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La monarquía española sufrió una crisis durante 1807 y 1808, mientras tanto se nombraron representantes para la Nueva Audiencia de Santa Fe, y pronto se vio la imitación de la misma circunstancia por parte de la Junta de Quito, para poder conservar la fidelidad al rey Fernando VII, se reclutaron dos batallones, igualmente siguieron los inconvenientes de obediencia los cuales dieron lugar a convocar Colegios Electorales que redactaron cartas constitucionales y proclamaron la independencia de España. ; *Este capítulo se encuentra incluido en la I parte del libro Cartagena de Indias en la independencia, titulada "El contexto internacional y nacional"

La rebelión de las sabanas, fue militarmente significativa, puesto que la incursión armada indujo al gobierno de Cartagena a tomar decisiones contra los enemigos realistas en el río Magdalena y en la Provincia de Santa Marta. Este episodio hace parte de la guerra de Cartagena con Santa Marta en 1812-1813, cuando se renovó el conflicto por ofensivas dirigidas por soldados venezolanos bajo el mando de Cartagena. ; *Este capítulo se encuentra incluido en la III parte del libro Cartagena de Indias en la independencia, titulada "Relaciones con otras provincias y audiencias"

What became the so-called barbaric laws after the Carolingian era? Some keep a life, which does not exclude major changes: this is the case for wisigothic law and the Lombards law. Others, on the other hand, remain only in trace form, but all of them remain persistent, showing that they still meet certain social needs. The aim of this contribution is to take stock of our current knowledge of the forms of resistance of the Barbaric laws in the Christian West from the 19th to the 18th century. Their erasure in this period when the modern state starts to be built is neither simple nor linear; we cannot regard it as a pure envelop by new rights, feodal, customary or Roman rights. In fact, he was confronted with these rights as much as he cohabited with them before erasing himself. ; What happened to the barbaric laws after the Carolingian period ? Some maintain a certain life, that does not exclude major revisions : it is the case with the Lombard law and the wisigothic law. Others, however, exist as traces, but all keep persistence, which points out their ongoing adaptation to social needs. The purpose of this paper is to update our knowledge about the forms of resistance of the barbaric laws in Western christianity from the 11th to the 13th century. Their obliteration in this period of starting construction of the modern state is neither simple nor linear ; we cannot regard it as a pure burial to the benefit of the new laws, feudal, customarily or roman as well. Actually it has been facing to these laws as much as it has cohabited with them before disappearing. ; What became the so-called barbaric laws after the Carolingian era? Some keep a life, which does not exclude major changes: this is the case for wisigothic law and the Lombards law. Others, on the other hand, remain only in trace form, but all of them remain persistent, showing that they still meet certain social needs. The aim of this contribution is to take stock of our current knowledge of the forms of resistance of the Barbaric laws in the Christian ...

In June 1953, the Rosenberg case led in France to a public awareness campaign, carried out in particular by the left-wing political parties and by the press. The Communist Party takes the opportunity to stigmatise US justice. In Alsace, the press is loquely and the people are rife about the fate of Mr and Mrs Rosenberg. The brutal campaign led by the Communist Party, in the colours of a 'Rosenberg Defence Committee', is ultimately ineffective and unable to mobilise public opinion against political instrumentalisation. In fact, there is a strong concern not to endorse the efforts of a Party which, taking advantage of the real wave of indignation and emotion raised by the case, is above all concerned to rebuild its image in the region. ; En juin 1953, l'Affaire Rosenberg donne lieu en France à une campagne de sensibilisation de l'opinion publique, menée notamment par les partis politiques de gauche ainsi que par la presse. Le Parti Communiste se saisit de l'occasion pour stigmatiser la justice américaine. En Alsace, la presse se montre loquace, et la population s'émeut du sort des époux Rosenberg. La campagne bruyante menée par le Parti communiste, sous les couleurs d'un " comité de défense des Rosenberg ", se révèle in fine peu efficace et incapable de mobiliser une opinion publique réfractaire à toute instrumentalisation politique. En effet, prévaut le souci de ne surtout pas cautionner les efforts d'un Parti qui, profitant de la vague réelle d'indignation et d'émotion soulevée par l'affaire, est avant tout soucieux de redorer son image dans la région.

pop. are topical, see FN, Austrian pop. (FPÖ de Jörg Haider), extr.-dr. German, even Russia (Jirinovski, see CDROM Diplomatic Monde), dates from 2005 dd chrono but word is old: — in Russian, narodnichetsvo and narodnik, from the 1870s, then populizm and populistyczny to refer to the geniquic phenomenon — 'populism' and 'populist' in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century, in French, 'populist' in 1907 (Monthly Larousse); 'populism' 1929-, but the words of Populismus and populistich did not enter German in common use until the 1980s of reflexes, attitudes, movements and sometimes regimes a 'elastic' concept (J.-P. Rioux, Collectif, 'Les populismes', special no of the twentieth Sieccle. Journal d'Histoire, Oct-déc. 1997, p. 3), a 'hashtag', much more than 'democracy', 'Communism', 'fascism', etc. pop. cannot be reduced either to a particular political regime or to specific ideological content. Populism is even an 'anti-ism', an 'anti-system'. But North American and Russian populisms of the 19th century have developed a kind of populist ideology: the salvage lies in the people, the country can only be rescued or regenerated by the pop of the nineteenth century Russian pop. (reformist and 'progressive' orientation, proximity to socialism) and in the United States of the late nineteenth century (also reformist, 1 Cf. Leibniz in 1686: "I find this definition nowhere, and I was obliged to work in it itself" (quoted by P.-A.Taguieff, p. 18). Populisms 10-anticapitalist, rehabilitated by historians from the 1960s and 1970 2s) to the 'telepopulists' of the end of the twentieth centuries, mainly concerned Europe and the two specialist Amertsword: — now in danger, see the adventure of the word 'surrealism' — now the 1990s of polemic and pejorative use in politics, such as 'fascist' in the past, see 'populist drift', 'populist danger'. term difficult to define: a political style, taking the political coloration of the place of reception, calling on the people to reach a basic consensus, by a man of the people ...

The creation in 1927 of the State Road Fund (Státní silniční fond) was a response to the chronic lack of financial resources for road construction in Czechoslovakia (ČSR) in the inter-war period. This was the result of a successful struggle since the creation of the ČSR by road users, supported by public works professionals and, in a rare "cordial understanding", by many officials responsible for road planning and management. One could even go further in the analysis and say that the creation of the Road Fund marks an important turning point in Czechoslovak road policy and, beyond that, in transport policy. Indeed, there was clearly a "before" and a "after". Its importance for the financing of road construction in Czechoslovakia and, more broadly, for understanding the place occupied by road transport in the state transport policy, was such that a thorough analysis of its tenants and outcomes was simply essential for understanding the evolution of Czechoslovak transport policy during the interwar period. In this respect, the ČSR, like all the industrialised countries, was confronted with the extremely rapid emergence of road transport supported by the forces of the liberal economy and technological progress, resulting in a fundamental challenge to the traditional transport policies of the various States. While the motor vehicle was already becoming a symbol of individual freedom, the road remained in the understanding of everyone. On this basis, the public authorities were obliged to invent a new procedure for financing and managing road infrastructure tailored to meet the unprecedented needs in this area. ; International audience ; The creation in 1927 of the State Road Fund (Státní silniční fond) was a response to the chronic lack of financial resources for road construction in Czechoslovakia (ČSR) in the inter-war period. This was the result of a successful struggle since the creation of the ČSR by road users, supported by public works professionals and, in a rare "cordial understanding", by many officials ...

the patients claimed their rights in society throughout the end of the twentieth century. Health democracy is being supported by a range of laws that allow the rights, voice and views of users and their relatives to be expressed. The expression of knowledge specific to patients is understood as a corollary in the health system and in society. Broadly speaking, it can be seen from different angles: the knowledge developed by patients' caregivers in patient education consultations (FTE), on the one hand, and the recognised knowledge of experience of the disease in informal and non-formal places (intimate, group, societal) on the other. The purpose of this article is to question this emerging recognition of patients' knowledge in the light of the scientific knowledge developed in practices usually described as amateur, for example in biology or astronomy. What are the similarities and differences between the knowledge and skills acquired during disease experience in specific practices carried out by patients and their relatives with those of amateurs? After presenting the practices of patients and their relatives where the production of new knowledge is undertaken, this article examines the points of convergence and divergence with the knowledge of amateur people. Secondly, it proposes tools to analyse the question of the scientific validity of such knowledge. ; Les malades ont fait valoir leurs droits dans la société tout au long de la fin du vingtième siècle. La démocratie sanitaire est en marche soutenue par un arsenal de lois qui permettent l'expression des droits, de la parole et du point de vue des usagers et de leurs proches. L'expression d'un savoir spécifique aux malades se fait entendre de façon corollaire dans le système de santé et la société. Schématiquement, elle peut être regardée sous différents angles : les savoirs développés par les soignants auprès des malades dans des consultations d'éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP), d'une part et les savoirs reconnus issus de l'expérience de la maladie ...

[ES] If the independence processes in Latin America occur in response to the situation of the Spanish and Portuguese Colonies, as part of the commemoration of bicentenaries, it is relevant to ask us what are the colonial mechanisms that have remained articulated with cultural and social situations in Latin American countries, and what are the replications to colonialism, for example from literature. This article explains Immanuel Wallerstein's proposal on the World System and the functioning of coloniality in Walter Mignolo's reflection; the aim is to show in indigenous literature, particularly in the poetry of Natalio Hernández, the exercise of border thinking as a Decolonial strategy. ; International audience If independence processes in Latin America had happened as a response to the situation lived by Portuguese and Spanish colonies, it is relevant within the frame of the bicentenaries commemoration, to interrogate which are the colonial mechanisms that have remained articulated to the social and cultural situations in Latin-American countries and which are the replies to colonialism from the perspective of literature, for instance. This paper explains Immanuel Wallerstein s proposal about the World System and the functioning of coloniality in Walter Mignolo s reflection; it attempts to show in indigenous literature, particularly in Natalio Hernández s poertry, the exercising of a borderline thinking as a decolonial strategy. ; [ES] If the independence processes in Latin America occur in response to the situation of the Spanish and Portuguese Colonies, as part of the commemoration of bicentenaries, it is relevant to ask us what are the colonial mechanisms that have remained articulated with cultural and social situations in Latin American countries, and what are the replications to colonialism, for example from literature. This article explains Immanuel Wallerstein's proposal on the World System and the functioning of coloniality in Walter Mignolo's reflection; the aim is to show in indigenous literature, ...

Die Verfasserinnen untersuchen, welche berufsbiografischen Orientierungen für Entscheidungen von Wissenschaftlerinnen im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft und Familie handlungsleitend sind und welche Karrierenachteile von Frauen antizipiert und eingeplant werden. Im Zentrum des Beitrags stehen ausgewählte Fallbeschreibungen und eine vergleichende Diskussion der je nach Partnerschaft und institutionellen Gegebenheiten unterschiedlichen beruflichen Orientierungen der Frauen in der Wissenschaft. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, wie Frauen und ihre Partner berufliche Anforderungen antizipieren und auf welche Weise sie diese in die gemeinsamen Karriere- und Lebensplanung einbeziehen. In den Fallbeschreibungen werden, ergänzt um die Perspektive ihrer Lebenspartner, die Berufs- und Lebensverläufe von vier Wissenschaftlerinnen dargestellt, die zum Interviewzeitpunkt eine Wissenschaftskarriere aufwiesen. Dabei wird herausgearbeitet, welche biografischen, partnerschaftlichen und institutionellen Faktoren auf die beruflichen Orientierungen von erfolgreich in der Wissenschaft tätigen Frauen wirken. Der Beitrag zeigt die besondere Bedeutung der gleichberechtigten Ausgestaltung der Paarbeziehung für die Realisierung erfolgreicher Berufswege von Wissenschaftlerinnen und macht deutlich, wie die Institution Hochschule Karrieren von Frauen fördern kann. (ICE2)

Der Buchtitel ist Programm: Raymond Geuss, 1946 in Indiana (USA) geboren und seit 2007 Professor für Philosophie in Cambridge (GB), kritisiert in seiner schmalen Abhandlung Klassiker der (politischen) Philosophie – etwa Kant, Rawls oder Nozick – in scharfem, zum Teil auch polemischem Tonfall. Ihren Theorien unterstellt Geuss einen verfehlten Realismus und setzte ihnen einen eigenen, realistischen Ansatz der politischen Philosophie entgegen. Seiner Idee einer politischen Philosophie liegen vier Thesen zugrunde, welche Raymond Geuss bereits in der Einleitung vorstellt. Die Thesen lauten: Erstens: Die politische Philosophie muss realistisch sein. Dies bedeutet für Geuss, dass die politische Philosophie nicht von einem fiktiven Ideal ausgehen, sondern sich mit den realen Motivationen der Menschen oder der tatsächlichen Beschaffenheit von Institutionen beschäftigen soll. Zweitens: In der Politik geht es in erster Linie ums Handeln und um die Kontexte des Handelns. Drittens: Politik ist immer historisch verortet, also immer kontext- und zeitabhängig. Viertens: Politik ist eher ein Handwerk oder eine Kunst als eine reine Theorieanwendung. Zudem wendet er sich gegen all jene Theoretiker, die in der Tradition Kants stehen und dabei Theorien mit universellem Anspruch aufstellen, die
beinhalten, Politik sei angewandte Ethik.

"Wie lässt sich die Stabilität diktatorischer Regime erklären, wie der Moment entscheidender Instabilität oder des Falls einer Diktatur? Das ist die Ausgangsfrage eines WZB-Projekts über critical junctures, der Phase, in der sich die Zukunft autokratischer Herrschaft entscheidet. Entwickelt wird hier ein Drei-Säulen-Modell als Grundlage für differenzierte Einzelanalysen. Dabei werden die tragenden Säulen jeder Diktatur (Legitimität, Kooptation, Repression) und die Wechselwirkungen analysiert." (Autorenreferat)