Suchergebnisse

2016年4月15日是澳大利亚皇家土著羁押死亡调查委员会(RCIADIC)发表最终报告25周年纪念日。该报告标志着土著澳大利亚人与后殖民国家和联邦政府之间关系的里程碑。该委员会由Hawke Labor政府于1987年成立,调查了99例土著人死亡。最重要的是发现死亡原因是警察和监狱未能履行其照管职责,以及大量土著人被逮捕和监禁。 在RCIADIC之后,跨文化会议和文化能力工作坊已成为公务员、治疗师、以及法律和福利员工的普遍活动,试图建立起福利国家机构和土著客户之间的文化知识纽带。利用土著知识理论,本章评估了土著客户和那些以改善土著生活为名义与他们合作的人之间的文化失调是如何影响跨文化互动。在这个过程中提出了以下问题:善意如何成为土著澳大利亚人正在进行的殖民主义言论和实践的一部分,以及如何改变权力平衡,以利于与土著人民相关的村庄? ; The 15 th April 2016 marked the 25-year anniversary since the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) in Australia handed down its Final Report. The report signified a landmark in the relationships between Indigenous Australians and the post-colonial State and Federal governments. Established by the Hawke Labor Government in 1987, the Commission examined 99 Indigenous deaths. Most significant was the finding that the deaths were due to the combination of police and prisons failing their duty of care, and the high numbers of Indigenous people being arrested and incarcerated. In the wake of the RCIADIC, cross-cultural sessions and cultural competency workshops have become ubiquitous for public servants, therapists, and legal and welfare employees, in attempts to bridge gaps in cultural knowledge between agents of the welfare state and Indigenous clients. Using Indigenous Knowledges theory, this chapter assesses how cultural misalignments between Indigenous clients and those who work with them in the name of therapies designed to improve Indigenous lives, dominate cross-cultural interactions. In so doing the questions are posed: how do good intentions become part of the discourses and practices of on-going colonialism for Indigenous Australians, and what can be done to change the balance of power in favour of therapies of relevance to Indigenous people? Japanese abstract この場所を脱植民地化する。 音楽療法の実践における先住民族の位置づけ スージー・ハッチング 要約 オーストラリアの「Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC)」が最終報告書を発表してから、2016年4月15日で25年が経過した。この報告書は、オーストラリアの先住民と植民地時代以降の州政府および連邦政府との関係において、画期的な出来事だった。この委員会は、1987年にホーク労働党政権によって設立され、99件の先住民の死を調査した。最も重大なのは、警察や刑務所が注意義務を怠ったことと、先住民が大量に逮捕・投獄されたことが重なって死亡したという結果である。 RCIADICを受けて、福祉国家のエージェントと先住民のクライアントとの間にある文化的知識のギャップを埋めるために、異文化交流セッションや文化的コンピテンシーのワークショップが、公務員、セラピスト、法律家や福祉関係者の間で頻繁に行われるようになった。本章では、先住民の知識理論を用いて、先住民のクライアントと、先住民の生活を向上させるために計画されたセラピーの名の下に彼らと働く人々との間の文化的なずれが、異文化間の交流をどのように支配しているかを検討する。善意がどのようにしてオーストラリア先住民の現在進行中の植民地主義の言説と実践の一部となるのか、そして先住民に関連した療法に有利なようにパワーバランスを変えるためには何ができるのか、という問いが投げかけられている。 キーワード:王立委員会、アボリジニの監禁死、オーストラリア先住民、先住民の知識理論、セラピー、異文化交流 ; Il 15 aprile 2016 ha segnato il venticinquesimo anniversario da quando la Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) in Australia ha consegnato il suo Rapporto Finale. Il rapporto ha segnato una pietra miliare nelle relazioni tra gli indigeni australiani e i governi statali e federali post-coloniali. Istituita dal governo laburista Hawke nel 1987, la Commissione ha esaminato 99 morti indigene. La cosa più significativa è stata la scoperta che tali morti erano dovute alla combinazione di polizia e carceri che non rispettarono il loro dovere di diligenza, nonché l'alto numero di indigeni arrestati e incarcerati. Sulla scia del RCIADIC, sessioni interculturali e workshop sulle competenze culturali sono diventati onnipresenti per dipendenti pubblici, terapisti e dipendenti legali e assistenziali, nel tentativo di colmare le lacune nella conoscenza culturale tra agenti dello stato sociale e clienti indigeni. Utilizzando la Indigenous Knowledges theory, questo capitolo valuta come i disallineamenti culturali fra i clienti indigeni e coloro che lavorano con loro in nome di terapie progettate per migliorare la loro vita, dominino le interazioni interculturali. Così facendo, si pongono le seguenti domande: in che modo le buone intenzioni entrano a far parte dei discorsi e delle pratiche coloniali in corso per gli indigeni australiani, e cosa si può fare per cambiare gli equilibri di potere a favore di terapie rilevanti per gli indigeni? ; El 15 de abril de 2016 marcó el 25 aniversario desde que la Comisión Real sobre Muertes de Aborígenes en Custodia ('Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody' o RCIADIC) en Australia emitió su Informe Final. El informe significó un hito en las relaciones entre los australianos indígenas y los gobiernos estatales y federales poscoloniales. Establecida por el 'Hawke Labor Government' en 1987, la comisión examinó 99 muertes de indígenas. Lo más significativo fue el hallazgo de que las muertes se debieron a la combinación de policías y prisiones que no cumplieron con su deber de cuidado, y al gran número de indígenas arrestados y encarcelados. A raíz de la RCIADIC, las sesiones interculturales y los talleres de competencia cultural se han vuelto omnipresentes para los servidores públicos, terapeutas y empleados legales y de bienestar, en un intento de cerrar las brechas en el conocimiento cultural entre los agentes del estado de bienestar y los clientes indígenas. Utilizando la teoría de los conocimientos indígenas, este capítulo evalúa cómo los desajustes culturales entre los clientes indígenas y aquellos que trabajan con ellos en nombre de terapias diseñadas para mejorar las vidas de los indígenas, dominan las interacciones interculturales. Al hacerlo, se plantean las preguntas: ¿cómo las buenas intenciones se vuelven parte de los discursos y prácticas del colonialismo en curso para los indígenas australianos, y qué se puede hacer para cambiar el equilibrio de poder a favor de terapias de relevancia para los pueblos indígenas?

Full list of authors: Kankare, E.; Efstathiou, A.; Kotak, R ; Kool, E. C.; Kangas, T.; O'Neill, D.; Mattila, S.; Väisänen, P.; Ramphul, R.; Mogotsi, M.; Ryder, S. D.; Parker, S.; Reynolds, T.; Fraser, M.; Pastorello, A.; Cappellaro, E.; Mazzali, P. A.; Ochner, P.; Tomasella, L.; Turatto, M.; Kotilainen, J.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Pérez-Torres, M. A.; Randriamanakoto, Z.; Romero-Cañizales, C.; Berton, M.; Cartier, R.; Chen, T. -W.; Galbany, L.; Gromadzki, M.; Inserra, C.; Maguire, K.; Moran, S.; Müller-Bravo, T. E.; Nicholl, M.; Reguitti, A.; Young, D. R. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1-0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082-4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3-0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1-0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4-0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. © ESO 2021. ; EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (SEV-2017-0709). ; Peer reviewed

15 Years of Predictions and Realities With this issue we begin our fifteenth year of publication. This decade and a half has certainly seen a number of changes to the field, and to the academy in general. If we compare the present state of the field, and higher education in general, to what was predicted for us 15 years ago, we can get a 30,000-foot view on some interesting advancements and disappointing stalls. We'd like to look at just two of those predictions, where the current state of affairs illustrates just how fluid and nuanced higher education is as we crawl out of the global pandemic. Parsing the field in any way we choose, via institutions, or disciplines, or geographic regions, or modes of instruction, etc., we can see but one commonality: we are not monolithic, and do not move in lockstep. Online / Digital / Remote instruction Perhaps the most ubiquitous and incessant prediction, one that began in the mid-1990s and which we are still working hard to manifest, is that online education will conquer the digital divide and democratize higher education. We can all point to successful online programs, degrees, and even entire universities. However, as we have learned in the past year, the potential for remote instruction is still high, but other factors, unanticipated fifteen years ago, mitigate against it becoming the panacea for all the ills of higher education. ZOOM fatigue is real, and a student's success in an online environment relies heavily on their internal locus of control. Remote instruction, we have learned, requires students to be far more responsible for their own time and effort than any face-to-face instruction ever required. We're not sure if this is the reason why students dislike remote instruction, but the fact is that they do, or at least they did. A survey of undergraduates conducted by SimpsonScarborough in March of 2020 (at the beginning of the lockdown of higher ed here in the US) revealed that 63% of the respondents said that online instruction was worse than the in-person instruction they received at their school. When SimpsonScarborough repeated the same survey just a month later, than number had risen to 70%.1 But, oh, what a difference a year makes. The Digital Learning Pulse survey of undergraduates in the US, published in April of 2021 by Bay View Analytics (in partnership with a number of entities heavily invested in the use of technology in education), notes that 73% of their respondents either somewhat agreed or strongly agreed that they would like to take some fully online courses in the future.2 Maybe we got better at remote instruction once we had a chance to breathe after the mad scramble to jump online in the spring of 2020. Maybe students rose to the occasion and remained persistent in their coursework. Or maybe the real explanation here is the distinction between being forced to have all your courses online and choosing to take some fully online courses. And there are other reasons why we are not all teaching MOOCs as we sit poolside, relying on ZOOM to make us look engaged with a nicely academic virtual background. Even before the pandemic, the rise (and subsequent fall) of many for-profit online universities painted online instruction with a broad brush, and soured many on it as just a cash grab. Some not-for-profit institutions, looking to cut instructional expenses and get good returns on their investments in large Learning Management Systems, played fast and loose with intellectual property rights, and the professoriate (whom those institutions saw as merely content providers) balked at having their instructional designs and course materials co-opted into turnkey courses that could be taught by adjuncts or teaching assistants. Fortunately, the tide has turned in this matter at least, as many institutions have articulated IP policies that benefit greatly from faculty input. Other enhancements or appendages to online instruction, things like the gamification of learning or the use of virtual reality, have sputtered and seen little penetration in the culture. Big Data Another prediction that has been proven true, but in unexpected ways, is one bruited about for decades. Decisions in higher education, this prediction states, will rely less on historical models, institutional or disciplinary inertia, and the vagaries of theoretical models. Rather, these decisions will be driven by data. And those data sets are overwhelmingly numerical rather than verbal. Everything from student ratings of instruction to annual reviews of faculty members, from your methodology for evaluating student performance to Comprehensive Administrative Review dashboards, relies on numbers. While the distinction between, say, a score of 4.6 and a score of 4.7 out of 5 may be minute, for many faculty members such fine distinctions matter a great deal, because they are tied to their compensation packages. We can, in good faith, argue both sides of the tendency to boil our professional lives down to a series of numbers, but the movement away from anecdotal evidence and the "it works for me" mentality has, in large part, improved both curricula and instruction. The SoTL field, more than almost any other discipline in higher education, has sorted itself over the period of the last fifteen years, demonstrating a strong preference for data-driven decision-making. IJSoTL itself illustrates this point. If you look at the articles from our first year of publication, you see a far wider variety of article types. There are some articles that follow the social science model--where data is generated then analyzed, but there are a number of other forms, like essays, reflections, and personal narratives. Our most recent issues are almost completely filled with articles that follow the social science model, since what it offers is reliability and repeatability. In other areas, however, this drive toward data has moved in fits and starts. Predictive analytics, where instructors can drill down into huge data sets to predict the success or failure of individual students, has been one of the largest carrots dangled in front of us in recent years. It represents the most enticing promise of data, yet it still cannot offer the level of certainty that the big data sales teams continue to claim. But the efficacy and the possibility of data for transforming higher education is seen at its most engaging in what we might call the rise of assessment culture. As we employ the Continuous Quality Improvement or Total Quality Management cycles first used in the US in the 1950s, honed to their streamlined perfection in Japan in the 1970s, then rediscovered in the west in the 1980s, we participate in the "plan-do-study-act" process that is the foundation for any sound and lasting change in a culture or institution. And the grist for this mill, the fuel for this engine, is the data we generate then analyze. We think we can say with certainty that nothing in higher education has had such a positive impact, or possesses such still-untapped potential, as the data generated through program assessment. A Special Issue Moving from the past to the very immediate future, we will be celebrating our fifteenth year of publication with a special issue that will come out in January of 2022.That issue will focus on the scholarship of teaching and learning here where the journal is housed, at Georgia Southern University. We would like to show the innovative work that our colleagues are doing here, in the hope that you may be able to use what they're doing in your own work. We'll still be publishing our regular issue in May of 2022 so this special issue is a bonus, and this volume will contain three issues rather than two. A Change to the Masthead Before we show you a variety of our colleagues on our several campuses in our special issue, we'd like to introduce just one, a new addition to our masthead. Nikki DiGregorio is an Associate Professor in the School of Human Ecology and a member of the Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Executive Board at Georgia Southern. She joins the journal as an Editor-in-Chief. Nikki teaches courses in sexuality and diversity in human development, public policies affecting families, as well as programming and evaluation, and conducts research on the interplay between social policy, language appropriation, and the experiences of gender and sexual minorities. Nikki has published in SoTL, examining especially the effectiveness of teaching strategies centered around concepts including diversity-related issues, homophobia, trauma-informed care, objectification, and sexualization. She is also the current Vice President of the Family Science Association, the premiere teaching-focused organization in the discipline. As many of us head back to face-to-face instruction in the fall of 2021, we hope you all can keep safe, and will find both fulfillment and joy in the new normal, whatever that may be. The Editors Notes 1. See "Higher Ed and COVID-19: National Student Survey," SimpsonScarborough, April 2020, available at https://f.hubspotusercon- tent30.net/hubfs/4254080/SimpsonScarborough%20National%20Student%20Survey%20.pdf, and "Higher Ed and COVID-19: April Replication of the National Student Survey," SimpsonScarborough, April 2020, available at https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/ hubfs/4254080/The%20April%20Replication%20of%20the%20National%20Student%20Survey%20by%20SimpsonScarb orough.pdf. 2. For complete results, see https://info.cengage.com/wrec_PulseSurveyResults_1470945, which requires a free registration. For a summary of results, see "Students Want Online Learning Options Post-Pandemic," by Lindsay McKenzie, in Inside Higher Ed, 27 April 2021, available at https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/04/27/survey-reveals-positive-outlook-online-instruction-po st-pan- demic#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20students,%2073,in%2Dperson%20and%20online%20instruction.

Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions.The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe un movimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración (ETCLYS) y los coeficientes de cultivo (KClys) del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano, entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiracióndel cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión del coeficiente de cultivo (KC) en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2 ). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento también fue evaluado, encontrándose un aumento del 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de trabajo de Tesis pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio.

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones ; [ES] El Control Predictivo basado en Modelos (MPC) es un caso particular de estrategia de control automático de procesos que abarca un conjunto de procedimientos cuyo denominador común es la utilización de un modelo de predicciones para determinar una ley de control óptima. El tipo de modelo elegido, los criterios de optimización y el procedimiento de deducción de la ley de control caracterizan cada una de las múltiples alternativas de MPC que existen. El control predictivo es una consolidada y, al mismo tiempo, prometedora estrategia de control con múltiples aplicaciones en el ámbito industrial y con numerosas líneas de investigación abiertas. Una de las modalidades de este tipo de control es el denominado Control Predictivo basado en Modelos Borrosos (FMBPC), que utiliza modelos cualitativos basados en reglas, globalmente no lineales, para representar el proceso a controlar. El control FMBPC está enmarcado en el subcampo del Control Predictivo No Lineal (NLMPC/NMPC) y al mismo tiempo pertenece también, parcialmente al menos, al campo del Control Inteligente (IC), debido a que utiliza una de las herramientas características de la inteligencia artificial, como es la lógica borrosa. En la Tesis Doctoral que aquí se presenta se considera una estrategia FMBPC cuyo modelo base es un modelo borroso, o Fuzzy Model (FM) en la literatura en inglés, de tipo Takagi-Sugeno (TS), obtenido mediante identificación a partir de series de datos numéricos de entrada-salida (que pueden ser datos estrictamente experimentales o adaptaciones de estos, generados en simulación). Esta característica dota a nuestra estrategia FMBPC de una interesante cualidad que aporta valor añadido dentro del campo del control NMPC, consistente en la útil información cualitativa implícita en el modelo borroso, consecuencia de la capacidad que tiene la identificación borrosa de capturar fielmente la dinámica de un sistema a partir de datos numéricos. Esta propiedad repercute directamente de forma positiva en la validez de las predicciones y supone, en última instancia, un incremento significativo del rendimiento o desempeño del algoritmo de control predictivo, en el caso de tratar con sistemas fuertemente no lineales, complejos o desconocidos. Esta es la razón por la que en esta tesis se propone la estrategia FMBPC como la idónea para abordar el control de un cierto tipo de procesos conocidos como Procesos de Fangos Activados (ASP), muy habituales como mecanismo de depuración biológica en Estaciones Depuradoras de Aguas Residuales (EDAR) (también conocidas en la literatura en inglés como Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP)). El interés de la propuesta es doble: por un lado, contribuir a ampliar las líneas de investigación en el campo del control predictivo no lineal y por otro, aportar una estrategia y una metodología que puedan ser útiles en la mejora de los procesos de depuración de aguas, cuya importancia en la salud pública y en el cuidado del medio ambiente es creciente, cono así se refleja en las legislaciones medioambientales, cada vez más exigentes. Una parte importante del esfuerzo investigador desarrollado en la presente tesis ha sido enfocado a la aplicación de la estrategia FMBPC propuesta al paradigmático caso de estudio elegido (procesos biológicos ASP en plantas depuradoras de aguas residuales). Dadas las características de estos procesos, principalmente su alta no linealidad, su complejidad intrínseca y su carácter multivariable, derivadas de su naturaleza biológica, las investigaciones realizadas pueden trascender más allá del mero ámbito del propio proceso. La implementación practica se ha llevado a cabo mediante simulación y ello ha supuesto un importante reto, principalmente en dos aspectos: por un lado, el desarrollo del software necesario y por otro, la implementación de los cálculos matemáticos apropiados. La investigación realizada puede descomponerse, de una manera esquemática, en las siguientes cuatro fases o etapas: a) identificación borrosa del proceso ASP a partir de datos numéricos de entrada-salida y conversión del modelo borroso obtenido en un modelo equivalente en el espacio de estados, discreto, lineal y variante en el tiempo (DLTV); b) determinación de una ley de control predictivo de tipo FMBPC, analítica y explícita, siguiendo los principios del denominado Control Predictivo Funcional (PFC); c) análisis de estabilidad local en lazo cerrado de la estrategia FMBPC propuesta; d) integración de esta estrategia dentro de la configuración de control predictivo conocida como Paradigma de Lazo Cerrado (CLP), también llamada control predictivo en lazo cerrado, con el objetivo de imponer restricciones de manera automática en la acción de control. Los resultados obtenidos son satisfactorios, principalmente en lo que se refiere a la demostración de la utilidad de la estrategia FMBPC propuesta como una alternativa válida en el campo del control predictivo no lineal, para sistemas complejos o desconocidos, con dos ventajas destacables en relación con otras estrategias, a saber: por un lado, la útil información contenida en el modelo base de las predicciones, capturada durante el proceso de identificación borrosa previo a la aplicación de la estrategia y, por otro, la forma analítica y explicita de la ley de control deducida, que facilita tanto la implementación del algoritmo de control como las tareas de análisis (entre ellas, las de análisis estabilidad). [EN] Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a particular case of automatic process control strategy that encompasses a set of procedures whose common denominator is the use of a prediction model to determine an optimal control law. The type of model chosen, the optimization criteria and the control law deduction procedure characterize each one of the multiple MPC alternatives that exist. Predictive control is a consolidated and, at the same time, promises a control strategy with multiple applications in the industrial field and with many open lines of research. One of the modalities of this type of control is the so-called Fuzzy Model-Based Predictive Control (FMBPC), which uses qualitative models based on rules, globally non-linear, to represent the process to be controlled. The FMBPC control is framed in the subfield of Non-Linear Predictive Control (NLMPC/NMPC) and at the same time it also belongs, partially at least, to the field of Intelligent Control (IC), because it uses one of the characteristic tools of intelligence artificial, as is fuzzy logic. In the Doctoral Thesis presented here, a FMBPC strategy is considered whose base model is a fuzzy model, or Fuzzy Model (FM) in the English literature, of the Takagi-Sugeno (TS) type, obtained through identification from series of input-output numerical data (which can be strictly experimental data or adaptations of these, generated in simulation). This feature provides our FMBPC strategy with an interesting quality that provides added value within the field of NMPC control, consisting of the useful qualitative information indicated in the fuzzy model, a consequence of the fuzzy identification's ability to faithfully capture the dynamics of a system from numerical data. This property has a direct positive impact on the validity of the predictions and, ultimately, a significant increase in the performance of the predictive control algorithm, in the case of dealing with expensive non-linear, complex or unknown systems. This is the reason why in this thesis the FMBPC strategy is proposed as the ideal one to address the control of a certain type of processes known as Activated Sludge Processes (ASP), very common as a biological purification mechanism in Water Treatment Plants. Waste (WWTP) (also known in English literature as Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP)). The interest of the proposal is twofold: on the one hand, to contribute to expanding the lines of research in the field of nonlinear predictive control and, on the other, to provide a strategy and methodology that can be useful in improving the debugging processes of waters, whose importance in public health and in caring for the environment is growing, as reflected in the increasingly demanding environmental legislation. An important part of the research effort developed in this thesis has been focused on the application of the FMBPC strategy to the chosen paradigmatic case study (ASP biological processes in wastewater treatment plants). Given the characteristics of these processes, mainly their high non-linearity, their intrinsic complexity and their multivariable character, derived from their biological nature, the investigations carried out can transcend beyond the mere scope of the process itself. The practical implementation has been carried out through simulation and this has been an important challenge, mainly in two aspects: on the one hand, the development of the necessary software and, on the other, the implementation of the appropriate mathematical calculations. The research carried out can be broken down, schematically, into the following four phases or stages: a) fuzzy identification of the ASP process from numerical input-output data and conversion of the fuzzy model obtained into an equivalent model in the space of states , discrete, linear and variant in time (DLTV); b) determine a predictive control law of the FMBPC type, analytical and clean, following the principles of the so-called Predictive Functional Control (PFC); c) closed-loop local stability analysis of the proposed FMBPC strategy; d) integration of this strategy within the predictive control configuration known as Closed Loop Paradigm (CLP), also called closed loop predictive control, with the aim of automatically imposing restrictions on the control action. The results obtained are satisfactory, mainly in what refers to the demonstration of the utility of the FMBPC strategy as a valid alternative in the field of nonlinear predictive control, for complex or unknown systems, with two advantages

Funding Information: Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for useful comments. We thank Marco Fiaschi for carrying out some of the Asiago observations. EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, ofthe Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). Funding Information: 1 iraf is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © ESO 2021. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1-0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082-4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3-0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1-0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4-0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. ; Peer reviewed

Keywords: civil procedural law, civil process, civil proceedings, subject of civil procedurallaw The process of reforming procedural legislation, its harmonization, harmonization with theprinciples and standards of international law, as well as other processes taking place insociety and the state are the factors that affect the need to revise the doctrinal definitionsof civil procedural law. One of the most developed issues in the theory of civil procedurallaw is its definition. In turn, the development of science is impossible without reviewingeven established doctrinal approaches and provisions.An analysis of the special literature, mostly educational, led to the conclusion thatscholars use approaches to the definition of the term "civil procedural law", which weredeveloped and included in the theory of civil procedural law in the 50s-60s of the twentiethcentury. Modern definitions of civil procedural law are based on the provisions of theold invalid legislation, or on the provisions of the legislation of other countries (for example,the Russian Federation). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the existingdefinitions in the theory of civil procedural law and their harmonization with theprovisions of current legislation of Ukraine.In the process of researching doctrinal approaches to the definition of civil procedurallaw, it was found that researchers invest in the definition of the subject, purpose of thisbranch of law, as well as additional characteristics of civil procedural law (participants,sectoral affiliation, stage, etc.).The lack of a single doctrinal approach to the definition of the subject of civil procedurallaw, which is part of the definition of civil procedural law, prompted to study thesubject of civil procedural law and propose its author's definition.Based on the provisions of current legislation, the article presents the author's definitionof civil procedural law as a branch of law, set and system of legal norms, the subjectof which are public relations arising in civil proceedings on the basis of fair, impartialand timely consideration and resolution of civil cases in order to effectively protect violated,unrecognized or disputed rights, freedoms or interests of individuals, rights and interestsof legal entities, the interests of the state. ; Ключові слова: цивільне процесуальне право, цивільний процес, цивільне судочинство, предмет цивільного процесуального права Процес реформування процесуального законодавства, його гармонізації, приведен-ня у відповідність до принципів і стандартів міжнародного права, а також інші про-цеси, що відбуваються у суспільстві та державі, є тими чинниками, які впливають напотребу перегляду доктринальних визначень категорій цивільного процесуальногоправа. Саме тому у статті проаналізовано теоретичні підходи до визначення поняття«цивільне процесуальне право» та запропоновано його авторське визначення з ураху-ванням положень чинного законодавства України. На основі аналізу доктринальнихпідходів запропоновано також авторське визначення предмета цивільного процесу-ального права. Посилання 1. Терещук Г. А. Цивільне право. Конспект лекцій для студентів усіх напрямів денної та заочної форм навчання. Луцьк : ЛНТУ, 2017. 88 с. 2. Гражданский процесс : учебник. 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. / под ред. М. К. Треушникова. Москва : ИД «Городец», 2011. 815 с. ; Гражданский процесс: учебник / отв. ред. В. В. Ярков. 8-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва : Инфотропик Медиа, 2012. 768 с. 3. Сахнова Т. В. Курс гражданского процесса: теоретические начала и основные институты. Москва : Волтерс Клувер, 2008. 696 c. 4. Щепалов С. В. Гражданский процесс : лекции / под ред. Б. К. Таратунина, Е. С. Рочевой. Москва : Норма : НИЦ Инфра, 2013. 352 с. 5. Фархтдинов Я. Ф. Источники гражданского процессуального права Российской Федерации : автореф. дис. … докт. юрид. наук. Екатеринбург, 2002. 36 с. 6. Осокина Г. Л. Курс гражданского судопроизводства России. Общая часть : учебное пособие. Томск : Изд-во Том. ун-та, 2002. URL: https://lawbook.online/sudoproizvodstvo-rossii-grajdanskoe/predmet-sistemagrajdanskogo-protsessualnogo-31322.html (дата звернення: 10.01.2021 р.). 7. Степаненко Т. В. § 6. Поняття та значення цивільного процесу (цивільного судочинства). Стадії цивільного судочинства // Сучасні проблеми цивільного права та процес : навчальний посібник: за ред. Ю. М. Жорнокуя та Л. В. Красицької. Харків : Право, 2017. URL: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WzJBAn2EHfsJ:univd.edu.ua/science-issue/issue/3110+&cd=3&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=ua&client=avast (дата звернення: 10.01.2021 р.). 8. Васильев С. В. Гражданский процесс. Курс лекций. Харьков : Эспада, 2010. 688 с. 9. Гражданский процесс. Учебник. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. : под ред. В. 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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi akuntabilitas pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia serta menganalisis dampak penerapan finansial teknologi dalam kerangka akuntabilitas pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan framework systematic literature review. 3 pertanyaan utama dirumuskan untuk mengakomodir framework systematic literature review. Diperoleh dua puluh empat artikel yang diterbitkan pada jurnal nasional maupun internasional terakreditasi. Hasil analisis terhadap seluruh artikel tersebut adalah akuntabilitas pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia diwujudkan dalam bentuk laporan keuangan yang disusun oleh organisasi pengelola zakat dengan mengacu pada PSAK 109. Penyelesaian masalah terkait rendahnya akuntabilitas pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia dapat diatasi melalui penerapan finansial teknologi dalam pengelolaan zakat oleh organisasi pengelola zakat. Namun demikian, masih dibutuhkan regulasi pemerintah yang mengatur lebih rinci mengenai bagaimana pelaksanaannya.Kata Kunci: Finansial Teknologi Syariah, Akuntansi Syariah, Zakat, Indonesia. ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the implementation of zakat management accountability in Indonesia and to analyze the impact of the application of financial technology in the accountability framework of zakat management in Indonesia. We employed the systematic literature review framework as a methodology to achive the research's objectives. Three main questions were formulated to accommodate the systematic literature review framework. Twenty-four articles published in accredited national and international journals were obtained. The results of our study indicate that the accountability of zakat management in Indonesia is manifested in the form of financial reports prepared by the zakat management office with reference to PSAK 109. Solving problems related to the low accountability of zakat management in Indonesia can be overcome through the application of financial technology. However, there is still a need for government regulations that regulate in more detail on how to implement the financial technology.Keywords: Sharia Financial Technology, Sharia Accounting, Zakat, Indonesia. REFERENCESAfiyana, I. F., Nugroho, L., Fitrijanti, T., & Sukmadilaga, C. (2019). Tantangan pengelolaan dana zakat di Indonesia dan literasi zakat. AKUNTABEL, 16(2), 222–229.Alam, A. (2018). Permasalahan dan solusi pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen, 9(2), 128–136.Amarodin, M. (2020). Modernisasi penghimpunan dana zakat di era industri 4.0. Jurnal Eksyar (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah), 07(01), 65–79.Antonio, M. S., Laela, S. F., Mukhlas, D., & Ghifari, A. (2020). Optimizing Zakat Collection in the Digital Era: Muzakki's perception. 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Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions.The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe un movimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración (ETCLYS) y los coeficientes de cultivo (KClys) del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano, entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiracióndel cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión del coeficiente de cultivo (KC) en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2 ). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento también fue evaluado, encontrándose un aumento del 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de trabajo de Tesis pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ

We investigated the relation between alcohol drinking and healthy ageing by meansof a validated health status metric, using individual data from the Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) project. For the purposes of this study, the ATHLOS harmonised dataset, which includes information from individuals aged 65+ in 38 countries, was analysed (n = 135,440). Alcohol drinking was reflected by means of three harmonised variables: alcohol drinking frequency, current and past alcohol drinker. A set of 41 self-reported health items and measured tests were used to generate a specific health metric. In the harmonised dataset, the prevalence of current drinking was 47.5% while of past drinking was 26.5%. In the pooled sample, current alcohol drinking was positively associated with better health status among older adults ((b-coef (95% CI): 1.32(0.45 to 2.19)) and past alcohol drinking was inversely related (b-coef (95% CI): −0.83 (−1.51 to −0.16)) with health status. Often alcohol consumption appeared to be beneficial only for females in all super-regions except Africa, both age group categories (65–80 years old and 80+), both age group categories, as well as among all the financial status categories (all p < 0.05). Regional analysis pictured diverse patterns in the association for current and past alcohol drinkers. Our results report the need for specific alcohol intake recommendations among older adults that will help them maintain a better health status throughout the ageing process. ; This work was supported by the five-year Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) project. The ATHLOS project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 635316. The ATHLOS project researchers are grateful for data contribution and funding in the following studies: (A) The 10/66 study (10/66): The 10/66 study is supported by theWellcome Trust (GR066133/ GR080002), the European Research Council (340755), US Alzheimer's Association, WHO, FONDACIT (Venezuela) and the Puerto Rico State Government, and the Medical Research Council (MR/K021907/1 to A.M.P.). The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group who provided data for this paper; (B) The Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA): The ALSA study was supported by grants from the South Australian Health Commission, the Australian Rotary Health Research Fund, the US National Institute on Aging (Grant No. AG 08523–02), theO ce for the Ageing (SA), Elderly Citizens Homes (SA), the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC 22922), the Premiers Science Research Fund (SA) and the Australian Research Council (DP0879152; DP130100428). The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the project team at the Flinders Centre for Ageing Studies, Flinders University who provided data for this paper; (C) The ATTICA study: The ATTICA study is supported by research grants from the Hellenic Cardiology Society (HCS2002) and the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society (HAS2003). The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the project team at the Harokopio University who provided data for this paper; (D) The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS): The CHARLS study has received critical support from Peking University, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Behavioral and Social Research Division of the National Institute on Aging and the World Bank. The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the project team at the Peking University who provided data for this paper; (E) Collaborative Research on Ageing (COURAGE) in Europe: The COURAGE study was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement number 223071 (COURAGE in Europe). Data from Spain were also collected with support from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FIS research grants number PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218 and PI16/01073; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation ACI-Promociona (ACI2009–1010); the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 'AWay to Build Europe' grant numbers PI12/01490 and PI13/00059; and by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Data from Poland were collected with support from the Polish Ministry for Science and Higher Education grant for an international co-financed project (number 1277/7PR/UE/2009/7, 2009–2012) and Jagiellonian University Medical College grant for project COURAGE-POLFUS (K/ZDS/005241). The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of COURAGE researchers who provided data for this paper; (F) The Seniors-ENRICA: The Seniors-ENRICA cohort was funded by an unconditional grant from Sanofi-Aventis, the Ministry of Health of Spain, FIS grant 12/1166 (State Secretary for R+D and FEDER-FSE) and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the project team at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid who provided data for this paper; (G) The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA): ELSA is supported by the U.S. National Institute of Aging, the National Centre for Social Research, the University College London (UCL) and the Institute for Fiscal Studies. The authors gratefully acknowledge the UK Data Service and UCL who provided data for this paper; (H) The Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study: The HAPIEE study was supported by theWellcome Trust (grant numbers WT064947, WT081081), the US National Institute of Aging (grant number 1RO1AG23522) and the MacArthur Foundation Initiative on Social Upheaval and Health. The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the project teams at University College London, the National Institute of Public Health in Prague, the Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow and the Kaunas University of Medicine who provided data for this paper; (I) The Health 2000/2011 study: The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland who provided data for this paper; (J) Health and Retirement Study (HRS): The HRS study is supported by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and the Social Security Administration, and is conducted by the University of Michigan. The authors gratefully acknowledge the University of Michigan who provided data for this paper; (K) The Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement (JSTAR): The JSTAR is conducted by the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), the Hitotsubashi University, and the University of Tokyo. The authors gratefully acknowledge the RIETI who provided data for this paper; (L) The Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLOSA): The KLOSA study is funded by the Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS) and was supported by the Korea Labor Institute's KLOSA Team. The authors gratefully acknowledge the KEIS who provided data for this paper; (M) The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS): The MHAS study is partly sponsored by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging (grant number NIH R01AG018016) and the INEGI in Mexico. The authors gratefully acknowledge the MHAS team who provided data for this paper retrieved from www.MHASweb.org: (N) The Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE): The SAGE study is funded by the U.S. National Institute on Aging and has received financial support through Interagency Agreements (OGHA 04034785; YA1323-08-CN-0020; Y1-AG-1005–01) and Grants (R01-AG034479; IR21-AG034263-0182). The authors gratefully acknowledge theWorld Health Organizationwho provided data for this paper; (O) The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE): The SHARE study is funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001–00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006–062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005–028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006–028812) and FP7 (SHARE-PREP: N 211909, SHARE-LEAP: N 227822, SHARE M4: N 261982). Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the U.S. National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553–01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C) and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged (see www.share-project.org); (P) The Irish Longitudinal study on Ageing (TILDA): The authors gratefully acknowledge the Trinity College Dublin and the Irish Social Science Data Archive (www.ucd.ie/issda) who provided data for this paper; (Q) The Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (UBCOS): The UBCoS study has received funding from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE; 2006–1518 and 2013–1084) and from the Swedish Research Council (VR; 2013–5104 and 2013–5474). The authors gratefully acknowledge the Centre for Health Equity Studies at the Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet's team who provided data for this paper. Additionally, Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Miguel Servet programme (reference CP18/00006), and the Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional. Also, Alberto Raggi is supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Linea 4—Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The authors had access to the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Contemporary hostility towards Muslims at the global level and the consolidation of Islam in the geopolitical context as an anachronic alterity to the West cannot be understood without addressing the dynamics of the LGBTQ globalization framework. Although this hostility has so far encompassed very diverse areas like the compatibility of Islam with democracy, the regulation of the visibility of Islam in the public space, and the institutionalization of Islam and its relation to immigration, currently there has been an intensification of a praxis of control over some Muslim subjects by contemporary nation-states. These practices have been accompanied by a certain rhetoric on antiterrorism, securitization, nationalism and patriotism, where the LGBTQ question has played a fundamental role. This phenomenon highlights the emergence of a specific form of Islamophobia—referred to as 'queered Islamophobia' in this article—related to what Puar (2007) coined as 'homonationalism' more than a decade ago to denounce an aspect of modernity marked by a convergence between diverse state practices, transnational LGBTQ politics and the emergence of new Islamophobic discourses nourished by the neoliberal instrumentalization of LGBTQ. The homonationalist logic is underpinned by a culturalist discourse that promotes a dichotomous view of the world, where the West —modern, secular and LGBTQ friendly— finds itself face to face with its alter ego —orientalized, anachronistic, Islamic fundamentalist and LGBTQ phobic. This confrontation becomes effective through the transnational production of two antagonistic subjects. National homosexual subjects can only exist outside the limits of religion embodying agency and resistance, and their national legitimacy is done at the expense of their depoliticization and their participation in the subalternization discrimination and criminalization of Muslim sexual-racial subjects. They, in turn, embody neo-Orientalist ideas that link Islam with a lack of agency, depravity and/or sexual repression and LGBTQ phobia, and seem to be invariably evaluated through the lens of LGBTQ Western neoliberal secularism. The theoretical construction of Muslim sexual-racial subjects and so-called Muslim homophobia is, at this time, central to debates on values and securitization in the West and is used to justify repressive antiterrorist measures within Western nation-states (Haritaworn, 2008). Hostility towards gender and sexual diversity connected to Islam and/or Muslims has been conceptualized in different ways. Authors like Abraham (2010) refer to it as hegemonic Muslim homophobia, while Massad (2008) categorizes it as Islamic resistance to Western imperialism. In either case, it seems clear that the assumption of religiosity, in the Geertzian (1966) sense, constitutes a determining element when defining what a Muslim is —or is not— and explains their attitudes towards LGBTQ (Rahman, 2014). The problem is particularly acute considering the urgent need to address LGBTQ phobia as a compendium of geographical, cultural, sociopolitical, economic and legislative factors that goes beyond the strictly religious question. Indeed, the current rejection towards LGBTQ based on traditionalist interpretations of Islam —'Islamicate LGBTQ phobia' in short— and the growing institutionalized repression against sexual and gender minorities in Islamicate nation-states are part of a problem with many elements that cannot be understood without addressing some issues. Firstly, the relationship between gender and sexual diversity in relation to the Islamic tradition is complex. The second question concerns the influence of colonialization and neocolonialization on the gradual transformation of the traditional forms of sex/gender diversity that developed in the historic lands of Islam, as well as on social perception and the legislation adopted regarding these forms in the aforementioned states. The emergence of sexual liberation movements in the United States and Europe in the 1970s entailed an ongoing process of homosexualization (Roscoe, 1997) through which contemporary globalized LGBTQ categories have spread around the world (Rao, 2015). When combined with the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and the emergence of Islamicate nation-states, this process has constituted a threat to the continuity of the traditional forms of sex/gender dissidence. This phenomenon would not have been possible without the construction of an invented tradition of Muslim homophobia that is being instrumentalized both in the West—through the disciplinary apparatus of nation-states—and in Muslim-majority countries—through certain forces linked to Islamic fundamentalism—with the common purpose of legitimizing control over the internal order of the societies of both frameworks (Rahman, 2015). The main objective of this article is to review the state of the art of Islam in LGBTQ globalization by looking at the specific historical forms in which knowledge linked to each of these two axes is constituted, as well as the social practices, forms of subjectivities and power relations inherent to such knowledge from the point of view of surveillance, control and banishment strategies. This exercise will be materialised through the analysis of the two hegemonic oppositional positions of Islam and gender and sexual diversity—one of Islamicate LGBTQ phobia and the other of queered Islamophobia—through which Muslims in general and LGBTQ Muslims in particular are subalternized, discriminated against and criminalized today both in the West and in Muslim-majority countries. To that end, the present article proposes a queer approach that aims to contributes to international studies—and the contemporary debates within them—in which LGBTQ issues in relation to Islamic tradition are largely missing. In this regard, while the connections between race, ethnicity, religion, religion, class, gender, sexuality, state and nation have been addressed by certain disciplines of the social sciences, there is still reluctance to take queer contributions into account and, even more so, to frame them within the umbrella of the recently named field of Queer International Relations (Weber, 2016). For the purpose of this work, and without wishing to provide here a specific definition of a queer approach, what is really at stake in any queer research is not so much a specific methodological proposal, but rather a substantial political commitment to place gender and sexuality at the forefront of social science analysis, challenging, in so doing, the hegemonic orders denounced in their research. The queer approach is understood here, therefore, in the sense of moral and political commitment and counter-hegemonic denunciation, rather than in terms of disloyalty to conventional academic methods to which certain queer theorists refer. The article is structured in four sections: introduction, theoretical-methodological approach, discussion and conclusions. The introductory section clarifies from a critical anthropological perspective the relevance of the reconceptualization of religion as a category of analysis when approaching the study of Islam. The section on theoretical and methodological approach reflects on the implications of putting queer studies and international relations in conversation. The first discussion heading, focusing on Islamicate LGBTQ phobia, reflects on the relationship between sexual and gender dissidences, Islamic tradition and Muslim identity, as well as on the influence of colonization and neo-colonization on the current state of these dissidence within Muslim-majority countries. The second discussion heading, dealing with queered Islamophobia, delves into the framework of homonationalism and the consolidation of LGBTQ as a requirement for access to citizenship and as a civilizational marker of Muslim otherness. Finally, I present some brief conclusions and outline some possible future lines of research. ; El objetivo de este artículo es la elaboración de un estado de la cuestión sobre el islam en el marco de la globalización LGBTQ atendiendo a las formas históricas específicas en que se constituye el conocimiento vinculado a cada uno de estos dos ejes, además de las prácticas sociales, las formas de subjetividad y las relaciones de poder inherentes a tales conocimientos desde el punto de vista de las estrategias de vigilancia, control y prohibición. Este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo a través del análisis de las dos posiciones hegemónicas de oposición entre islam y diversidad sexual y de género —una, de LGBTQfobia islamizada, la otra, de islamofobia queerizada— sobre la base de las cuales las personas musulmanas, incluyendo las LGBTQ, son subalternizadas, discriminadas y criminalizadas en la actualidad, tanto en Occidente como en los países de mayoría musulmana. Este trabajo propone un enfoque queer a través del cual poner en conversación las Relaciones Internacionales y los estudios transnacionales y/o globales queer en torno a las conexiones contemporáneas entre raza, religión, clase, género, sexualidad, estado y nación desde un compromiso de denuncia contrahegemónica. Con el fin de profundizar en todas estas cuestiones el artículo está estructurado en cuatro secciones: introducción, enfoque teórico-metodológico, dos epígrafes de desarrollo y conclusiones. El apartado introductorio clarifica, desde una perspectiva antropológica crítica, la pertinencia de la reconceptualización de la religión como categoría de análisis a la hora de abordar el estudio del islam. El primer epígrafe de desarrollo, centrado en la LGBTQfobia islamizada, analiza los múltiples elementos geográficos, culturales, sociopolíticos, económicos y legislativos que componen esta problemática. El segundo epígrafe de desarrollo, dedicado a la islamofobia queerizada, profundiza en el ensamblaje del homonacionalismo y constata la consolidación de lo LGBTQ en tanto que requisito de acceso a la ciudadanía y como marcador civilizacional de la alteridad musulmana. Finalmente, en el apartado de conclusiones, se presenta un resumen de los resultados del trabajo y se pincelan algunas posibles futuras líneas de investigación.

Humans generally interact, communicate, and form social structures using natural language. Due to the high dimensionality of language, much of the wealth of information from these interactions has been barred from the economic profession. However, recent technological advancements lead to increasing use of text as an underlying datasource in economic and financial applications. This trend has been further accelerated by Nobel laureate Robert J. Shiller's presidential address to the American Economic Association "Narrative Economics", in which he argues for more elaboration on narratives - stories that affect individual decisions and collective actions - by the economic scientific community. Addressing this gap in the literature, research has been published utilizing textual information to quantify latent variables such as uncertainty, forecasting macroeconomic variables in real time, and asset price predictions. In conjunction with the rise of natural language processing applications, there has been a shift in perspective on monetary policy with regards to central bank transparency and communication. Transitioning from the presumption that monetary policy is limited to interest rate actions, communication has advanced to become a key tool in the central banker's toolbox. Ever since, words are used to anchor expectations and self-enforce the central banks' desired equilibrium path. As a result, research on monetary policy has been relentless in the pursuit of adopting novel techniques as well as incorporating new unstructured data sources such as news-articles, press conference statements, and speeches. This string of literature is regularly complemented by an extension of the traditional empirical toolbox, borrowing novel techniques from the field of machine learning. The here presented cumulative dissertation consists of four essays that touch on all these fields, namely text as data, monetary policy, and machine learning. My primary focus is on the European Central Bank (ECB), but the methodology and ideas can be extended to other central banks as well. Throughout this thesis, textual information is incorporated from different data sources, analyzed using different techniques in order to approximate different latent variables. As a result, text is employed as a dependent variable at times and as an independent variable at other times. Specifically, the first essay leverages the relative frequency of terms used in ECB press statements as anecdotal evidence for the diversity of the central banks' communication with regard to their topics, whereas the second essay counts positive and negative terms in speeches to approximate the latent variable of central bank loss. The third essay examines the impact of linguistic complexity on financial market participants by conducting a readability test on the ECB's introduction statements, and the final essay dives into computational linguistics to develop a novel central bank-specific language model for better quantifying monetary policy communication. The following is a brief summary of the four essays included in this thesis. My first essay analyzes rule-based monetary policy in the euro area before and after the financial crisis. Jonas Gross and I argue that the environment in which policymakers operate is far more complex than traditional model-based analysis of policy rules permits. We complement this view with evidence from ECB press conferences, demonstrating that the central bank discusses a wide range of topics beyond the traditional Taylor-rule variables. Since each variable has the potential to be relevant in understanding the central bank's reaction function, we combine a literature review with natural language processing to identify a set of potential determinants. The traditional approach of selecting a single interest rate response function is then contrasted by applying a Bayesian model averaging approach to these determinants. We account for model uncertainty by including a large number of determinants and estimating a total of 33.000 different model combinations. Our results suggest that in contrast to the ongoing criticism, the ECB primarily reacts to inflation in its interest rate decision. In fact, our analysis finds that inflation is a significant variable in almost all of the examined model combinations. Furthermore, we find that the ECB reacts to changes in economic activity determinants such as unemployment and production as well. These economic activity indicators were a priority for the ECB prior to the financial crisis but have since declined in relevance, suggesting that inflation is the sole driver of monetary policy decisions in the post-crisis period. Finally, we assess our findings with textual evidence from the ECB press conferences, where, in accordance with the previous results, we find the same shift. My second essay focuses on the ECB's objective itself, quantifying the central bank's satisfaction with current economic conditions through textual analysis. By maximizing an implied objective function, the ECB is assumed to pursue inflation targeting with a subordinate focus on supporting the general economic policy of the European Union. I compute the central bank's sentiment using the ECB's public communication by counting the number of positive and negative words in speeches, allowing me to quantify the objective. Assuming a typical functional form for the objective allows me to estimate the optimal levels with respect to inflation and economic activity, i.e. the bliss points in which the central banks communication is the most positive. Using a dictionary approach to estimate the sentiment index yields several interesting results. The most surprising is, unquestionable, a concave inflation objective with an implied inflation target beyond the banks' mandate and best described as 'above, but close to 2%'. Deviations from this bliss point appear to lower the satisfaction, and hence the optimistic language in speeches. With respect to the subordinate objective, I find a convex objective towards output growth and a linear objective towards the unemployment rate. Furthermore, my results suggest that deviations from the primary objective, the inflation rate, appear to have no greater effect on the speeches' language than deviations from either of the subordinate objectives. In fact, in contrast to inflation, both output and unemployment are consistently significant variables. Finally, contrary to findings in the United States, financial market conditions have no significant influence on the ECB's sentiment. In the third essay, Bernd Hayo, Kai Henseler, Marc Steffen Rapp, and I investigate the impact of central bank communication on financial markets. We are particularly interested in the communication's complexity and how it affects financial market trading. To examine this relationship empirically, we employ high-frequency data from European stock index futures during the introductory statement of the ECB's press conferences. A readability test on the introductory statement during the press conference determines the statements' linguistic complexity. In conjunction with the central banks' unique communication design, we are able to separate the effect of verbal complexity on trading during the introductory statements and the subsequent Q&A session. Our sample contains announcements of novel UMPM, enabling us to investigate whether the content of the introductory statements interacts with the reaction of traders to its linguistic complexity. We find that the Q&A sessions are - in terms of linguistic complexity - less complex and thus more comprehensible. When UMPM are announced, contemporaneous trading volumes are negatively correlated with complexity, resulting in a temporal shift of trading towards the less complex Q&A session. This shift is first indication that financial markets respond to linguistic complexity in a context-specific manner. This line of reasoning is strengthened further by the observation that events containing UMPM are less similar in terms of wording to previous statements. As a result, we believe that financial market traders are underreacting to novel complex information in introductory statements regarding UMPM. The subsequent discussion and clarification of the cognitively costly content during the Q&A session mitigates this effect, shifting trading from the introductory statement phase to the Q&A phase of the ECB's press conference. The final essay concerns the quantification of central bank communication, i.e. it explores how text in monetary policy can be effectively summarised and analysed. Martin Baumgärtner and I propose a novel language model, build on machine learning, as a tool to quantify central bankers qualitative information. The necessity and feasibility of measuring central bank communication in this manner stems from two major developments in the fields of monetary policy and machine learning over the last two decades. On the one hand, central bankers' communication, as well as its analysis, has increased substantially. This progress necessitates some form of quantification of the qualitative components, a research topic dominated by dictionary approaches. On the other hand, advances at the intersection of linguistics and computer science enabled the use of machine learning to train language models capable of adequately capturing the languages multidimensionality and context-dependence. The resulting models are regularly open source. However, the technical jargon of central bankers renders them generally unsuitable for use in the field. This essay aims to apply computational linguistics research to monetary policy by developing a language model exclusively trained on central bank communication. To accomplish this, we gather a large and diverse text corpus, which we use to compare a number of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. Choosing the most promising, we develop a central bank specific language model. Several applications are presented to showcase the broad applicability of our language model. First, we propose a novel technique for comparing central banks, affirming that similarity is driven by mutual objectives. Next, we construct a time-series index that reflects the ECB's willingness to act as a lender of last resort. The index suggests that communication similar to Mario Draghi's 'whatever it takes' speech can calm financial markets during times of high uncertainty. The third application emphasizes the presence of prejudices even in central bankers' technical language. We demonstrate how social patterns, such as occupational gender distribution, are reflected in their communication. The final application is a forecasting exercise that suggests that speeches may be more accurate predictors than previous research suggests.

The bioenergy sector in the European Union has experienced strong growth in recent decades thanks to the promotion of a legislative framework that favours the use of biofuels over fossil fuels, with the main objective of reducing CO2 emissions and promoting environmentally beneficial alternatives. However, this is not the only goal that renewable energies must meet in order to be sustainable, as sustainable development consists of three pillars, seeking to achieve, in a balanced manner, economic development, social development and environmental protection. In Spain, biodiesel is the main biofuel. Its sales are six times higher than those of bioethanol and three times higher than those of hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO), and its production is three times higher than both, so it deserves special attention as a biofuel. As in most countries in the world, in Spain the production of biofuels would not be profitable for its industry competing in the free market with conventional fuels. Therefore, its market must necessarily be regulated by means of public policies. In recent years, palm oil has been the main raw material used to produce biodiesel in Spain, but due to policy measures imposed by the EU its use will be reduced from 2023 onwards. Palm oil will most likely be replaced by soybean oil or rapeseed oil. In recent years, Argentina has been the main producer of biodiesel produced from soybean oil for consumption in Europe, and its imports have caused significant economic damage to the European biodiesel industry, which uses rapeseed oil as its main feedstock. However, the proportion of one or the other feedstock will continue depending on policy measures. Therefore, the design of policies should take into account the sustainability of each biodiesel production pathway to promote the most sustainable alternative. This PhD thesis analyses the sustainability of biodiesel produced from rapeseed oil and biodiesel produced from soybean oil for use as fuel in Spain for three alternative routes whose consumption is expected to increase in Spain to replace biodiesel produced from palm oil: A) Argentinean Soy Methyl Ester (ASME): soybean-based biodiesel produced entirely in Argentina and exported to Spain B) Spanish Soy Methyl Ester (SSME): soybean-based biodiesel produced in Spain (transesterification) using soybean oil imported from Argentina C) Spanish Rape Methyl Ester (SRME): rapeseed-based biodiesel produced entirely in Spain The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of these biodiesel alternatives showed that biodiesel produced with rapeseed oil in Spain (SRME) causes greater environmental impacts than biodiesel produced with soybean oil, either in Argentina or in Spain (ASME and SSME alternatives). Fertilization is the process that produces more environmental loads during the life cycle of biodiesel, so calculating a rational contribution of nutrients is a fundamental step to make a correct analysis of impacts. From the environmental point of view, soybean has a key advantage over rapeseed in terms of fertilization: approximately 50% of the N used by the soybean crop is supplied by biological fixation, which means that less nitrogenous mineral fertilizers are needed, reducing environmental impacts. From the economic and social point of view, the biodiesel produced with rapeseed oil in Spain (SRME) has greater benefits than biodiesel produced with soybean oil, either in Argentina or in Spain (ASME and SSME). In Spain, agroclimatic conditions are suitable for rapeseed and its rotation with cereal would bring great agronomic, economic and social benefits. However, its area has been very small so far compared to other EU countries, probably due to the massive poisoning in 1981 that caused more than 30,000 people affected. Finally, the sustainability assessment identified the SRME alternative (biodiesel based on rapeseed produced entirely in Spain) as the most sustainable biodiesel alternative for Spain. The alternative that proved to be most beneficial for the environment (ASME) was not the most sustainable, as the environmental benefits that can be provided by the SSME or ASME alternatives do not exceed the large economic and social benefits of the SRME alternative. For all the above reasons, the consumption of domestically produced biodiesel using rapeseed oil grown in Spain as raw material would generate positive economic and social impacts for the Spanish society that would justify political measures of differentiated support to the production of this biodiesel alternative. ; El sector bioenergético en la Unión Europea ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento en las últimas décadas gracias al impulso de un marco legislativo que favorece el uso de biocarburantes con respecto a los combustibles fósiles, con el objetivo principal de reducir las emisiones de CO2 y fomentar alternativas beneficiosas para el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, ésta no es la única meta que las energías renovables deben cumplir para que sean sostenibles, ya que el desarrollo sostenible consta de tres pilares, tratando de lograr, de manera equilibrada, el desarrollo económico, el desarrollo social y la protección del medio ambiente. En España el biodiésel constituye el principal biocarburante. Sus ventas son seis veces mayores que las de bioetanol y 3 veces mayores que las de hidrobiodiésel y su producción 3 veces mayor que la de ambos, por lo que merece especial atención como biocarburante. Al igual que en la mayoría de los países del mundo, en España la producción de biocarburantes no sería rentable para su industria compitiendo en mercado libre con los carburantes convencionales. Por ello, su mercado ha de ser regulado necesariamente mediante políticas públicas. En los últimos años, el aceite de palma ha sido la principal materia prima utilizada para producir biodiésel en España, pero debido a medidas políticas impuestas por la UE su uso se irá reduciendo a partir de 2023, y muy probablemente sea sustituido por aceite de soja o de colza. En los últimos años, Argentina ha sido el principal productor de biodiesel producido con aceite de soja destinado al consumo en Europa, y sus importaciones han causado importantes perjuicios económicos a la industria europea de biodiésel, que utiliza como principal materia prima aceite de colza. Sin embargo, la proporción de una u otra materia prima, seguirá dependiendo de medidas políticas. Por ello, el diseño de políticas habría de realizarse teniendo en cuenta la sostenibilidad de cada vía de producción de biodiésel, para fomentar la alternativa más sostenible. En esta tesis doctoral se ha analizado la sostenibilidad del biodiésel producido con aceite de colza y del biodiésel producido con aceite de soja para su uso como carburante en España para tres vías alternativas cuyo consumo previsiblemente aumentará en España para sustituir el biodiésel producido con aceite de palma: A) Éster metílico de soja argentino (ASME): biodiésel a base de soja producido íntegramente en Argentina y exportado a España. B) Éster metílico de soja español (SSME): biodiésel a base de soja producido en España (transesterificación) utilizando aceite de soja importado de Argentina. C) Éster metílico de colza español (SRME): biodiésel a base de colza producido íntegramente en España. El análisis del ciclo de vida de estas alternativas de biodiésel, demostró que el biodiésel producido con aceite de colza en España (SRME) causa mayores impactos ambientales que el biodiésel producido con aceite de soja, ya sea en Argentina o en España (ASME y SSME). La fertilización es el proceso que más cargas ambientales produce durante el ciclo de vida del biodiésel, por lo que calcular un aporte racional de nutrientes es un paso fundamental un realizar un correcto análisis de impactos. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, la soja tiene una ventaja clave sobre la colza en cuanto a fertilización: aproximadamente el 50% del N utilizado por el cultivo de soja se suministra mediante fijación biológica, lo que hace que se necesiten menos fertilizantes minerales nitrogenados reduciéndose los impactos ambientales. Desde el punto de vista económico y social, el biodiésel producido con aceite de colza en España (SRME) conlleva mayores beneficios que el biodiésel producido con aceite de soja, ya sea en Argentina o en España (ASME y SSME). En España, las condiciones agroclimáticas son adecuadas para la colza y su rotación con cereal conllevaría grandes beneficios agronómicos, económicos y sociales. Sin embargo, su superficie ha sido muy pequeña hasta ahora en comparación con otros países de la UE, probablemente, debido al envenenamiento masivo de 1981 que causó más de 30.000 personas afectadas. Finalmente, el análisis de la sostenibilidad identificó la alternativa SRME (biodiésel a base de colza producido íntegramente en España) como la alternativa de biodiésel más sostenible para España. La alternativa que resultó ser más beneficiosa para el medio ambiente (ASME) no fue la más sostenible, ya que los beneficios ambientales que pueden aportar las alternativas SSME o ASME no superan los grandes beneficios económicos y sociales de la alternativa SRME. Por todo lo anterior, el consumo de biodiésel de producción nacional usando como materia prima aceite de colza cultivada en España generaría impactos económicos y sociales positivos para la sociedad española que justificaría medidas políticas de apoyo diferenciado a esta alternativa de producción. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. ; Spanish National Institute for Agricultural Research and Technology (INIA) through the project 'Analysis of the economic viability and valuation of the environmental externalities in the agricultural systems oriented toward the production of energy: electricity and biodiesel' (RTA2005-00150-00-00).

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.