Suchergebnisse

Abstract- Hinduism is a religion that was born in India and has developed rapidly into the archipelago with evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions and Pallava. The religion had a significant influence on Java which changed the political, economic, social and cultural life which at that time was still a kingdom. The arrival of Indians to Indonesia affected by the reverse flow between Indonesia and India and India and Indonesia. This can be seen by the presence of Indonesian dormitories in Nalanda (North India) and Nagapattinam (South India). The influence of North and South India can be seen from the existence of Hindu-Buddhist temples in the Archipelago which was built in one of the Hindu kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of Ancient Mataram which had areas of authority from Central Java to East Java. The temples that were built are thought to have an identity with temples in North and South India in terms of figure, inner space tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, and ornamentation. This identity is thought to be a close relationship between North India and South India with Indonesia, especially in the era of Ancient Mataram. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship or relationship of Ancient Mataram era temple architecture to North and South Indian temple architecture. The analysis method used is the comparative – qualitative method. Work plans, plans, pieces, site plans, and block plans of 28 Hindu-Buddha tower types in Central Java will be compared in terms of similarities and differences and then analyzed regarding the position of the laying, and elements of the temple so that the relationship between the two countries is found. Data obtained from literature studies and field surveys. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a closer relationship with South India than North India. The influence of North India and South India is only limited to the external appearance in the study of figure and ornamentation, while in the study of mass and spatial planning and inner space tectonics is more developed by the people of Ancient Mataram which is adjusted to traditional values and natural influences. Key Words: figure, tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, ornamentation, North and South India, Ancient Mataram ; Abstrak- Agama Hindu merupakan agama yang lahir di India dan telah berkembang pesat hingga ke Nusantara dengan dibuktikan adanya prasasti berbahasa Sanskerta dan berhuruf Pallava. Agama tersebut memiliki pengaruh yang cukup signifikan di Pulau Jawa yang mengubah kehidupan politik, ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya yang pada masa itu masih berupa kerajaan. Kedatangan Bangsa India ke Indonesia berimbas dengan adanya arus balik antara Indonesia dengan India dan India dengan Indonesia. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dengan adanya asrama orang Indonesia di Nalanda (India Utara) dan Nagapattinam (India Selatan). Pengaruh India Utara dan Selatan dapat dilihat dari adanya kuil-kuil Hindu – Buddha di Nusantara yang dibangun pada salah satu kerajaan Hindu yaitu Kerajaan Mataram Kuno yang memiliki area kekuasaan dari Jawa Tengah sampai Jawa Timur. Candi-candi yang dibangun diduga memiliki keidentikan dengan kuil yang berada di India Utara dan Selatan dalam segi sosok, tektonika ruang dalam, tata massa, tata ruang, dan ornamentasi. Keidentikan ini diduga adanya hubungan erat antara India Utara dan India Selatan dengan Indonesia terutama pada era Mataram Kuno. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menemukan hubungan atau relasi arsitektur candi era Mataram Kuno terhadap arsitektur kuil India Utara dan Selatan. Metoda analisis yang digunakan yaitu metoda komparatif – kualitatif. Gambar kerja denah, tampak, potongan, rencana tapak, dan rencana blok dari 29 candi Hindu – Buddha tipe Menara di Jawa Tengah akan dibandingkan persamaan dan perbedaannya lalu dianalisis mengenai posisi peletakkan, dan elemen pada candi sehingga ditemukan hubungan antara 2 negara ini. Data diperoleh dari studi evaluative dan survey lapangan. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu adanya hubungan yang lebih erat dengan India Selatan daripada India Utara. Pengaruh India Utara dan India Selatan hanya sebatas penampilan luar saja dalam kajian sosok dan ornamentasi sedangkan dalam kajian tata massa dan ruang serta tektonika ruang dalam lebih dikembangkan sendiri oleh masyarakat Mataram Kuno yang disesuaikan dengan nilai tradisional dan pengaruh alam. Kata Kunci: sosok, tektonika, tata massa, tata ruang, ornamentasi, India Utara dan Selatan, Mataram Kuno

Vesihuoltopalvelut – talousvesi- ja jätevesihuolto – ovat tärkeä osa sosioekonomisia toimintoja. Kestävä yhteiskunta vaatii riittäviä ja kestäviä vesihuoltopalveluja jatkuvan toimintakyvyn sekä asianmukaisen terveyden ja hyvän ympäristön turvaamiseksi. Vesihuoltopalvelujen tulisi olla kaikkien saatavilla, mutta silti maailmassa on satoja miljoonia ihmisiä, joilta ne puuttuvat. Jopa kaupunkialueilla, joilla kuntaorganisaatiot tarjoavat palveluja kansalaisille, vesihuollon ja / tai sanitaation tarjoaminen ihmisille on kestämättömällä pohjalla. Vesihuoltopalveluja voidaan pitää osana niistä yhteiskunnan palveluista, joihin sisältyy tekninen ratkaisu raakavesilähteestä vedenkäsittelyyn ja jakeluun sekä jätevesien keruu, käsittely ja palautus luonnonvesiin. Kaikkea tätä tulisi hallita siten, että luonnonvesien tila ei muutu ja ettei siitä edes pitkällä tähtäimellä ole vaaraa ihmisten terveydelle. Yhteisön teknisten palvelujen lisäksi vesipalvelut ovat välttämättömiä yhteiskunnan sosioekonomiselle toimintakyvylle. Sitä on pidetty tärkeänä etenkin naisille ja heikossa asemassa oleville yhteiskunnan jäsenille. Myöskään sen merkitystä yhteiskunnan taloudelliselle kehitykselle ei voida sivuuttaa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin yhdyskuntien vesihuoltopalveluiden hallintaa ja käytäntöjä, jotta kestävyyttä ja pysyvyyttä koskevat näkökohdat voitaisiin havaita. Eri näkökohtia tutkittiin neljässä erillisessä tutkimuksessa, ja sitten tehtiin synteesi yhteenvetona tälle väitöstutkimuksen kokonaisuudelle. Neljä tutkimusta koskee kaupunkien vesihuoltopalveluiden eri osia, ja niitä lähestytään erilaisilla tutkimusmenetelmillä. Tutkimusten lähtökohtana on kaupunkien vesihuoltopalveluiden kestävyys. Yhteenveto ja johtopäätökset tutkimusten synteesissä tehtiin ottamalla huomioon aiheen poliittiset, taloudelliset, sosiaaliset, teknologiset, ympäristölliset ja oikeudelliset tekijät. Tulokset osoittavat, että vesihuoltopalveluissa ei oikeastaan ole kysymys vain yhteiskunnan palvelujen teknisestä ja taloudellisesta järjestelystä, vaan se vaatii syvää tuntemusta yhteiskunnan toiminnoista. Kestävien vesihuoltopalveluiden perusta on koko toiminnan tuntemus, ja tämä edellyttää hyvää tiedonhallintaa. Yksi tärkeä näkökohta suomalaisten vesipalvelujen kestävyydessä on omaisuudenhoito, ja monissa vesilaitoksissa vesiputki- ja viemäriverkkojen kuntoa ei tunneta. Vaikka Suomen vesialaa on hoidettu hyvin, yhdyskuntien vesihuolto vaatii huomiota hyvällä hallintotavalla ja institutionaalisin järjestelyin jatkuvan ja moitteettoman toiminnan varmistamiseksi. On tärkeää, että vesialan ammattilaisten osaaminen ja kaikkien yhteiskunnan jäsenten tietoisuus tukee kestäviä vesihuoltopalveluja. Tämän tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi laadittiin tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella joukko suosituksia. Nämä suositukset perustuvat erillisten artikkelien sekä koko tutkimuksen synteesin tuloksiin. ; Water services – water supply and sanitation – are a vital part of socio-economic functions. A sustainable society requires adequate and resilient water services for functioning continuously, and for securing proper health and environment for its members. Water services should be available for everyone, but still there are hundreds of millions of people lacking them. Even in urban areas, where communities provide services for citizens, there is insufficiency in providing adequate water supply and/or sanitation for people. Urban water services can be considered part of municipal services, including the technical solution from water source to water treatment and distribution, and also wastewater collection, treatment and discharge back to natural waters. All this should be managed so that the state of the natural waters does not change, and that there is no risk to human health even in the long run. As part of community technical services, water services are essential for the socio-economic good of a society. They have been considered important especially for women and vulnerable members of a society. Also their significance for the economic development of a society cannot be ignored. In this study, management and practices of urban water services were explored so that aspects for sustainability and resilience could be found out. Different aspects were studied in four separate studies, and a synthesis was then carried out concluding the results to this dissertation. The four studies concerned different parts of urban water services, and they were approached in various sets of research methods. The rallying point in the studies was sustainability of urban water services. The summary and conclusions in the synthesis of the studies was made by regarding political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors within this theme. The results showed that for functioning water services, a wide range of expertise about society functions is needed. Basis for proper water services is knowledge about the whole function, and this requires good data management. One important aspect in resilience of Finnish water services is asset management, and in many water utilities the condition of water pipe and sewer networks are not known. Although the water sector in Finland is well managed, urban water services require attention to good governance and institutional arrangements to ensure continued and sound operation. Competence of water professionals and public awareness are both important for supporting sustainable and resilient water services. For gaining this objective, a set of recommendations were constituted according to the results of the research. These recommendations were constituted, arising from the results of separate studies of this dissertation, as well as the synthesis of the whole research.

Despite the vast research on the recent urban development of Chinese coastal cities, little has been written on the current process of urban metamorphosis taking place in south-west China. Literature is predominantly focused on tracking down the changes in local urban planning through the explanation of zoning and gentrification patterns that are often depicted as a mere copycat of some "Western" megacities. Furthermore, the landscape is rarely considered as an active participant of the changing phase, being rather seen as the background on which human agency imposes itself: Despite offering a much more holistic vision of the problem, the relation between water and land management in urban areas is often underestimated in the field of Chinese studies. The area of research is located along the Yangzi River Basin, in the sector of the Chongqing Municipality, which is situated between the river and its local major tributary, the Jialing River. The watershed ecosystem created by the hills that surround the city, includes the aforementioned rivers as well as other tributary rivers, ditches, natural and artificial lakes, hot springs and underground water flows. This thesis investigates current practices of re-styling the image of the city of Chongqing through an analysis of urban and sub-urban district distribution of spaces of exclusion, i.e. gated communities, as a particular phenomenon entangled in new "comprehensive urban-rural planning" logics. Specifically, it is analyzed how the local administration makes use of the lakes, the main river shores, and the hot springs to carry out the urbanization process based on a pattern of gentrification and zoning. In fact, the watershed plays a fundamental role in determining the monetary value of an estate as well as its potential in suggesting an "atmosphere of happiness". Therefore, in this thesis the relational mechanisms that favor the production of urban space for the elite and the mass consumption through the overall commodification of the environment are unraveled. The main questions it addresses are: How is Chinese institutional transition affecting the relationships of man-nature and natural resources-economy? How does "ideology-based governance" work at the urban level to benefit a particular developmental strategy based on land monetization? What kind of discourses are structured to enforce the local government territorial vision? Are there any forms of resistance to the phenomena of zoning and gentrification? Rhetorics inspired by a sense of modernist renaissance and Chinese classic tradition (made tangible through propaganda posters and advertising), the technocratic blueprint in water/land management, and the spatial achievements of the upscale real estate sector as supported by the law, have been the three fields of inquiry. The eleven-month period of fieldwork between September 2014 and July 2015 in Chongqing was based on participant observation, photographic monitoring and archival research. Discourse and visual analysis following semiotics have been the methods employed to examine the data. This was combined with a social media analysis of unofficial data, and space analysis. The overarching argument of the dissertation is that because of its peculiar characteristics, the Chongqing watershed has been strategically absorbed into an ideological experiment of urban planning where nature as representation is performed in fetishized manners. The waterscape as imagined space is extremely loaded with ideological power, favoring the acceptance of those individualist living behaviors that have deteriorated the sense of responsibility toward the equal management of natural resources,compromising those local social practices based on a previous set of values no longer shared by the elite.The socio-political request for environmental protection is linked to discourses that emphasizing wealth,hygiene, and security, should constitute the fundamental of material and spiritual happiness. The significance of this study is that it informs our theoretical understanding of contemporary urban planning in south-west China by introducing a focus on the relational structure of water and land management hitherto lacking, as well as on mass media influence in the process of creation of new urban spaces. It also informs our empirical understanding of the Chinese state-building practice in the terms of a recursive pattern seeking to prove historical continuity through a selective knowledge of tradition and culture, whose outcomes are institutionalized at the urban level to legitimize the local politics and make sense of the spatial changes.

The relevance of the studying the functional versatility of the higher education system and its unique mission in the present world are substantiated. The aim of the article is to consider the strategies of "soft diplomacy" in the present national cultural and art education and to reveal the uniqueness of the University of culture and arts, its special role in the present social and cultural sphere. Analysing their activities, one should resort to the concept of "soft power", which was introduced into the scientific circulation by Joseph Nye (2004) and considering the prospects of international coexistence as a cultural dialogue and a dialogue of cultures. Nowadays, the cultural communication and mutual understanding is a condition for cooperation not only within the framework of nations, but also at the international level. The issues of cultural diplomacy attract the attention of philosophers, sociologists, cultural specialists, art historians, historians, linguists, and specialists in international affairs. They consider this phenomenon in global, local and national aspects, including it in the models of social, creative individual interaction and dialogue. The "strength of the strong" and the "weakness of the weak" are minimised with the recognition of the cultural uniqueness of each player in the global playing field. The value of culture as a creative process and a local-cultural sphere is becoming an important argument of subjectivity in international relations. Therefore, not only politicians, diplomats or cultural attachés are attracted to setting relations between countries, but also culture and art managers who make a strong public demand for cultural civil initiatives. The scientific novelty consists in revealing the features of the project activities of the KNUCA's specialists, aimed at making the new strategies of higher education in Ukraine. In particular, in 2018, its leading information policy specialists developed the project "Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens" represented at the contest of the Erasmus + EU program. The victory of the KNUCA in this contest proves the high intellectual potential of its team and the need for international cooperation as a dialogue and exchange of experience. This experience has been acquired for many years, overcoming the resistance of the old system and perceiving new social-cultural, political and economic challenges. The main task of the University, based on the classical principles of the European tradition of "free arts" is to adhere to "soft" diplomacy, producing and testing new training strategies and brands, applying cultural and art potential as "soft power" to making great things in crating positive image of our country. ; У статті розглянуті найбільш вдалі стратегії «м'якої дипломатії» в сучасній українській культурно-мистецькій освіті, розкрито унікальність закладу вищої освіти культури і мистецтв, його особливу роль у сучасній соціокультурній сфері. Заклади вищої освіти культури і мистецтв є водночас культурними, творчими, освітніми і науковими центрами, рушіями культурного розвитку країни, формування її іміджу. Аналізуючи їх діяльність, варто вдатись до поняття «м'яка сила», яке ввів у науковий обіг Дж. Най (2004) з метою обґрунтування міжнародного співіснування як культурного діалогу і діалогу культур. У наш час культурне спілкування і взаєморозуміння стає умовою співпраці не лише в межах національних держав, а й на міжнародному рівні. До питань культурної дипломатії звертаються філософи, соціологи, культурологи, мистецтвознавці, історики, лінгвісти, фахівці-міжнародники. Вони обґрунтовують цей феномен у глобальному, локальному, національному аспектах, включаючи його в моделі соціальної, творчо-індивідуальної взаємодії, діалогу. «Сила сильних» і «слабкість слабких» нівелюється з визнанням культурної унікальності кожного гравця у глобальному ігровому полі. Цінність культури як творчого процесу і локально-культурної сфери стає важливим аргументом суб'єктності в міжнародних відносинах. Тому до налагодження відносин між країнами залучають уже не лише політиків, дипломатів чи аташе з питань культури, а культуртрегерів, арт-менеджерів, які формують сталий суспільний попит на культурні громадянські ініціативи.Розкрито особливості проєктної діяльності фахівців КНУКіМ, спрямованої на формування нових стратегій вищої культурно-мистецької освіти в Україні. Зокрема, 2018 року його провідні спеціалісти з інформаційної політики розробили проєкт «Рамка цифрових компетентностей для українських вчителів та інших громадян» («Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens»), представлений на конкурс Програми Європейського Союзу «ЕРАЗМУС +». Перемога КНУКіМ у цьому конкурсі свідчить про високий інтелектуальний потенціал його колективу, про необхідність налагоджувати міжнародне співробітництво як діалог, обмін досвідом. Головне завдання Університету, заснованого на класичних засадах європейської традиції «вільних мистецтв», — дотримуватись «м'якої» дипломатії, продукуючи і апробуючи нові освітні стратегії і бренди, застосовуючи культурно-мистецький потенціал як «м'яку силу» для здійснення великих справ.

The relevance of the studying the functional versatility of the higher education system and its unique mission in the present world are substantiated. The aim of the article is to consider the strategies of "soft diplomacy" in the present national cultural and art education and to reveal the uniqueness of the University of culture and arts, its special role in the present social and cultural sphere. Analysing their activities, one should resort to the concept of "soft power", which was introduced into the scientific circulation by Joseph Nye (2004) and considering the prospects of international coexistence as a cultural dialogue and a dialogue of cultures. Nowadays, the cultural communication and mutual understanding is a condition for cooperation not only within the framework of nations, but also at the international level. The issues of cultural diplomacy attract the attention of philosophers, sociologists, cultural specialists, art historians, historians, linguists, and specialists in international affairs. They consider this phenomenon in global, local and national aspects, including it in the models of social, creative individual interaction and dialogue. The "strength of the strong" and the "weakness of the weak" are minimised with the recognition of the cultural uniqueness of each player in the global playing field. The value of culture as a creative process and a local-cultural sphere is becoming an important argument of subjectivity in international relations. Therefore, not only politicians, diplomats or cultural attachés are attracted to setting relations between countries, but also culture and art managers who make a strong public demand for cultural civil initiatives. The scientific novelty consists in revealing the features of the project activities of the KNUCA's specialists, aimed at making the new strategies of higher education in Ukraine. In particular, in 2018, its leading information policy specialists developed the project "Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens" represented at the contest of the Erasmus + EU program. The victory of the KNUCA in this contest proves the high intellectual potential of its team and the need for international cooperation as a dialogue and exchange of experience. This experience has been acquired for many years, overcoming the resistance of the old system and perceiving new social-cultural, political and economic challenges. The main task of the University, based on the classical principles of the European tradition of "free arts" is to adhere to "soft" diplomacy, producing and testing new training strategies and brands, applying cultural and art potential as "soft power" to making great things in crating positive image of our country. ; У статті розглянуті найбільш вдалі стратегії «м'якої дипломатії» в сучасній українській культурно-мистецькій освіті, розкрито унікальність закладу вищої освіти культури і мистецтв, його особливу роль у сучасній соціокультурній сфері. Заклади вищої освіти культури і мистецтв є водночас культурними, творчими, освітніми і науковими центрами, рушіями культурного розвитку країни, формування її іміджу. Аналізуючи їх діяльність, варто вдатись до поняття «м'яка сила», яке ввів у науковий обіг Дж. Най (2004) з метою обґрунтування міжнародного співіснування як культурного діалогу і діалогу культур. У наш час культурне спілкування і взаєморозуміння стає умовою співпраці не лише в межах національних держав, а й на міжнародному рівні. До питань культурної дипломатії звертаються філософи, соціологи, культурологи, мистецтвознавці, історики, лінгвісти, фахівці-міжнародники. Вони обґрунтовують цей феномен у глобальному, локальному, національному аспектах, включаючи його в моделі соціальної, творчо-індивідуальної взаємодії, діалогу. «Сила сильних» і «слабкість слабких» нівелюється з визнанням культурної унікальності кожного гравця у глобальному ігровому полі. Цінність культури як творчого процесу і локально-культурної сфери стає важливим аргументом суб'єктності в міжнародних відносинах. Тому до налагодження відносин між країнами залучають уже не лише політиків, дипломатів чи аташе з питань культури, а культуртрегерів, арт-менеджерів, які формують сталий суспільний попит на культурні громадянські ініціативи.Розкрито особливості проєктної діяльності фахівців КНУКіМ, спрямованої на формування нових стратегій вищої культурно-мистецької освіти в Україні. Зокрема, 2018 року його провідні спеціалісти з інформаційної політики розробили проєкт «Рамка цифрових компетентностей для українських вчителів та інших громадян» («Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens»), представлений на конкурс Програми Європейського Союзу «ЕРАЗМУС +». Перемога КНУКіМ у цьому конкурсі свідчить про високий інтелектуальний потенціал його колективу, про необхідність налагоджувати міжнародне співробітництво як діалог, обмін досвідом. Головне завдання Університету, заснованого на класичних засадах європейської традиції «вільних мистецтв», — дотримуватись «м'якої» дипломатії, продукуючи і апробуючи нові освітні стратегії і бренди, застосовуючи культурно-мистецький потенціал як «м'яку силу» для здійснення великих справ.

Poor quality of freshwaters is a widespread and challenging problem for humankind. The concept of complexity is a particularly promising concept to analyse and address this problem, and public policy problems more generally. The main reason is the concept´s strength in unifying structural features of problems within a more comprehensive structural approach to political problem-solving. So far, however, these possible benefits remained hidden given the lack of a clear understanding of complexity, ultimately hampering a systematic analysis of the implications of complexity for solutions and governance strategies. This study aims at strengthening the value of the concept of complexity for systematic comparative analyses of water-related problems and public policies in general. To achieve this goal, this work is to specify the concept of complexity as well as the implications of complexity for solutions and governance strategies, both from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. To this end, five main basic approaches are applied, referring to underlying premises, the role of an interdisciplinary approach, the European Water Framework as an empirical reference point, the integration of practical knowledge, and the focus on external validity. Main results are: Operationalisation and measurement: This dissertation provides a detailed operationalisation of complexity related to the dimensions of goals, variables, dynamics, interconnections, and informational uncertainty. It also shows that freshwater pollution-related problems in Germany differ along these five complexity dimensions. This applies to 37 types of pollution-related problems and four clusters of problems, which refer here to tame, wicked, system complexity, and uncertainty problems. Implications of complexity for solutions: This dissertation suggests that relations between complexity and policy delivery can be both positive and negative and vary along dimensions of complexity and policy delivery. Regarding the analysed freshwater pollution problems, this work also shows various effects of complexity on policy delivery, both along the 37 types of problems, and along four clusters of wicked problems. Implications of complexity for governance: This dissertation suggests a differentiated theoretical approach to define governance for complex problem-solving, demonstrating that the role of diverse institutions, actors, and interactions differs for solutions along five key dimensions of complexity: goals, variables, dynamics, interconnections, and informational uncertainty, and different management strategies that are information gathering, modelling, using decision-support tools, prioritising of measures, conflict solving, deciding under uncertainty, and being adaptive and flexible. Future research is recommended to build on these results, by providing further empirical evidence and contextualising the approach on governance for complex problem-solving. Following this path may help to contribute to turn the ´logic of failure´ (Dörner 1996) regarding complex problem-solving into a ´logic of success´ for addressing problems of varying complexity in public (water) policies. ; Die schlechte Qualität von Binnengewässern ist ein weit verbreitetes und herausforderndes Problem für die Menschheit. Das Konzept der Komplexität ist ein besonders vielversprechendes Konzept zur Analyse und Lösung dieses Problems und von Problemen der öffentlichen Ordnung im Allgemeinen. Der Hauptgrund ist die Stärke des Konzepts, strukturelle Problemmerkmale innerhalb eines umfassenderen strukturellen Ansatzes für die politische Problemlösung zusammenzufassen. Bislang blieben diese möglichen Vorteile jedoch verborgen, da kein klares Verständnis der Komplexität vorhanden war, was letztendlich eine systematische Analyse der Auswirkungen der Komplexität auf Lösungen und Governance-Strategien behinderte. Diese Studie zielt darauf ab, den Wert des Komplexitätsbegriffs für systematische vergleichende Analysen von Wasserproblemen und von Problemen der öffentlichen Politik im Allgemeinen zu stärken. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden in dieser Arbeit das Konzept der Komplexität sowie die Implikationen der Komplexität für Lösungen und Governance-Strategien sowohl aus theoretischer als auch aus empirischer Sicht spezifiziert. Zu diesem Zweck werden fünf grundsätzliche Ansätze angewandt, die sich auf die zugrunde liegenden Prämissen, die Rolle eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes, die Europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie als empirischen Bezugspunkt, die Integration von praktischem Wissen und den Fokus auf externe Validität beziehen. Hauptergebnisse sind: Operationalisierung und Messung: Diese Dissertation bietet eine detaillierte Operationalisierung der Komplexität in Bezug auf die Dimensionen der Ziele, Variablen, Dynamiken, Vernetzungen und Informationsunsicherheiten. Sie zeigt zudem, dass sich Wasserqualitätsprobleme in Deutschland entlang dieser fünf Komplexitätsdimensionen unterscheiden. Dies gilt für 37 Typen von Wasserqualitätsproblemen und vier Problemcluster, die sich hier auf ´zahme´, ´bösartige´, ´sysytemkomplexe´ und ´mit Unsicherheit behaftete´ Probleme beziehen. Implikationen von Komplexität für Lösungen: Diese Dissertation legt nahe, dass die Beziehungen zwischen Komplexität und Politikumsetzung sowohl positiv als auch negativ sein können und je nach Dimension der Komplexität und Politikumsetzung variieren können. In Bezug auf die untersuchten Wasserqualitätsprobleme zeigt diese Arbeit zudem verschiedene Auswirkungen der Komplexität auf die Politikumsetzung auf, sowohl bei den 37 Problemtypen als auch bei den vier Problemclustern. Implikationen von Komplexität für die Governance: Diese Dissertation schlägt einen differenzierten theoretischen Ansatz vor, um Governance-Strategien für komplexe Problemlösungen zu definieren. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die Rolle verschiedener Institutionen, Akteure und Interaktionen für Lösungen entlang der fünf Schlüsseldimensionen der Komplexität (Ziele Variablen, Dynamiken, Vernetzungen und Informationsunsicherheiten) sowie entlang verschiedener Managementstrategien (Informationsgenerierung, Modellierung, Verwendung von Entscheidungsunterstützungs-instrumenten, Priorisierung von Maßnahmen, Konfliktlösung, Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit und Anpassungsfähigkeit und Flexibilität) variieren. Zukünftiger Forschung wird empfohlen, auf diesen Ergebnissen aufzubauen, indem weitere empirische Nachweise geliefert werden und der Governance-Ansatz für komplexe Problemlösungen weiter kontextualisiert wird. Auf diesem Weg kann dazu beigetragen werden, die ´Logik des Scheiterns´ (Dörner 1996) in Bezug auf komplexe Problemlösungen in eine ´Erfolgslogik´ umzuwandeln, um Probleme unterschiedlicher Komplexität im Wasserressourcenmanagement und bei Problemen öffentlicher Ordnung anzugehen.

The relevance of the studying the functional versatility of the higher education system and its unique mission in the present world are substantiated. The aim of the article is to consider the strategies of "soft diplomacy" in the present national cultural and art education and to reveal the uniqueness of the University of culture and arts, its special role in the present social and cultural sphere. Analysing their activities, one should resort to the concept of "soft power", which was introduced into the scientific circulation by Joseph Nye (2004) and considering the prospects of international coexistence as a cultural dialogue and a dialogue of cultures. Nowadays, the cultural communication and mutual understanding is a condition for cooperation not only within the framework of nations, but also at the international level. The issues of cultural diplomacy attract the attention of philosophers, sociologists, cultural specialists, art historians, historians, linguists, and specialists in international affairs. They consider this phenomenon in global, local and national aspects, including it in the models of social, creative individual interaction and dialogue. The "strength of the strong" and the "weakness of the weak" are minimised with the recognition of the cultural uniqueness of each player in the global playing field. The value of culture as a creative process and a local-cultural sphere is becoming an important argument of subjectivity in international relations. Therefore, not only politicians, diplomats or cultural attachés are attracted to setting relations between countries, but also culture and art managers who make a strong public demand for cultural civil initiatives. The scientific novelty consists in revealing the features of the project activities of the KNUCA's specialists, aimed at making the new strategies of higher education in Ukraine. In particular, in 2018, its leading information policy specialists developed the project "Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens" represented at the contest of the Erasmus + EU program. The victory of the KNUCA in this contest proves the high intellectual potential of its team and the need for international cooperation as a dialogue and exchange of experience. This experience has been acquired for many years, overcoming the resistance of the old system and perceiving new social-cultural, political and economic challenges. The main task of the University, based on the classical principles of the European tradition of "free arts" is to adhere to "soft" diplomacy, producing and testing new training strategies and brands, applying cultural and art potential as "soft power" to making great things in crating positive image of our country. ; У статті розглянуті найбільш вдалі стратегії «м'якої дипломатії» в сучасній українській культурно-мистецькій освіті, розкрито унікальність закладу вищої освіти культури і мистецтв, його особливу роль у сучасній соціокультурній сфері. Заклади вищої освіти культури і мистецтв є водночас культурними, творчими, освітніми і науковими центрами, рушіями культурного розвитку країни, формування її іміджу. Аналізуючи їх діяльність, варто вдатись до поняття «м'яка сила», яке ввів у науковий обіг Дж. Най (2004) з метою обґрунтування міжнародного співіснування як культурного діалогу і діалогу культур. У наш час культурне спілкування і взаєморозуміння стає умовою співпраці не лише в межах національних держав, а й на міжнародному рівні. До питань культурної дипломатії звертаються філософи, соціологи, культурологи, мистецтвознавці, історики, лінгвісти, фахівці-міжнародники. Вони обґрунтовують цей феномен у глобальному, локальному, національному аспектах, включаючи його в моделі соціальної, творчо-індивідуальної взаємодії, діалогу. «Сила сильних» і «слабкість слабких» нівелюється з визнанням культурної унікальності кожного гравця у глобальному ігровому полі. Цінність культури як творчого процесу і локально-культурної сфери стає важливим аргументом суб'єктності в міжнародних відносинах. Тому до налагодження відносин між країнами залучають уже не лише політиків, дипломатів чи аташе з питань культури, а культуртрегерів, арт-менеджерів, які формують сталий суспільний попит на культурні громадянські ініціативи.Розкрито особливості проєктної діяльності фахівців КНУКіМ, спрямованої на формування нових стратегій вищої культурно-мистецької освіти в Україні. Зокрема, 2018 року його провідні спеціалісти з інформаційної політики розробили проєкт «Рамка цифрових компетентностей для українських вчителів та інших громадян» («Digital competence framework for Ukrainian teachers and other citizens»), представлений на конкурс Програми Європейського Союзу «ЕРАЗМУС +». Перемога КНУКіМ у цьому конкурсі свідчить про високий інтелектуальний потенціал його колективу, про необхідність налагоджувати міжнародне співробітництво як діалог, обмін досвідом. Головне завдання Університету, заснованого на класичних засадах європейської традиції «вільних мистецтв», — дотримуватись «м'якої» дипломатії, продукуючи і апробуючи нові освітні стратегії і бренди, застосовуючи культурно-мистецький потенціал як «м'яку силу» для здійснення великих справ.

There is a growing global material and energy extraction and consumption. Especially mineral extraction of metals such as copper has increased by 25 times during the last century thus pushing the extraction frontiers into new territory. Copper extraction increasingly expands into Northern Norway with new project proposals. One such project is Nussir ASA's suggested copper mine in Kvalsund in Finnmark county. The planned project conflicts with local small-scale fishers' and indigenous Sámi reindeer pastoralist's interests. As resource extraction expands in the northern regions, the question of environmental justice and who experiences the benefits and costs arises. The thesis adopts an environmental justice framework to discuss this conflict and the process to establish the mine, in terms of recognition and participation, and the project's cost-benefit distribution. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and participants, through a survey consisting of face-to-face questionnaires among 110 residents, fishers, and reindeer herders, as well as 35 respondents through an online survey published in social media. The project reveals conflicting narratives. Some actors see the process to establish the mine as open and inclusive, recognizing all values and uses. They present the mining project as a clear win-win case of local development and meeting the global copper demand. In contrast, others find the process to conflict with their values, resource uses and indigenous rights, and expect the burden of costs to be carried by fisheries, reindeer herders and recreational activities. The costs are anticipated through disposing mining waste as sea tailings in the Repparfjord and copper extraction in reindeer calving and grazing areas, which again could lead to dispossession of traditional land use and further marginalization of primary production in the area, particularly those with a strong Sámi identity. The conflict reveals incommensurable traditional values versus industrial values, the power asymmetry in the decision-making process, the shortcomings of consultation as a participation method, the potential violation of laws and rights, and the disputes over mining impacts for development, on the environment and on stakeholders. The conflict has not been resolved due to the local and national government's strong political will to expand mining extraction in Northern Norway. As a result, the process to establish the Nussir mine is a case of procedural injustices, while the expected cost-benefit distribution from the mine is unjust as costs can be shifted upon impacted stakeholders. ; Det er stigende utvinning og forbruk av materialer og energi på et globalt nivå. Spesielt utvinning av metaller som kobber har økt 25 ganger det siste århundret. Dette skaper et behov for å starte nye gruveprosjekter. I Nord-Norge er det økende politisk press for å åpne nye kobbergruver. En slik pågående etablering er Nussir ASAs foreslåtte kobbergruve i Kvalsund i Finnmark fylke. Den planlagte gruva er i konflikt med lokale interesser, som sjarkfiske og samisk reindrift. Med ekspanderende ressursutvinning i nordlige områder følger spørsmål om miljørettferdighet, og hvem som bærer fordelene og kostnadene. Denne masteroppgaven anvender rammeverket for miljørettferdighet for å diskutere konflikten, i form av anerkjennelse og deltakelse, og fordelingen av fordeler og kostnader. Datagrunnlaget kommer fra dybdeintervjuer med sentrale aktører, dør til dør spørreundersøkelser gjennomført med 110 innbyggere, fiskere, og reineiere, samt 35 besvarelser fra en elektronisk undersøkelse distribuert på sosiale medier. Gruveprosjektet har skapt motstridende oppfatninger. Noen aktører ser på etableringsprosessen som åpen og inkluderende, og mener prosjekter tar hensyn til alle verdier og ulike brukerhensyn. De presenter gruveprosjektet som et klart vinn-vinnprosjekt. Prosjektet vil ifølge forkjemperne bidra med vekst og lokal utvikling, samt bidra til å møte den økende globale kobberetterspørselen. På den andre siden mener motstanderne at prosjektet strider mot deres verdier, ressursbruk, og urbefolkningsrettigheter, og de forventer at kostnadene skyves spesielt over på fiskerne, reindrifta, og friluftslivet. Motstanderne mener kostnadene gjennom sjødeponi i Repparfjorden og utvinning i reindriftas kalve- og beiteområde kommer til å fortrenge tradisjonell bruk av områdene og marginalisere primærbruket, spesielt de med en sterk samisk identitet. Konflikten dreier seg om avveiing mellom tradisjonelle og industrielle verdier, ujevne maktforhold i etableringsprosessen, svakheter ved konsultasjon som deltakelsesmetode, potensielle brudd på lover og rettigheter, og uenigheten om gruvas påvirkning for utvikling, på miljøet, og for aktørene. Konflikten har ikke blitt løst på grunn av den sterkt dominerende politiske viljen til å øke mineralutvinningen i Nord-Norge. Resultatet er at prosessen er urettferdig, og den forventende distribusjonen av fordeler og kostnader er urettferdig. ; submittedVersion ; M-IES

EURO-CARES (European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from Exploration of Space) was a three year (2015-2017) multinational project funded under the European Commission's Horizon 2020 research programme. The objective of EURO-CARES was to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extra-terrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF) suitable for the curation of samples from all possible return missions, to the Moon, asteroids, Mars, and other bodies of the Solar System. Here we summarize the main recommendations from the final project report for design and infrastructure requirements to allow the curation of samples from restricted bodies such as Mars. Over the course of the project, the team has visited various facilities and companies, to gather best practices, bring innovative ideas, and build a strong network with the international sample curation community. Visits were made to the astromaterials curation facilities of NASA and JAXA, and to related facilities from the nuclear, cleanroom and BSL-4 sectors. Two successful collaborations with architects (Space architecture department of the Technical University of Vienna (Austria), then Merrick and Co. in Kanata (Canada) [1]) resulted in the development of more refined requirements and tentative designs for a Mars Sample Return (MSR) facility. All possible activities that would take place in a MSR facility were first identified. All activities related to receiving, assessing, and opening the Earth Return Capsule are performed in a Sample Receiving Facility. Further activities, such as curation, Sample Early Characterization, andstorage would be performed in a Sample Curation Facility (SCF). The SCF would also include a suite of instruments necessary for analyses defined in a Biohazard Assessment Protocol and for Life Detection. In addition, an Analogue and Mock-Up Facility (to be constructed first) would be used to assemble an analogue material collection, to test instruments and building materials/techniques, and to train staff members. A MSR facility needs to integrate both cleanliness and containment principles, to keep the samples pristine, and to fulfill the Planetary Protection requirement of having a probability of release P<10−6 for an unsterilized particle larger than 0.1 µm [2]. Primary enclosures for restricted samples were considered: depending on the activities, it was recommended that cabinets similar to the ones used in BSL-4 laboratories, or Double-Wall Isolators should be used [3]. Laminar flow cleanrooms were recommended for limiting cross-contamination while allowing flexibility in the future. Because of the European nature of the project, the facility should be located in Europe. Other parameters, such as limited natural hazards, countries with histories of BSL-4 laboratories and space exploration expertise, would also need to be taken into consideration. Owing to so many uncertainties and decisions to be taken (such as the possible widespread use of robotics), it is impossible to evaluate a precise financial cost for such a facility, however, we estimate that a fully fitted MSR facility would cost at least 200 M€. Location, use of robots, cleanroom regime, instrumentation capacities, etc. are amongst the parameters that can drive the costs for the initial construction, and during the life of the facility. It is estimated that a minimum of 7 to 10 years would be necessary to define the requirements, design, build, and commission the facility, while training the necessary staff. It is highly probable that such a facility will have various funding partners (space agencies, institutions, countries, etc.); a complex financial arrangement takes time to come to completion. A MSR facility is a complex project, not only for the engineering aspects but also for financial and political reasons. In view of the timeline of sample return missions from Mars, it is imperative to move forward with this project as soon as possible. The design we developed encompasses the principles of Flexibility, Modularity, and Adaptability. References: [1] Hutzler A. et al. (2017) 47th ICES, 323. [2] Ammann W., et al. (2012. ESF-ESSC Study Group on Mars Sample Return Requirements, ISBN: 978-2-918428-67-1. [3] Vrublevskis J. B. et al. (2016) EURO-CARES WP3 Meeting, p. 27. Acknowledgements: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no 640190.

The article, Prestige and Powers of "The World of Big Power'', Tanah Papua as Specific Case, the author intends for Subtopic to two and at the same time can also to accommodate the third problem of formulation being raised in dissertation entitled: " Re-Roadmap of the Papuan in State of Papua Courant West : "A Peaceful Solution Recovering of Identityâ€. That is by treading Returning Roadmap, referring to Unilateral Declaration of Independence/UDI of the Papua Nation and the Federal Republic of West Papua/NRFPB on October 19, 2011. The study describes in five main topics, namely, (1) Defining "Hidden Structure" in Melanesian-Papua Social Cultural highlighting Papuanistiecs and Melanesianology; (2) Prestige and Powers of "The World Big Power'', Tanah Papua as Specific Case, reveals how the influence of â€The Giant Powers†to the problem of Papua; (3) Federalism in Indonesia revealing Melanesian-Papua in Tanah Papua as Special Case versus the Unitary Republic of Indonesia; (4) Constitution vis-à -vis Constitution illustrates the philosophical correlation among Indonesian constitution 1945 versus Papua constitution 1999; (5) Unilateral Declaration/UDI of the Papua Nation and NRFPB on October 19, 2011. The background of the study is based on two keys of Morgenthou thoughts: First, Morgenthou (2012) confirmed that, during the 17 years from 1945 to 1962, the process to Indonesia-nizing the Papuans are generally still in the stage of seeding while growing only in some urban areas and the government center. Awareness to be Indonesian-ness was yet to reach all areas of Papua. Morgenthou (2012) that the presence of all Indonesia's past greatly influenced the policies and the approach taken by both the Dutch and Indonesian government through the nationalist's initiators role at that time. Second, study of LIPI in 2007 (Soewarsono, ed.) is still questions to the Indonesian-ness of Papuans reinforces the view of Morgenthou (2012), which states that the process to Indonesian-ness among Papuans still weak. Morgenthou concluded that, in fact, to understand the history of Papua will become a basic reference for the government seek and find out the right way and dignified in overcoming the issues of Papua, though on the other hand George Junus Aditjondro, 1999 clamming, the Government and Important People of Indonesia has curled the history of Papua which by the Papuans wanting to be straightened out: "This is the dark history of Papua in Indonesian Historiography". Thoughts of Morgenthou strengthens the authors thought that the various problems occurred in Papua, especially the facts involve "Merdeka Papua". Referring to the failure of Indonesia-nizing of the Papuans, it appears that it is not necessary regrettable because in fact, they are different by nature or in the growth process since in the hands of Dutch colonial control of the Dutch East Indies (for Papua 1826-1949-1962). Precisely when indecision of the President of Indonesia to the case of Papua was safe step into alternative measures of the Melanesian-Papua themselves must be hacked through, UDI of Papuan Nation and NRFPB on October 19, 2011. The research focuses on studies of literature and interviews by the method of Descriptive Analysis and to assemble the Hidden Structure and Correlation Studies to reflect the relationships between aspects on the basis of Motivation Theory, Theory of Conflict, Theory of Social Change and Theory of Balance and Theory of Realist implied through sub-theories positioned as tools to characterize, recognize, and understanding as well as tools to analyze (dissect) the problems issues to be raised in this written work. In connection with this, the author is improving the nature of Hidden Structure as Grand Theory. Formulations of the problems might be: (1). How to understand the present of the Melanesian-Papua in Tanah Papua? (2). May the existence of Papua to be returning to the attention of Prestige and Powers of "The World Big Power" for its political status to be reviewed at the UN? (4). Whether, the Melanesian-Papua and the Indonesian in Tanah Papua can together according to the federalist order of Melanesian-Papua? (4). How is the condition of Indonesian society and customs of Melanesian-Papua can be brought together to create a bilateral solidarity for the multilateralbeneficial and usefulness?

Our research aimed to identify and recover the history and heritage of the Camino Real from Buenos Aires to Lima, Peru, in the 18th century and was carried out by a team of researchers from USAL and Universidad de Granada. In Spain, the research team focused on the study of international concepts related to heritage, cultural landscape and cultural itinerary. In Argentina the research focused on delimiting the Camino Real in our territory, on the basis of cartography, sources and documents in the Archivo General de la Nación [National Archives], the provincial archives of Córdoba, Tucumán and La Plata, among others, and universities, convents and repositories. By the delimitation of the trail, we confirm that there are areas where it has been preserved and transformed into important roads, in other areas it has disappeared, and in some others it has turned into a secondary road that trespasses private property. The trail from Buenos Aires to La Quiaca has an extension of 1,840 km and goes through extensive plains, depressions, plateaus, mountains, valleys, ravines and high mountains. We identified one hundred and thirteen 18th Century heritage milestones that existed in each of the provinces through which the Camino Real traversed. Our research team travelled to Córdoba, Santiago del Estero, Salta, Jujuy and Buenos Aires to carry out field work which consisted in documenting heritage landmarks and the cultural landscape through photography, local archives consultation and interviews to local historians. The route that united Lima with Buenos Aires was rooted in a conception of occupation of the territory that sought its control in order to exploit its wealth, and turned out to be a necessary infrastructure for the political and administrative control of the region. Both its recovery and study allow for inner thought as regards human capacity to control and manipulate nature and provide an explanation of the commercial exchanges and socio cultural changes that took place in the area in those days. ; Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y recuperar la historia y el patrimonio del Camino Real desde la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, a la Ciudad de Lima, Perú, en el siglo XVIII. La investigación se llevó a cabo de manera conjunta entre la USAL y la Universidad de Granada. En España, el equipo se centró en el estudio de los conceptos internacionales sobre patrimonio, paisaje cultural e itinerario cultural. En Argentina, la investigación se centró en poder delimitar el Camino Real en nuestro territorio en base a la búsqueda de cartografía, fuentes y documentos del Archivo General de la Nación, de los archivos provinciales de Córdoba, Tucumán y La Plata, entre otros, y de universidades, conventos y repositorios varios. A partir de la delimitación del camino, confirmamos que hay tramos que se han conservado y transformado en rutas importantes, otros han desaparecido y algunos sectores se han convertido en caminos secundarios que pasan por tierras privadas. La extensión desde la ciudad de Buenos Aires hasta La Quiaca, en el límite con la actual república de Bolivia, es de 1840 Km; atraviesa desde las planicies de la región Pampeana, a partir de los 20 metros sobre el nivel del mar en la plaza de Mayo, hasta los 3440 metros en la localidad de La Quiaca, pasando por extensas llanuras, depresiones, mesetas, sierras, valles, quebradas y altas montañas. Individualizamos ciento trece hitos patrimoniales del siglo XVIII que existieron en cada una de las provincias por las que el Camino Real transitaba. Se llevó a cabo un trabajo de campo en las provincias de: Córdoba, Santiago del Estero, Salta, Jujuy y Buenos Aires, en el que los investigadores recorrieron lo que fue el Camino Real, documentando los hitos patrimoniales y el paisaje cultural a través de tomas de fotografías, de consultas de archivos locales y de entrevistas con historiadores de cada lugar. El recorrido que unía a Lima con Buenos Aires parte de una concepción de ocupación del territorio que buscaba su control para explotar sus riquezas y acabar convirtiéndose en una infraestructura necesaria para el control político-administrativo del espacio. Su recuperación y estudio permite reflexionar sobre la capacidad que se tuvo de someter a la naturaleza y explicitar los intercambios comerciales y socio culturales que se establecieron en torno a su realidad.

Purpose of Research. The article deals with the issues of complex analysis of the structural organization and the system of management of the cultural sphere that have been formed in modern Ukraine. The author also considers the possibilities of flexible policy in the field of culture management by the documentary means of transmission the information. The author highlights the cultural policy that supports and transforms the national picture of the world. The latter has two aspects – internal and external. Methodology. The methodology of the research includes the system approach and the information-analytical and culturological methods. Scientific Novelty. The issues of the documentation process, documentation management and their specifics in the cultural industry are underlined. The development, the expansion of the concept of «document management» and coordination of activities and cooperation between state authorities and civic organizations in the field of culture are analysed. The representatives of creative intellectuals and artists, documentary fixation of cultural products as the facts of its development are pointed out. Conclusions. The main means of the national cultural policy are educational systems, cultural institutions (museums, libraries, archives, exhibitions, theaters, cinemas, concert halls), as well as mass media (the press, radio, television, video and computer networks). The participants of cultural and political processes are all institutions and actors, involved in socio-cultural life. The strategy of cultural development should be aimed at maintaining the national picture of the world in the period of a new digital society, creating a new cultural space and to unit the nation. All subcultures of society can interact and maintain connections with the core of the culture of society, realized in language, folklore, cultural monuments and works of art, architecture, literature and painting. The variety of functions and content of the cultural product of society, covering the totality of organizations and institutions that ensure the functioning of culture (folk and professional) and work in the field of commercial and noncommercial forms of ownership produce documents that capture the material and spiritual state of culture in different ways. ; Цель исследования. В статье рассматриваются вопросы комплексного анализа структурной организации и системы управления отраслью культуры, которые сформировались в современной Украине, возможности гибкой политики в области управления культурой посредством имеющихся документных средств передачи информации. Методология исследования заключается в применении системного подхода и информационно-аналитического и культурологического метода. Научная новизна. Рассмотрены вопросы обеспечения документационного процесса и управления документацией с учетом специфики культурной сферы, ее постоянного развития, расширения понятия «управление документацией» и согласования деятельности и сотрудничества государственных органов власти и общественных организаций в области культуры, представителей творческой интеллигенции и художников, документальную фиксацию продуктов культуры как фактов ее развития. Выводы. Культурная политика в государстве реализуется посредством специальных социальных институтов - системы образования, учреждений культуры: музеев, библиотек, архивов, театров и т.д., а также средств массовой коммуникации: прессы, радио, телевидения, компьютерной сети. Участниками культурного процесса есть все институты и субъекты, участвующие в социокультурной жизни. Культурный продукт общества формируется в результате деятельности организаций и учреждений, обеспечивающих функционирование культуры (профессиональной и народной) и работающих в сфере коммерческой и некоммерческой форм собственности. Соответственно и процесс фиксирования материального и духовного состояния развития культуры различными способами является крайне сложным вопросом для документирования и создания документальных систем. ; Мета дослідження. У статті розглядаються питання комплексного аналізу структурної організації та системи управління галуззю культури, що сформувались у сучасній Україні, можливості гнучкої політики у галузі управління культурою посередництвом наявних документних засобів передачі інформації. Методологія дослідження полягає в застосуванні системного підходу та інформаційно-аналітичного й культурологічного методу. Наукова новизна. Розглянуто питання забезпечення документаційного процесу та управління документацією з урахуванням специфіки культурної галузі, його постійний розвиток, розширення поняття «управління документацією» та узгодження діяльності та співпрацю державних органів влади і громадських організацій в галузі культури, представників творчої інтелігенції та митців, документальну фіксацію продуктів культури як фактів її розвитку. Висновки. Культурна політика в державі реалізується посередництвом спеціальних соціальних інституцій – системи освіти, закладів культури: музеїв, бібліотек, архівів, театрів тощо, а також засобів масової комунікації: преси, радіо, телебачення, комп'ютерної мережі. Учасниками культурного процесу є всі інституції та суб'єкти, що беруть участь у соціокультурному житті. Культурний продукт суспільства, що формується в результаті діяльності організацій і установ, які забезпечують функціонування культури (професійної і народної) і працюють у сфері комерційної та некомерційної форм власності, є дуже різноманітним. Відповідно, і процес фіксування матеріального і духовного стану розвитку культури в різний спосіб є вкрай складним питанням для документування та створення документальних систем.

Purpose of Research. The article deals with the issues of complex analysis of the structural organization and the system of management of the cultural sphere that have been formed in modern Ukraine. The author also considers the possibilities of flexible policy in the field of culture management by the documentary means of transmission the information. The author highlights the cultural policy that supports and transforms the national picture of the world. The latter has two aspects – internal and external. Methodology. The methodology of the research includes the system approach and the information-analytical and culturological methods. Scientific Novelty. The issues of the documentation process, documentation management and their specifics in the cultural industry are underlined. The development, the expansion of the concept of «document management» and coordination of activities and cooperation between state authorities and civic organizations in the field of culture are analysed. The representatives of creative intellectuals and artists, documentary fixation of cultural products as the facts of its development are pointed out. Conclusions. The main means of the national cultural policy are educational systems, cultural institutions (museums, libraries, archives, exhibitions, theaters, cinemas, concert halls), as well as mass media (the press, radio, television, video and computer networks). The participants of cultural and political processes are all institutions and actors, involved in socio-cultural life. The strategy of cultural development should be aimed at maintaining the national picture of the world in the period of a new digital society, creating a new cultural space and to unit the nation. All subcultures of society can interact and maintain connections with the core of the culture of society, realized in language, folklore, cultural monuments and works of art, architecture, literature and painting. The variety of functions and content of the cultural product of society, covering the totality of organizations and institutions that ensure the functioning of culture (folk and professional) and work in the field of commercial and noncommercial forms of ownership produce documents that capture the material and spiritual state of culture in different ways. ; Цель исследования. В статье рассматриваются вопросы комплексного анализа структурной организации и системы управления отраслью культуры, которые сформировались в современной Украине, возможности гибкой политики в области управления культурой посредством имеющихся документных средств передачи информации. Методология исследования заключается в применении системного подхода и информационно-аналитического и культурологического метода. Научная новизна. Рассмотрены вопросы обеспечения документационного процесса и управления документацией с учетом специфики культурной сферы, ее постоянного развития, расширения понятия «управление документацией» и согласования деятельности и сотрудничества государственных органов власти и общественных организаций в области культуры, представителей творческой интеллигенции и художников, документальную фиксацию продуктов культуры как фактов ее развития. Выводы. Культурная политика в государстве реализуется посредством специальных социальных институтов - системы образования, учреждений культуры: музеев, библиотек, архивов, театров и т.д., а также средств массовой коммуникации: прессы, радио, телевидения, компьютерной сети. Участниками культурного процесса есть все институты и субъекты, участвующие в социокультурной жизни. Культурный продукт общества формируется в результате деятельности организаций и учреждений, обеспечивающих функционирование культуры (профессиональной и народной) и работающих в сфере коммерческой и некоммерческой форм собственности. Соответственно и процесс фиксирования материального и духовного состояния развития культуры различными способами является крайне сложным вопросом для документирования и создания документальных систем. ; Мета дослідження. У статті розглядаються питання комплексного аналізу структурної організації та системи управління галуззю культури, що сформувались у сучасній Україні, можливості гнучкої політики у галузі управління культурою посередництвом наявних документних засобів передачі інформації. Методологія дослідження полягає в застосуванні системного підходу та інформаційно-аналітичного й культурологічного методу. Наукова новизна. Розглянуто питання забезпечення документаційного процесу та управління документацією з урахуванням специфіки культурної галузі, його постійний розвиток, розширення поняття «управління документацією» та узгодження діяльності та співпрацю державних органів влади і громадських організацій в галузі культури, представників творчої інтелігенції та митців, документальну фіксацію продуктів культури як фактів її розвитку. Висновки. Культурна політика в державі реалізується посередництвом спеціальних соціальних інституцій – системи освіти, закладів культури: музеїв, бібліотек, архівів, театрів тощо, а також засобів масової комунікації: преси, радіо, телебачення, комп'ютерної мережі. Учасниками культурного процесу є всі інституції та суб'єкти, що беруть участь у соціокультурному житті. Культурний продукт суспільства, що формується в результаті діяльності організацій і установ, які забезпечують функціонування культури (професійної і народної) і працюють у сфері комерційної та некомерційної форм власності, є дуже різноманітним. Відповідно, і процес фіксування матеріального і духовного стану розвитку культури в різний спосіб є вкрай складним питанням для документування та створення документальних систем.

The subject of this dissertation is the mutual relationship between institutions and economic growth and development. The analysis focuses especially on this relationship during the privatization process in Serbia, as well as the influence of institutional quality on the process of privatization. Accordingly, the theoretical framework of this thesis represents institutional economics, which as a theoretical concept, points out the role and importance of institutions for economic growth and development of each country. The institutions create the "rules of the game", that represent the normative framework of given economy, as well as the mechanisms that affect its efficiency. According to this theoretical concept, economic analysis can not be reduced to an examination of the market and market relations, but must also include the institutions that regulate the market and allow its efficient functioning. The dissertation first discusses the theoretical bases of institutional economics and provide the basic elements of its genesis (old institutionalism and new institutional economics). On this basis, the basic concepts of institutional economics are defined and their methodological meaning for the purposes of the analysis are determined in this dissertation. That is why it is specifically discussed the role of rules and contracts and property rights and transaction costs, particularly in terms of economic efficiency. Using the above basic concepts of institutional economics is analyzed and the fundamental question of this dissertation - the influence of institutional quality on the privatization process and its effects in Serbia, and consequently its economic growth and development. Different outcome of institutional reforms and attitude towards them is in transition countries resulted in different levels of their economic development and to a large extent determined by the character of the economic system and the quality of its institutions. Uneven development in these countries is due to the different institutional capacities, conditioned by the political and economic determinants. Developed countries in transition had the better of the institution, which has allowed them to implement the overall reform faster and more efficiently. On the other hand, the less developed countries find themselves in front of urgent institutional reforms that did not have adequate economic base, resulting in the potential for economic growth was much slower. There were no adequate and quality institutions. Determine what kind of economic and institutional environment did the process of privatization in Serbia is an important element of this dissertation. ; Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je međusobni odnos institucija i privrednog rasta i razvoja. Analiza se posebno fokusira na ovaj odnos tokom procesa privatizacije u Srbiji, kao i na uticaj kvaliteta institucija na sam proces privatizacije. U skladu sa tim, teorijski okvir ove disertacije predstavlja institucionalna ekonomija, koja kao teorijski koncept, u prvi plan ističe ulogu i značaj institucija za privredni rast i razvoj svake zemlje. Institucije kreiraju "pravila igre", odnosno predstavljaju normativni okvir date ekonomije, kao i mehanizme koji utiču na njenu efikasnost. Prema ovom teorijskom konceptu, ekonomska analiza se ne može svesti samo na ispitivanje tržišta i tržišnih odnosa, već mora obuhvatiti i institucije koje uređuju tržište i omogućavaju njegovo efikasno funkcionisanje. U radu se najprije razmatraju teorijske osnove institucionalne ekonomije i daju osnovni elementi njene geneze (stari institucionalizam i nova institucionalna ekonomija). Na toj osnovi se definišu osnovni pojmovi institucionalne ekonomije i određuje njihov metodološki smisao za potrebe analize koja se vrši u ovom radu. Tako se posebno razmatra uloga pravila i ugovora, te svojinska prava i transakcioni troškovi, prvenstveno sa aspekta ekonomske efikasnosti. Primjenom navedenih osnovnih pojmova institucionalne ekonomije analizira se i osnovno pitanje ovog rada – uticaj kvaliteta institucija na proces privatizacije i njegove efekte u Srbiji, a posledično i na njen privredni rast i razvoj. Različit ishod institucionalnih reformi i odnos prema njima je u zemljama u tranziciji rezultirao različitim nivoom njihovog ekonomskog razvoja i u značajnoj mjeri je odredio karakter ekonomskog sistema i kvalitet njegovih institucija. Nejednak razvoj u tim zemljama je posledica različitih institucionalnih kapaciteta, uslovljenih političkim i ekonomskim determinantama. Razvijenije zemlje u tranziciji su imale i kvalitetnije institucije, što im je omogućilo da sveukupne reforme sprovedu brže i efikasnije. Sa druge strane, manje razvijenije zemlje su se našle pred neodložnim institucionalnim reformama za koje nisu imale odgovarajuću ekonomsku podlogu, usled čega je njihov ekonomski razvoj bio znatno sporiji. Nisu postojale adekvatne i kvalitetne institucije. Utvrditi u kakvom ekonomskom i institucionalnom okruženju je tekao proces privatizacije u Srbiji predstavlja važan element ovog rada.

AECOM Technical Services, Inc. (AECOM) was contracted by the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to perform a cultural resources survey in support of plans to rehabilitate Floodwater Retention Structures (FRSs) 10 and 11, located in Ellis County, Texas. Rehabilitation activities for FRSs generally consist of widening and raising the earthen spillway, flattening the downstream slope and extending the footprint of the earthen structure, updating or replacing the inlet and/or outlet pipes, and sediment excavation within the drained pool area. Auxiliary spillways, which are typically located on the uplands, may also be modified, and temporary construction sites may be established on the uplands. The project is being developed by the Ellis-Prairie Soil Water Conservation District (Ellis-Prairie SWCD) of the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board (TSSWCB), and the NRCS. As such, the project is subject to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. In accordance with Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) regulations pertaining to the protection of historic properties, federal agencies are required to assess the effects of their undertaking on historic properties prior to issuing permits or funding. Furthermore, because each FRS is currently monitored, operated, and maintained by the EllisPrairie SWCD/TSSWCB, which is a political subdivision of the State of Texas, the projects also fall within the purview of the Antiquities Code of Texas, which requires the Texas Historical Commission (THC) to review any actions that have the potential to disturb prehistoric or historic sites within the public domain of the State of Texas. The survey carried out within the estimated Limits of Construction (LOC) at each FRS on January 15, 2016 under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 7521, issued by the THC. Dr. Steve Ahr served as Principal Investigator. For purposes of these investigations, the LOC is considered to be equivalent to the Area of Potential Effect for cultural resources compliance with the NHPA and the Antiquities Code of Texas. The survey included a 100 percent pedestrian survey of all areas of potential new disturbance associated with rehabilitation measures at each FRS. Field investigations also included an assessment of the soils and geomorphic setting of the project areas as it relates to archaeological integrity potential and previous impacts. No prehistoric archaeological sites were identified during the survey, though two small shed structures were found at the far northwest corner at FRS 10. One is located inside the APE, while the other is situated just outside the current defined limits. Additional archival investigations indicates that these sheds were constructed sometime between 1995 and 2001, and given their recent age, neither should be considered eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or merit designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). No artifacts were collected during the survey. Pursuant to 13 TAC 26.17, all project notes, maps, photographs, and other documentary records will be permanently curated at the Center for Archaeological Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos. Based on the results of the background review and survey, it is recommended that the proposed rehabilitation efforts for FRS 10 and 11 in Ellis County should have No Effect on properties included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the NRHP, or that merit designation as SALs. In the event that previously undiscovered sites are found during construction, appropriate actions should be taken in accordance with the State Level Agreement among NRCS and the Texas State Historic Preservation Office, the National Programmatic Agreement among NRCS, the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, and the ACHP, and NRCS General Manual 420, Part 401 guidance. In the event that any unmarked prehistoric or historic human remains or burials are encountered during construction, the area of the remains is considered a cemetery under current Texas law and all construction activities must cease immediately so as to avoid impacting the remains. The THC must be notified immediately by contacting the History Programs Division at (512) 463-5853 and the Archeology Division at (512) 463-6096. All cemeteries are protected under State law and cannot be disturbed. Further protection is provided in Section 28.03(f) of the Texas Penal Code, which provides that intentional damage or destruction inflicted on a human burial site is a state jail felony.