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International audience ; L'article propose une nouvelle analyse du récit long, ou roman bref, de Carlo Dossi, La colonia felice (1874, 1895), un texte désigné par l'auteur lui-même comme une « utopie », où différents genres littéraires cohabitent : le récit, la mise-en-scène, la déclamation, la théorie politique. Parmi les particularités artistiques de ce texte il y a l'usage d'un nouveau signe de ponctuation, les deux-virgules, inventé et justifié par l'auteur dans une Note de grammaire. Deux aspects sont particulièrement remarquables dans la diffusion de cet ouvrage de Dossi : la présence, à partir de la quatrième édition de 1883, d'une Diffida, qui introduit le texte tout en le désavouant, aussi bien d'un point de vue idéologique qu'artistique ; et la probable reprise à son compte de l'intrigue de ce récit par Pirandello, à l'occasion de l'écriture du premier de ses drames consacrés au mythe ; Il contributo intende proporre una nuova indagine sul racconto lungo, o romanzo breve, di Carlo Dossi, La colonia felice (1875, 1895), un testo sottotitolato dal medesimo autore come « utopia » nel quale convivono diversi generi letterari, dal racconto alla teatralizzazione, dalla declamazione alla teoria politica. Tra le particolarità artistiche di questo testo spicca l'impiego di un nuovo segno d'interpunzione – le due-virgole – creato e giustificato dall'autore in un'apposita Nota grammaticale. Due aspetti appaiono di particolare rilievo nella circolazione di quest'operetta del Dossi: la presenza, a partire dalla quarta edizione del 1883, di una Diffida che introduce il testo rinnegandone al tempo stesso i presupposti ideologici e artistici; e la probabile ripresa della vicenda da parte di Pirandello per la composizione del primo dei suoi drammi dedicati al tema del mito

International audience ; L'article propose une nouvelle analyse du récit long, ou roman bref, de Carlo Dossi, La colonia felice (1874, 1895), un texte désigné par l'auteur lui-même comme une « utopie », où différents genres littéraires cohabitent : le récit, la mise-en-scène, la déclamation, la théorie politique. Parmi les particularités artistiques de ce texte il y a l'usage d'un nouveau signe de ponctuation, les deux-virgules, inventé et justifié par l'auteur dans une Note de grammaire. Deux aspects sont particulièrement remarquables dans la diffusion de cet ouvrage de Dossi : la présence, à partir de la quatrième édition de 1883, d'une Diffida, qui introduit le texte tout en le désavouant, aussi bien d'un point de vue idéologique qu'artistique ; et la probable reprise à son compte de l'intrigue de ce récit par Pirandello, à l'occasion de l'écriture du premier de ses drames consacrés au mythe ; Il contributo intende proporre una nuova indagine sul racconto lungo, o romanzo breve, di Carlo Dossi, La colonia felice (1875, 1895), un testo sottotitolato dal medesimo autore come « utopia » nel quale convivono diversi generi letterari, dal racconto alla teatralizzazione, dalla declamazione alla teoria politica. Tra le particolarità artistiche di questo testo spicca l'impiego di un nuovo segno d'interpunzione – le due-virgole – creato e giustificato dall'autore in un'apposita Nota grammaticale. Due aspetti appaiono di particolare rilievo nella circolazione di quest'operetta del Dossi: la presenza, a partire dalla quarta edizione del 1883, di una Diffida che introduce il testo rinnegandone al tempo stesso i presupposti ideologici e artistici; e la probabile ripresa della vicenda da parte di Pirandello per la composizione del primo dei suoi drammi dedicati al tema del mito

International audience ; Purpose: Achievement of athletes' performances is related to several factors including physiological, environmental and institutional cycles where physical characteristics are involved. The objective of this study is to analyse the performance achieved in professional sprint and middle-distance running events (100 m to 1500 m) depending on the organization of the annual calendar of track events and their environmental conditions.Methods: From 2002 to 2008, all performances of the Top 50 international athletes in the 100 m to 1500 m races (men and women) are collected. The historical series of world records and the 10 best annual performances in these events, amounted to a total of 26,544 performances, are also included in the study.Results: Two periods with a higher frequency of peak performances are observed. The first peak occurs around the 27.15 th 60.21 week (first week of July) and the second peak around 34.75 th 60.14 week (fourth week of August). The second peak tends to be the time of major international competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships, and European Championships) and could be characterized as an institutional moment. The first one, however, corresponds to an environmental optimum as measured by the narrowing of the temperature range at the highest performance around 23.2563.26uC.Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that there are two performance peaks at a specific time of year (27th and 34th weeks) in sprint and middle distance. Both institutional and ecophysiological aspects contribute to performance in the 100 m to 1500 m best performances and define the contours of human possibilities. Sport institutions may take this into account in order to provide ideal conditions to improve the next records.

International audience ; Purpose: Achievement of athletes' performances is related to several factors including physiological, environmental and institutional cycles where physical characteristics are involved. The objective of this study is to analyse the performance achieved in professional sprint and middle-distance running events (100 m to 1500 m) depending on the organization of the annual calendar of track events and their environmental conditions.Methods: From 2002 to 2008, all performances of the Top 50 international athletes in the 100 m to 1500 m races (men and women) are collected. The historical series of world records and the 10 best annual performances in these events, amounted to a total of 26,544 performances, are also included in the study.Results: Two periods with a higher frequency of peak performances are observed. The first peak occurs around the 27.15 th 60.21 week (first week of July) and the second peak around 34.75 th 60.14 week (fourth week of August). The second peak tends to be the time of major international competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships, and European Championships) and could be characterized as an institutional moment. The first one, however, corresponds to an environmental optimum as measured by the narrowing of the temperature range at the highest performance around 23.2563.26uC.Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that there are two performance peaks at a specific time of year (27th and 34th weeks) in sprint and middle distance. Both institutional and ecophysiological aspects contribute to performance in the 100 m to 1500 m best performances and define the contours of human possibilities. Sport institutions may take this into account in order to provide ideal conditions to improve the next records.

International audience ; Purpose: Achievement of athletes' performances is related to several factors including physiological, environmental and institutional cycles where physical characteristics are involved. The objective of this study is to analyse the performance achieved in professional sprint and middle-distance running events (100 m to 1500 m) depending on the organization of the annual calendar of track events and their environmental conditions.Methods: From 2002 to 2008, all performances of the Top 50 international athletes in the 100 m to 1500 m races (men and women) are collected. The historical series of world records and the 10 best annual performances in these events, amounted to a total of 26,544 performances, are also included in the study.Results: Two periods with a higher frequency of peak performances are observed. The first peak occurs around the 27.15 th 60.21 week (first week of July) and the second peak around 34.75 th 60.14 week (fourth week of August). The second peak tends to be the time of major international competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships, and European Championships) and could be characterized as an institutional moment. The first one, however, corresponds to an environmental optimum as measured by the narrowing of the temperature range at the highest performance around 23.2563.26uC.Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that there are two performance peaks at a specific time of year (27th and 34th weeks) in sprint and middle distance. Both institutional and ecophysiological aspects contribute to performance in the 100 m to 1500 m best performances and define the contours of human possibilities. Sport institutions may take this into account in order to provide ideal conditions to improve the next records.

International audience ; Purpose: Achievement of athletes' performances is related to several factors including physiological, environmental and institutional cycles where physical characteristics are involved. The objective of this study is to analyse the performance achieved in professional sprint and middle-distance running events (100 m to 1500 m) depending on the organization of the annual calendar of track events and their environmental conditions.Methods: From 2002 to 2008, all performances of the Top 50 international athletes in the 100 m to 1500 m races (men and women) are collected. The historical series of world records and the 10 best annual performances in these events, amounted to a total of 26,544 performances, are also included in the study.Results: Two periods with a higher frequency of peak performances are observed. The first peak occurs around the 27.15 th 60.21 week (first week of July) and the second peak around 34.75 th 60.14 week (fourth week of August). The second peak tends to be the time of major international competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships, and European Championships) and could be characterized as an institutional moment. The first one, however, corresponds to an environmental optimum as measured by the narrowing of the temperature range at the highest performance around 23.2563.26uC.Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that there are two performance peaks at a specific time of year (27th and 34th weeks) in sprint and middle distance. Both institutional and ecophysiological aspects contribute to performance in the 100 m to 1500 m best performances and define the contours of human possibilities. Sport institutions may take this into account in order to provide ideal conditions to improve the next records.

Discutimos la noción de territorio usado a partir de tres vertientes. En primer lugar partimos de la idea de territorio heredada de la modernidad para llegar a la propuesta de territorio usado como categoría de análisis, su acepción, sus sinonimias con el espacio geográfi co y las perspectivas constitucional y relacional de análisis. En segundo lugar, abordamos el territorio usado como un concepto en el período de la globalización, es decir, buscando aproximarnos de la necesaria actualización de las categorías. Para ello describimos las tendencias constitutivas del período que permiten una nueva economía política del territorio, en la cual la división territorial del trabajo hegemónica deja ver un territorio corporativo. Finalmente, discutimos el territorio usado como espacio banal, en oposición al territorio corporativo, para refl exionar sobre otras combinaciones posibles en el futuro. ; We discuss the idea of used territory from three aspects. First we start from the idea of territory as an inherited category of Modernity to reach the used territory as an analytical category and its meaning, the synonymies with geographical space, and the constitutional and relational analytical perspectives. Second, we argue that the used territory may be a concept in the period of globalization through an effort to update the categories. To achieve this we describe constitutive trends of period allowing a new political economy of territory in which hegemonic spatial division of labor shows a corporate territory. Finally, we discuss used territory as banal space as opposed to corporate territory to think about other combinations in the future. ; Fil: Silveira, Maria Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Les XXe et XXIe siècles ont vu un accroissement sans précédent de la population urbaine. La pauvreté et les inégalités en milieu urbain ont suivi la même courbe, et l'effet le plus visible en sont les bidonvilles, installations précaires où vivent des populations toujours grandissantes. Les arts plastiques, l'architecture, la littérature s'en sont saisi, et nous tentons ici de déterminer quel sens attribuer aux productions artistiques et architecturales autour, dans et à partir des bidonvilles, dans une analyse marquée par l'idée d'une répartition politique et économique des représentations. La première partie définit le bidonville et en donne les principales caractéristiques, en vue d'une investigation esthétique ancrée dans le concept de « bricolage » de Claude Lévi-Strauss, qui décèle dans des manières de faire modestes des poétiques complexes. L'analyse des productions artistiques autour des bidonvilles s'articule autour de deux grandes idées : le bidonville comme utopie, dans le cadre d'une critique globale du capitalisme ; et le bidonville comme trope moralisant d'un monde teinté par le discours néolibéral. Ces deux approches antithétiques s'organisent grossièrement en deux périodes historiques, la première, critique, des années 1950 à 1980, la seconde, plus ambivalente, des années 1980 à nos jours. Le mémoire est traversé par le problème de l'appropriation de la parole et l'instrumentalisation des représentations : la majorité des productions évoquées sont le fait de personnes extérieures aux bidonvilles, qui plaquent des idées sur des lieux, des personnes, des modes de vie. Quelle légitimité accorder à ces productions, comment organiser les conditions de visibilité de discours artistiques et architecturaux issus des bidonvilles ?

Les XXe et XXIe siècles ont vu un accroissement sans précédent de la population urbaine. La pauvreté et les inégalités en milieu urbain ont suivi la même courbe, et l'effet le plus visible en sont les bidonvilles, installations précaires où vivent des populations toujours grandissantes. Les arts plastiques, l'architecture, la littérature s'en sont saisi, et nous tentons ici de déterminer quel sens attribuer aux productions artistiques et architecturales autour, dans et à partir des bidonvilles, dans une analyse marquée par l'idée d'une répartition politique et économique des représentations. La première partie définit le bidonville et en donne les principales caractéristiques, en vue d'une investigation esthétique ancrée dans le concept de « bricolage » de Claude Lévi-Strauss, qui décèle dans des manières de faire modestes des poétiques complexes. L'analyse des productions artistiques autour des bidonvilles s'articule autour de deux grandes idées : le bidonville comme utopie, dans le cadre d'une critique globale du capitalisme ; et le bidonville comme trope moralisant d'un monde teinté par le discours néolibéral. Ces deux approches antithétiques s'organisent grossièrement en deux périodes historiques, la première, critique, des années 1950 à 1980, la seconde, plus ambivalente, des années 1980 à nos jours. Le mémoire est traversé par le problème de l'appropriation de la parole et l'instrumentalisation des représentations : la majorité des productions évoquées sont le fait de personnes extérieures aux bidonvilles, qui plaquent des idées sur des lieux, des personnes, des modes de vie. Quelle légitimité accorder à ces productions, comment organiser les conditions de visibilité de discours artistiques et architecturaux issus des bidonvilles ?