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This article constitutes the second part of a report on the matrix model for the study of small groups. It considers implications of the model and its translation into operational terms, and provides theoretical foundations for empirical categorization of group process manifest in personalty, social, subsystems, and cultural subsystems. Primary group tasks addressed are identity formation, modes of relating, and reality adaptation. The works of Erik son, Bion, Jung, and Piaget provide theoretical starting points

Small groups are conceptualized as being composed of three systems and involved with three primary tasks The three systems are the social, the personality, and the cultural. Each of these in turn is involved with working on three tasks: establishing identity, developing modes of relating, and solving reality-adaptive problems. The Matrix Model is conceptualized in five perspectives: the adaptive, developmental, structural, transactional, and gestalt points of view. The argument is made that a synthesis of knowledge of small groups will provide for a more meaningful and useful understanding The matrix provides a holistic and empirical framework within which studies can be productively conducted.

Understanding cooperation and punishment in small-scale societies is crucial for explaining the origins of human cooperation. We studied warfare among the Turkana, a politically uncentralized, egalitarian, nomadic pastoral society in East Africa. Based on a representative sample of 88 recent raids, we show that the Turkana sustain costly cooperation in combat at a remarkably large scale, at least in part, through punishment of free-riders. Raiding parties comprised several hundred warriors and participants are not kin or day-to-day interactants. Warriors incur substantial risk of death and produce collective benefits. Cowardice and desertions occur, and are punished by community-imposed sanctions, including collective corporal punishment and fines. Furthermore, Turkana norms governing warfare benefit the ethnolinguistic group, a population of a half-million people, at the expense of smaller social groupings. These results challenge current views that punishment is unimportant in small-scale societies and that human cooperation evolved in small groups of kin and familiar individuals. Instead, these results suggest that cooperation at the larger scale of ethnolinguistic units enforced by third-party sanctions could have a deep evolutionary history in the human species.

Humans are a striking anomaly in the natural world. While we are similar to other mammals in many ways, our behavior sets us apart. Our unparalleled ability to adapt has allowed us to occupy virtually every habitat on earth using an incredible variety of tools and subsistence techniques. Our societies are larger, more complex, and more cooperative than any other mammal's. In this stunning exploration of human adaptation, Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd argue that only a Darwinian theory of cultural evolution can explain these unique characteristics.Not by Genes Alone offers a radical interp

Objective. This study tests the proposition, suggested by the middleman minority theory of entrepreneurship, that retail enterprise among white immigrants in the urban North was aided by the emergence of segregated black communities during the Great Migration of 1915–1930.Methods. Census data on major Northern cities in 1910, 1920, and 1930 are analyzed in several multivariate regressions.Results. The merchant participation rate of foreign‐born white men was unrelated to the index of black spatial isolation but was positively associated with the relative size of the black population, implying that the existence of large black consumer markets did promote the entry of the immigrants into the retail trade.Conclusions. White immigrants in the early 20th century North had a retailing niche based partly on serving blacks. Yet, there was no evidence that the immigrants benefited from a "captive market" that arose because of residential segregation by race.

Objective. This study tests the proposition, suggested by the middleman minority theory of entrepreneurship, that retail enterprise among white immigrants in the urban North was aided by the emergence of segregated black communities during the Great Migration of 1915-1930. Methods. Census data on major Northern cities in 1910, 1920, & 1930 are analyzed in several multivariate regressions. Results. The merchant participation rate of foreign-born white men was unrelated to the index of black spatial isolation but was positively associated with the relative size of the black population, implying that the existence of large black consumer markets did promote the entry of the immigrants into the retail trade. Conclusions. White immigrants in the early 20th-century North had a retailing niche based partly on serving blacks. Yet, there was no evidence that the immigrants benefited from a "captive market" that arose because of residential segregation by race. 1 Table, 1 Appendix, 36 References. Adapted from the source document.

The authors identify and discuss the many complexities involved in the translation of scientific information in the social sciences into forms usable for solving problems of practice in education. As a means of appropriately handling these complexities and the issues that arise, they prescribe a series of stages to be followed from the advent of a practitioner's situational problem to the design of a response to it. They assert that unless the process of translation is conducted with the prescribed level of understanding, appreciation, and rigor, the application of knowledge will be inaccurate.

At the end of last year, a symposium was held at the British Academy in London to celebrate a 75th anniversary. The anniversary was of the establishment in 1933 of a unique organisation: the Academic Assistance Council, now the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA); the Council in 1937 became formally incorporated as the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL), and in the 1980s assumed its current title. Although a celebration, the anniversary was in reality a reason for sadness, in that, 75 years after its establishment as a short-term measure to cope with the German Nazi government's policy of firing all Jews from their jobs, its work remains and its activities are currently more in demand than at any time since the 1930s.

One volume notebook, ca. 45 pages, containing miscellaneous personal notes (Dec. 1864-April 1865) and brief diary entries (January 1; April 3-13, 1865). Diary portion covers activities of the 1st Engineers Regiment during the last few days of the war; mentions surrender at Appomattox and includes pencil sketch of surrender site. Notes concern supplies, furloughs and desertions, guard rosters; also maxims and quotations from books.