable Development -- Chapter4. Educational Renovation in a Restructuring Society: Vietnam's Case Study -- Chapter5. Tourism Climate Indicators (TCI) Applied in Moc Chau District (Son La, Vietnam). Chapter6. Carbon Footprint of Vietnam's Small Urban Areas (A Case Study of Ha Dong District, Hanoi) -- Chapter7. Agriculture Land Conversion and Its Implications for Food Requirements and Farming in Vietnamese Northern Mountains -- Chapter8. Urban Exclusion: Theoretical Approaches and Emerging Trajectories for Vietnam -- Chapter9. Applying Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to Analyze Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Intention of the Students of Vietnam National University, Hanoi -- Chapter10. Creating an Added-Value Capital of Forest Based on the Local Knowledge of Tai in Tuong Duong (Nghe An, Vietnam) -- Chapter11. Minimizing the Negative Effects of Irrigation and Hydropower System on Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection in the Huong River Basin -- Chapter12. Socio-Economic Development towards Sustainable Ecological Model in Vietnam -- Chapter13. Perennial Cropping System Development and Economic Performance of Perennial Cropping System in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam -- Chapter14. Sustainable Agriculture Development in Vietnam -- Chapter15. Community Participation in Urban Planning in Vietnam towards Sustainable Development - Prospects and Challenges -- Chapter16. Current Status and Impact of Imbalance of Sex Ratio at Birth in the Son La Province, Vietnam -- Chapter17. Obstacles in the Sustainable Development of Industry in Ethnic Minorities' Areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta (Kien Giang and Can Tho) -- Chapter18. Integrating Sustainable Development into National Policy: The Practice of Vietnam -- Chapter19. Building Human Capital for Sustainable Development: Experience from Some East Asia Countries and Policy Implications for Vietnam -- Chapter20. Mapping Marine Functional Zoning for the Northern Tonkin Coastal Zone, Vietnam -- Chapter21. Rainfall Regime and Its Impact on Water Resources on Ly Son Island, Central Vietnam -- Chapter22. Factors Affecting Community Forest Management in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam -- Chapter23. Impacts of Urban Expansion on Landscape Pattern Changes: A Case Study of Da Nang City, Vietnam -- Chapter24. An Assessment of Pollution Load Capacity of Son La Hydropower Reservoir in the Northwest Mountains of Vietnam 40 -- Chapter25. An Approach for Prioritising Climate Change Mitigation Measures: A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City -- Chapter26. Developing Agricultural Production of Ethnic Minority Households in the Context of Climate Change (Lak District, Dak Lak Province, Central Highland of Vietnam) -- Chapter27. Detecting Flash Flood Susceptible Areas Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model: A Case Study of Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam -- Chapter28. Implementing Agricultural Land Use Solutions to Adapt Climate Change in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta -- Chapter29. Geothermal Renewable Energy in Vietnam: A Current Status Overview and Proposing Solutions for Development -- Chapter30. Study on stand structure of secondary mangrove forest; Sonneratia caseolaris - Aegicerus corniculatum stand for introducing silvofishery systems to shrimp-culture ponds -- Chapter31. Evaluation the effectiveness of sheath blight disease controlling on rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani in green house condition by applying some biofungicides -- Chapter32. Consideration on the Use Sentinel-1 Radar Image and GIS for Flood Mapping in the Lai Giang River Basin of Binh Dinh Province (Central Coast Vietnam) -- Chapter33. Studying Shoreline Change in Ky Anh Coastal Area of Ha Tinh Province during 1989-2013 based on the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) -- Chapter34. How Do Yao Farmers Cope with Extreme Weather Events with Their Indigenous Knowledge? A Case Study of Mo Vang Mountains (Yen Bai, Vietnam) -- Chapter35. Multilevel Governance Roles in Land Use Change: Lessons for REDD+ from the Case Study in Nghe An Province, Vietnam -- Chapter36. Technical Efficiency of Irrigation Water Use of Robusta Coffee Production in the Dong Nai river basin (Vietnam): A case study of Lam Dong province -- Chapter37. Climate Change Vulnerability of Agriculture in Coastal Communes of Quang Tri Province, Vietnam -- Chapter38. A GIS Application in Optimizing the Collection and Transportation Route of Domestic Solid Waste in Hue City, Vietnam -- Chapter39. Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the Context of Climate Change: Develop a Water Security Index for Water Resources Management in Vietnam -- Chapter40. An Integrated Approach for Saltwater Intrusion Monitoring based on Remote Sensing combined with Multivariable Analysis: A Case Study of Coastal Zone in Southern Vietnam -- Chapter41. Diversity of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the Hoang Lien - Van Ban Nature Reserve (Lao Cai, Vietnam): Implications for Local Livelihood Improvement and Biodiversity Conservation -- Chapter42. Quantify Forest Stand Volume Using SPOT 5 Satellite Image -- Chapter43. Evaluating Impact of Climate Change to Fishing Productivity of Vietnam: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Regression Model -- Chapter44. An Experimental Study on Using Biogas Slurry to Improve the Water Quality of Aqua-Culture Systems in Acid Sulfate Soil Areas -- Chapter45. Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion Vulnerability in the Coastal Aquifers in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam -- Chapter46. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Urban Planning of Vietnamese Coastal Towns toward Sustainable Development -- Chapter47. Mike Flood Application for Solving Inundation Issues for Ho Chi Minh City in The Context of Climate Change: A Case Study in the District 1 -- Chapter48. Enhancing the Efficiency of Land Dispute Mediation for Ethnic Minorities in Van Canh district (Binh Dinh, Vietnam) -- Chapter49. A Stakeholder Delphi Study on Local Communities Adaptation to Climate Change in the Coastal Area: Case Study in An Duong District (Hai Phong, Vietnam) -- Chapter50. Assessing Flash Flood Risks based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS): A Case Study of Hieu Catchment (Nghe An, Vietnam) -- Chapter51. Analysis and Prediction of Noise Pollution from Wind Turbines: A Case Study of Loi Hai Wind Power Plant (Ninh Thuan, Vietnam) -- Chapter52. An Environmental Zoning for Sustainable Development in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam -- Chapter53. Climate Change Vulnerability of Urban Development in the Phanrang-Thapcham (Ninh Thuan, Vietnam).

Openness of Government Affairs in China: Development in 2018 and Prospect in 2019, Innovation Project Team on Rule of Law indices, CASS Law institute -- Advancing the Openness of Grassroots Government Affairs: Practices and Explorations in Shandong Province, Office of Openness of Government Affairs of the General Office of People's Government of Shandong Province -- Explorations and Progresses Made by Guangdong Province in Comprehensively Advancing the Work of Openness of Government Affairs, Office of Disclosure of Government Information and Openness of Government Affairs, People's Government of Guangdong Province -- Pilot Work on the Standardization of the Openness of Grassroots Government Affairs in Sichuan Province: Practices and Reflections, Office of Disclosure of Information of People's Government of Sichuan Province -- Comprehensive Advancement of Openness of Government Affairs in Guizhou Province: Explorations and Practices, Project Team on the Openness of Government Affairs in Guizhou Province -- Investigation Report on Cases Administrative Litigation Involving the Disclosure of Government Information in Ningbo City, Intermediate People's Court of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province -- The Shenzhen Practice of Openness of Government Affairs, Office of Disclosure of Government Information, People's Government of Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province -- The Yinchuan Practice of Openness of Government Affairs, Office of Openness of Government Affairs of People's Government of Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region -- Policy Interpretation Mechanism in the Optimization of Business Environment in Shanghai Municipality, Development and Reform Commission of Shanghai Municipality -- Analysis of the Case of Third-party Assessment of "Policy Interpretation" of Huangpu District, Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai Urban Perspective Data Hub & Office of the People's Government of Huangpu District, Shanghai Municipality -- Striving to Create a "Transparent Yuexiu District" and Providing First-class Government Services, Government Services Management Office of People's Government of Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province -- Investigation Report on the Work of Comprehensive Service and Regulation Platform of Openness of Grassroots Government Affairs in Chengdu City, Office of Government Service Management and Network Governance, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province -- Third-party Assessment Report on Disclosure of Information by Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province, Third-party Assessment Center of Beijing Ance Zhixing Consulting Co., Ltd & Policy Research Office of Anhui Ance Think Tank Consulting Co., Ltd -- Exploration in and Practice of Openness of Government Affairs Relating to Compulsory Education and School Affairs in Jiangbei District of Ningbo City, Education Bureau of Jiangbei District of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province -- The Jinshan Experience of Advancing the Openness of Government Affairs and Creating a Transparent Government, Office of People's Government of Jinshan District, Shanghai Municipality -- Explorations in and Practice of Standardization of Openness of Government Affairs in Fangzi District of Weifang City, Office of People's Government of Fangzi District Weifang City, Shandong Province -- Standardizing the Work of Openness of Grassroots Government Affairs in Luohu District of Shenzhen City: Explorations and Achievements, Center for Openness of Government Affairs of Luohu District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province -- Explorations and Innovations in the Work of Openness of Government Affairs in Chancheng District, Foshan City, Office of People's Government of Chancheng District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province -- Practices and Explorations of Realizing Intelligent Governance by Innovating the Method of Openness of Government Affairs in Xinjin County, Office of Government Service Management and Network Governance of Xinjin County, Sichuan Province -- Joint Practices and Explorations by City Government and District Government in Advancing the Openness of Government Affairs in West District of Panzhihua City, People's Government of West District of Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province -- Investigation Report on Opening up the "Last Kilometer" in the Road of Openness of Government Affairs of Bozhou District, Zunyi City, Office of the CPC Committee of Bozhou District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province.

Foreword -- Introduction -- Part one: Setting the scene -- Chapter 1- Towards sustainable solutions in international security management – an introduction -- Introduction to Section 1. Conceptual perspectives on the international safety and security landscape -- Chapter 2- Security and safety: An integrative perspective -- Chapter 3- Positive safety -- Chapter 4- Managing for Security -- Chapter 5- Trends on Security, Safety and Criminal Justice in the Netherlands -- Introduction to Section 2: How do we talk about security? Security narratives -- Chapter 6- What do people talk about when they talk about experiencing safety -- Chapter 7- When words make fences: a look into how words and media narratives contribute to the creation of a fortress Europe -- Chapter 8- Welcome to the "shit show": Leveraging emotions for theory building -- Chapter 9- Looking at safety and security issues in different cultures -- Chapter 10- Common security culture: myth or reality? Security co-creation from the risk management perspective: An essay based on observation, critical thinking and a strong belief in a better future -- Chapter 11- Artist's reflections: The governance of safety and security as a performance' -- Introduction to Section 3: Grand security challenges -- Chapter 12- International security challenges of climate change: Lessons from the Syrian case for a multi-stakeholder approach to resilient adaptation -- Chapter 13- Target and Trigger. A reflection on the relation between cultural heritage and peace and security -- Part four: Organisational perspective -- Chapter 14- Emerging strategies to prevent Islamic radicalisation in Europe: Evidence from Italy -- Chapter 15- Illicit trade and private business -- Chapter 16- Finding safety in the smart city: A discourse analysis with strategic implications -- Chapter 17- Performance and participation in the panopticon: Instruments for civic engagement with urban surveillance technologies -- Chapter 18- Security and the new generation workforce -- Introduction to Section 4a: How do we organise security? Stakeholder perspectives -- Chapter 19- Business and corporate security: Contributing to a safer world' -- Chapter 20- Private security production -- Chapter 21- International security management in the Croatian police: Presenting a multi-faceted approach -- Chapter 22- Foresight-based Leadership. Decision making in a growing AI environment -- Chapter 23- Perceived opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence within the police – a public management perspective' -- Chapter 24- A practice-based approach to security management: Materials, meaning and competence for trainers of healthcare cybersecurity -- Chapter 25- Local security governance in vulnerable residential areas' -- Chapter 26- Informational requirements to support positive safety lens policymaking -- Introduction to Section 4b: How do we organise security? Collaborations and networks -- Chapter 27- Collaborating across workplace boundaries: Recommendations based on identity research -- Chapter 28- Collaboration, unexpected events and governance in complex temporary organisations -- Chapter 29- The CBRN threat: Perspective of an inter-agency response -- Chapter 30- The practical realities of security management in a changing world -- Chapter 31- Countering criminal facilitation through public-private cooperation in the Netherlands -- Chapter 32- Cooperation and networking – a key to successful policing -- Introduction to Section 5: Implications for education and learning -- Chapter 33- Making waves through education: A method for addressing security grand challenges in educational contexts -- Chapter 34- A stroke of genius: Rembrandt's "The Anatomy Lesson" as an inspiration for organising research for, about and in the world of policing -- Chapter 35- Blended co-design of education: The case of an executive master's in security management -- Chapter 36- European Joint Master's in Strategic Border Management: educational hub for international cooperation and networking in EU border management -- Chapter 37- The establishment of the international police relations section at the German police university – an investment in the present and the future.

The impact of globalisation and industrialisation has been a subject for research around the globe due to the huge paradigm shift caused by them. Such phenomena are also a cause of concern as cities consume close to three-quarters of the world's natural resources and generate three-quarters of its pollution and waste. There is a need for the cities to get smarter through the application of innovative solutions to address large-scale urbanisation challenges and find new ways for creating liveable, competitive and self-reliant cities. In this direction, the advent of smart cities could be a much larger wave of transformation which is about to splash the entire world. The precise content, feature and nature of smart cities vary from country to country, depending upon geographical condition, ecosystems, resource availabilities and major challenges being faced. Pilot projects have been taken up in almost all parts of the world to emulate such cities. Many countries have rolled out grand plans for the development of both greenfield and brownfield smart cities. There have been several agitations against such extensive infiltration of information technologies in societies due to the fear of cyberattacks, privacy threats, etc. However, societies have decided to go ahead because of the greater advantages as well as necessity of smarter systems for ensuring a quality life for citizens. The revolution of upcoming smart cities would thus be one of the most holistic movements, which would require extensive participation from almost all fronts of the society, thus resulting in a truly substantive development. Due to enhanced dependency on data sensors, automation technologies, information and communication technologies, software analytical applications, etc., any disruption/disaster may disintegrate the whole string of services and jeopardise the smart city ecosystem. Further, high concentration of population and economic activities make smart cities vulnerable to severe damage in terms of human lives as well as financial breakdown. Therefore, resilient measures for various natural and man-made disasters need to be taken care of. Major portions of all urban areas on earth are coastal/riverside, exposing them to sea/river-level rise and storm surges. Climate impacts such as cyclones, floods and droughts have financial impacts, with major disruption to business operations and city finances. This necessitates that at the onset of the development of smart city, concomitant actions are needed to make them resilient to disaster as well. This article introduces the concept of smart city and discusses its various attributes. Technology span required for smart city development has been analysed and presented. Some of the global initiatives have been discussed, along with the Government of India's ambitious programme of establishing 100 smart cities on a fast track. The planning and prioritisation strategies necessary for the success and sustainability of such a programme are discussed. To be really intelligent, cities must also consider the impacts of climate change. Therefore, disaster risk reduction is one of the key aspects in smart city development. Accordingly, vulnerabilities associated with smart cities have been listed with a holistic and far-sighted approach. These help in identification of mechanisms, policies and practices to be taken up by all the stakeholders to ensure that the smart cities serve their purpose of socio-economic development and citizen-centric governance, instead of procedural governance, without posing a threat to security, stability and integrity of the individuals and the society as a whole. The article also highlights the need for establishing a central command control centre and the shift in administrative procedures as well as emergency governance structures to accommodate the modern needs of involving citizens extensively in building these cities, not only literally but also figuratively.

El facilitar, permitir y sobre todo regular los grandes desplazamientos de personas al interior de la ciudad se convirtió en una preocupación determinante para el aparato estatal lo que fue configurando políticas específicas de seguridad vial. A lo largo del tiempo que abarca esta investigación ha sido el Departamento Administrativo de Tránsito y Transporte - DATT la entidad que debían regular los asuntos de circulación, tránsito y transporte en Bogotá. En este trabajo se establece una imagen de la Bogotá de los años 70 y 80, de sus centros y periferias, los ritmos de desplazamiento de sus gentes y las transformaciones en el uso del suelo urbano, la necesidad del aparato de gobierno de regular estos desplazamientos masivos por medio del diseño y construcción de una infraestructura vial, el control de las empresas privadas de transporte de pasajeros; finalmente se habla del establecimiento de dispositivos de regulación del tránsito como los semáforos, las señales de tránsito verticales, las marcas sobre el pavimento como medidas para reducir la accidentalidad en la ciudad. ; Abstract. To facilitate, enable and regulate especially large movements of people within the city became a crucial concern for the state which was setting specific road safety policies. Throughout the period covered by this research has been the Administrative Department of Traffic and Transportation - DATT the entity should regulate circulation issues, transit and transportation in Bogotá. In this paper an image of Bogota 70 and 80 decades of its centers and peripheries, the rates of displacement of the people and changes in urban land use is established, the steering gear need to regulate these movements mass through the design and construction of a road infrastructure, control of private passenger transport companies; finally speaks of the establishment of traffic control devices such as traffic lights, traffic signs vertical, marks on the pavement as measures to reduce road accidents in the city. ; Maestría

2018 Spring. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Increasing water use for OG development in Colorado suggests a change in the social constellations of water governance. Colorado's water allocation institutions, practices and policies relationally shape and are shaped by water's biophysical movement over space and time through a hydrosocial cycle. The hydrosocial cycle (HSC) framework examines social complexity of water governance institutions by systematically analyzing institutional change and continuity to identify the causes and consequences of decreasing agricultural water access. Starting with history, change and continuity are operationalized through a historical institutional framework that systematically pinpoints institutional outcomes resulting from a particular sequence of events, policies and practices occurring in a unique context. This historical institutional analysis finds that social complexity can be measured more accurately by attending to relational and informal institutions, operationalizing the HSC framework to address ambiguities between historical policy and contemporary practices. To capture social complexity, then, this research considers how objects in nature and society are relational so that their meanings and uses depend on human agency and context. Colorado's institution of water rights is relational in two crucial ways. First, formal institutions are shaped by their social, political, and environmental settings/contexts. Concomitantly, formal institutions are shaped by processes and interactions that link Colorado's energy and water institutions across policy topics and levels of government instead of viewing them as evolving in isolation. A hydrosocial analysis additionally captures social complexity of water institutions through an examination of the often overlooked informal social processes occurring 'under the surface'. Informal institutions are nuanced norms, decision-making structures, unwritten rules and activities that shape and are shaped by agent's lived experiences. These informal dealings are consistently negotiated day-by-day, are not defined in formal laws, policies or organizational documents but help explain formal institutional change and actual policy outcomes. The integration of informal and relational institutions links the hydrological and social while further enriching our understanding of how increasing water use for OG extraction shapes agricultural water access and allocation in Colorado's rural communities. The changing nature of water use is taking place in Colorado's rural agricultural regions and in appropriated river basins, the Colorado River in the western part of the state and the South Platte River Basin flowing through the eastern plains. This dissertation asks if agricultural water users in these basins and in Colorado's top OG producing regions, Weld and Garfield Counties, are experiencing changes in water access related to increased water use for OG development. It additionally examines the implications of these changes. Each of the following chapters addresses this question while making theoretical and conceptual contributions to the HSC framework. The first two chapters utilize a comparative case study methodology to provide in-depth examination of the 'how' and 'why' of historical and political change processes, an important step in building understanding of Colorado's changing agricultural water allocation and access. A historical institutional analysis finds that social complexity can be measured more accurately by attending to relational and informal institutions. Chapter two examines relational and informal institutions from the perspective of water users on the ground and in the field. Interviews qualitatively investigate if agricultural water users are experiencing changes in water access related to increased water use for OG. In response, four primary themes emerged from an analysis of interview data: decreasing and differential water access for producers, leasing land and water from municipal and industrial users, maintaining agricultural water rights, and balancing equity in water access. Findings illuminate the important and changing role Agricultural Water Supply Organizations (AWSOs ) play in balancing equity in and maintaining water access for agricultural users. Chapter three suggests attending to increasing social distance in the U.S, including the rural-urban divide, by infusing policies with rural understandings. An embodied and inclusive pedagogy encourages empathy so that fewer political divides surface when rural communities feel silenced and forgotten. Interdisciplinary learning paradigms should work to generate empathy so that urban-biased water policies and practices infuse understanding across difference and foster social cohesion

Одним из важнейших демократических институтов является местное самоуправление (МСУ), рассматриваемое как форма самоорганизации и участия граждан в управлении развитием локальных территорий и представляющее нижний уровень власти в стране. Россия имеет богатый, но зачастую противоречивый опыт становления и развития местного самоуправления. Наиболее существенным преобразованиям этот институт власти подвергся с принятием федерального закона от 6 октября 2003 года «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации», в который за 10-летний период было внесено более 100 изменений. Однако, как показывают многочисленные исследования российских ученых, ряд целей муниципальной реформы так и не был достигнут в силу разных причин, лежащих в плоскости нормативно-правового характера, слабости финансово-экономических основ муниципальных образований, пока еще невысокой активности населения в осуществлении местного самоуправления. В связи с этим крайне актуальны анализ и оценка итогов проведенных реформ, выяснение причин существующих проблем, определение перспектив развития МСУ, что и явилось целью исследования. В данной статье эти вопросы рассматриваются с позиции глав муниципальных образований, которая основывается на мониторинге изучения условий МСУ в Вологодской области, проводимом Институтом социально-экономического развития территорий РАН с 2007 года в форме анкетного опроса. Данный мониторинг уникален для России, отличается от некоторых схожих исследований регулярностью, комплексностью рассматриваемых вопросов, изучением ситуации в разрезе всех типов муниципальных образований: муниципальных районов, городских округов, городских и сельских поселений. Кроме того, в статье дается оценка изменениям, инициированным на федеральном и региональном уровне в части внедрения института «сити-менеджеров». Обосновывается роль молодежи (молодых специалистов) в повышении эффективности управления на местном уровне. Материалы статьи могут быть использованы органами государственной власти при принятии управленческих решений в сфере развития муниципальных образований и института МСУ и служить базой для дальнейших исследований по данной тематике. ; One of the most important democratic institutions is local government which is considered as a form of self-organization and citizens' participation in the management of the development of local territories, representing the country's lower level of governance. Russia has an extensive, yet contradictory, experience in the establishment and development of local government. This government institution has undergone the most significant changes with the adoption of the Federal Law of 6th October, 2003 "On the general principles of organization of local government development in the Russian Federation", with more than 100 amendments in a ten-year period. However, according to numerous studies of the Russian scientists, a set of objectives of the municipal reform has not been achieved due to various reasons of legislative character, weak financial and economic basis of municipal units and a relatively low level of the population's activity in the implementation of local government. In this regard, it is highly relevant to evaluate and analyze the outcomes of the reforms, clarify the causes of the problems and define the prospects of local government development, which was the purpose of the research. The paper considers these issues from the perspective of the heads of municipal units, which is based on the monitoring of the conditions of local government in the Vologda Oblast, which has been conducted by the Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2007 in the form of a questionnaire. The monitoring is unique for Russia, it is different from other similar studies in its regularity, complexity of the issues considered, the examination of the situation in the context of all types of municipal units: municipal districts, urban districts, urban and rural settlements. In addition, the article provides the assessment of the changes initiated at the federal and regional level in terms of the establishment of the institution of "city-managers". It also justifies the role of the youth (young professionals) in improving governance efficiency at the local level. The materials of the article may be used by state authorities in making managerial decisions in the sphere of development of municipal units and the institution local government, as well as to serve as a basis for further research on the subject.

In Deutschland und der Schweiz wird seit einigen Jahren intensiv über Flächenverbrauch und Zersiedelung debattiert. Kantonale Richtpläne sowie Landesraumordnungsprogramme und Regionalpläne enthalten verbindliche Vorgaben zur Steuerung der Siedlungsentwicklung. Es fehlt an Studien, welche die regionale Umsetzung dieser Vorgaben untersuchen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Umsetzung ausgewählter Instrumente der überörtlichen Raumplanung zur Steuerung der Siedlungsentwicklung in Regionen Deutschlands und der Schweiz unter Verwendung des Policy-Arrangement- Konzepts. Die Fallstudienanalyse umfasst die Planungsregionen Oberland (Bayern) und Südlicher Oberrhein (Baden- Württemberg) sowie die Kantone Zürich und St. Gallen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass raumplanerische Instrumente in Aushandlungsprozessen umgesetzt werden, in denen Spielräume und Alternativen ausgelotet werden. Zentral ist dabei eine regionsspezifische Gemengelage aus (i) einer Verzahnung formeller und informeller Instrumente und Prozesse, (ii) einem Spannungsfeld zwischen übergeordnetem Kontext, überörtlichem Steuerungsanspruch und kommunaler Planungshoheit und (iii) sich überlagernden übergeordneten und regionsspezifischen Diskursen. Das Policy-Arrangement-Konzept hilft damit, besser zu verstehen, wie Raumplanung funktioniert.

The COVID-19, or coronavirus global pandemic has required huge responses from governments all over the world; and Timor-Leste has its own unique requirements when addressing an evolving event of this magnitude. This report synthesizes the findings of six survey rounds undertaken by The Asia Foundation (the Foundation) in Timor-Leste, from May 2020 to May 2021.1 This work was supported by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), through the Governance for Development (Gadd) program. In partnership with local partner MDI (Mata Dilan Institute), six phone surveys were conducted at bi-monthly intervals. With support from ORIMA Research, the findings of each survey round were made available through reports and fact sheets in both English and Tetum. The data from these survey rounds was shared with key stakeholders in government and other development partners; and enabled the Foundation to better understand the concerns of the people of Timor-Leste; how well they are adopting prevention measures and taking care of their health; the level of trust in Government; the use of, and satisfaction with, government programs; the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated control measures; the resilience of individuals and communities; and the sources of news and information the people of Timor-Leste are relying on to stay informed about the pandemic. By synthesizing the information available across the survey rounds in this report, we are able to see how people's perceptions, understandings and practices changed over time. This in turn will hopefully, inform a more strategic and responsive policy response from government.

Introduction : the worlds of environmental justice / Ryan Holifield, Jayajit Chakraborty, and Gordon Walker -- Historicizing the personal and the political : evolving racial formations and the environmental justice movement / Laura Pulido -- 3social movements for environmental justice through the lens of social movement theory / Diane M. Sicotte and Robert J. Brulle -- Environmental justice movements and political opportunity structures / David N. Pellow -- Environmental justice and rational choice theory / William M. Bowen -- The political economy of environmental justice / Daniel Faber -- Feminism and environmental justice / Greta Gaard -- Opening black boxes : environmental justice and injustice through the lens of science and technology studies / Gwen Ottinger -- Procedural environmental justice / Derek Bell and Jayne Carrick -- The recognition paradigm of environmental injustice / Kyle Whyte -- A capabilities approach to environmental injustice / Rosie Day -- Vulnerability, equality, and environmental justice : the potential and limits of law / Sheila Foster -- Environmental human rights / Kerri Woods -- Sustainability discourses and justice : towards social-ecological justice / Ulrika Gunnarsson-Östling and Åsa Svenfelt -- Spatial representation and estimation of environmental risk : a review of analytic approaches / Jayajit Chakraborty -- Assessing population at risk : areal interpolation and dasymetric mapping / Juliana Maantay and Andrew Maroko -- Application of spatial statistical techniques / Jeremy Mennis and Megan Heckert -- Historical approaches to environmental justice / Christopher G. Boone and Geoffrey L. Buckley -- The ethics of embodied engagement : ethnographies of environmental justice / Kathleen M. de Onís and Phaedra C. Pezzullo -- Storytelling environmental justice : cultural studies approaches / Donna Houston and Pavithra Vasudevan -- Facilitating transdisciplinary conversations in environmental justice studies / Jonathan K. London, Julie Sze, and Mary L. Cadenasso -- Cumulative risk assessment : an analytic tool to inform policy choices about environmental justice / Ken Sexton and Stephen H. Linder -- A review of community-engaged research approaches used to achieve environmental justice and eliminate disparities / Jacoby Wilson, Aaron Aber, Lindsey Wright, and Vivek Ravichandran -- Participatory GIS and community-based citizen science for environmental justice action / Muki Haklay and Louise Francis -- Streams of toxic and hazardous waste disparities, politics, and policy / Troy D. Abel and Mark Stephan -- Air pollution and respiratory health : does better evidence lead to policy paralysis? / Michael Buzzelli -- Water justice : key concepts, debates and research agendas / Leila M. Harris, Scott McKenzie, Lucy Rodina, Sameer H. Shah, Nicole J. Wilson -- Environmental justice and flood hazards : a conceptual framework applied to emerging findings and future research needs / Timothy W. Collins and Sara E. Grineski -- Climate change and environmental justice / Philip Coventry and Chukwumerije Okereke -- Environmental justice and large-scale mining / Leire Urkidi and Mariana Walter -- Justice in energy system transitions : a synthesis and agenda / Karen Bickerstaff -- Transportation and environmental justice : history and emerging practice / Alex Karner, Aaron Golub, Karel Martens, Glenn Robinson -- Food justice : an environmental justice approach to food and agriculture / Alison Hope Alkon -- Environmental crime and justice : a green criminological examination / Michael J. Lynch and Kimberly L. Barrett -- Urban parks, gardens and greenspace / Jason Byrne -- Urban planning, community (re)development, and environmental gentrification : emerging challenges for green and equitable neighbourhoods / Isabelle Anguelovski, Anna Livia Brand, Eric Chu, and Kian Goh -- Just conservation : the evolving relationship between society and protected areas / Maureen G. Reed and Colleen George -- Free-market economics, multinational corporations and environmental justice in a globalized world / Ruchi Anand -- Global environmental justice / Leah Temper -- Environmental justice for a changing arctic and its original peoples / Alana Shaw -- Environmental injustice in resource-rich Aboriginal Australia / Donna Green, Marianne Sullivan and Karrina Nolan -- Environmental justice across borders : lessons from the US-Mexico borderlands / Sara E. Grineski and Timothy W. Collins -- The dawn of environmental justice? : the record of left and socialist governance in Central and South America / Karen Bell -- Urban environmental (in)justice in Latin America : the case of Chile / Alexis Vásquez, Michael Lukas, Marcela Salgado and José Mayorga -- Environmental justice in Nigeria : divergent tales, paradoxes and future prospects / Rhuks T. Ako and Damilola S. Olawuyi -- Sub-imperial ecosystem management in Africa : continental implications of South African environmental injustices / Patrick Bond -- Environmental justice and attachment to place : Australian cases / David Schlosberg, Lauren Rickards, and Jason Byrne -- Environmental justice in South and Southeast Asia : inequalities and struggles in rural and urban contexts / Pratyusha Basu -- Environmental justice in a transitional and transboundary context in East Asia / Mei-Fang Fan and Kuei-Tien Chou -- Environmental justice in Western Europe / Heike Köckler, Séverine Deguen, Andrea Ranzi, Anders Melin, and Gordon Walker -- Environmental justice in Central and Eastern Europe : mobilization, stagnation, and detraction / Tamara Steger, Richard Filcak, and Krista Harper

Local and Community Driven Development (LCDD) is an approach that gives control of development decisions and resources to community groups and representative local governments. Poor communities receive funds, decide on their use, plan and execute the chosen local projects, and monitor the provision of services that result from it. It improves not just incomes but people's empowerment and governance capacity, the lack of which is a form of poverty as well. LCDD operations have demonstrated effectiveness at delivering results and have received substantial support from the World Bank. Since the start of this decade, our lending for LCDD has averaged around US$2 billion per year. Through its support to local and community-driven programs, the Bank has financed services such as water supply and sanitation, health services, schools that are tailored to community needs and likely to be maintained and sustainable, nutrition programs for mothers and infants, the building of rural access roads, and support for livelihoods and micro enterprise. This eBook brings together the thoughts and experiences of many of the leading proponents and practitioners of LCDD, a phrase that evolved from Community-Driven Development, and most clearly describes the process of empowering communities and their local governments so they drive economic and social development upwards and outwards. This, too many, appears as a new paradigm, though it has actually evolved over the decades, since it emerged from India in the 1950s. While many LCDD projects have taken root, the key challenge now is how such islands of success, that is, the discrete LCDD projects, can be scaled up into sustainable national programs that build skills in decision-making, management, and governance.

The People's Republic of China is a highly decentralized unitary state with local governments having a dominant share of public service delivery responsibility. Local governance is critically linked to a local public finance system that creates incentives and accountability mechanisms. To ensure the policy response, this project focused on the three interrelated areas in local public finance management, i.e., local budgeting, local debt management and local taxation, and produced policy options in the short, medium and long terms. The overall purpose of the reforms is to improve local accountability and transparency, strengthen local fiscal capacity, and institutionalize formal frameworks for local public debt management.

The People's Republic of China is a highly decentralized unitary state with local governments having a dominant share of public service delivery responsibility. Local governance is critically linked to a local public finance system that creates incentives and accountability mechanisms. To ensure the policy response, this project focused on the three interrelated areas in local public finance management, i.e., local budgeting, local debt management and local taxation, and produced policy options in the short, medium and long terms. The overall purpose of the reforms is to improve local accountability and transparency, strengthen local fiscal capacity, and institutionalize formal frameworks for local public debt management.

"Infrastructure as Business brings new emphasis and clarity to the importance of private investment capital in large-scale infrastructure projects, introducing investors, policymakers, and other stakeholders to a key element that is surprisingly absent from the discourse on public-private partnerships. Despite the importance of modernizing infrastructure across the globe, governments often face challenges in securing the necessary capital to meet future need, as well as developing policy to meet these goals. Explaining the structure of the private investment universe and flow of private capital in such projects, this book ambitiously aims to bridge this "infrastructure gap" by elucidating shared terminology, conceptual frameworks, and an alignment of goals and objectives between public and private sectors-essential to meet increasing environmental, social, and governmental requirements for infrastructure in coming years. - Appropriate for graduate level courses in real estate, public policy, and urban planning that focus on infrastructure, project finance, and procurement and delivery models such as PPPs. - Provides a clear understanding of private investment and PPPs to the investment community as well as professionals in real estate, project finance and related fields, who often learn mostly on-the-job and from colleagues. - Equips government officials and policymakers with key terms and concepts needed to "sit across the table" with private financers and explore opportunities for private capital investment in early project stages. - Outlines communication strategies for both public and private sectors, which will increasingly need to collaborate to address climate change, respond to new technologies, and develop efficient ways to deliver services. Written to engage academic, private investment, and public policy/governance audiences alike, Infrastructure as Business: The Role of Private Investment Capital invites discussion and open doors to advancing new business models, with international applications, to offer increased value for private investors as well as more efficient, flexible funding for innovative infrastructure development in the future"--